Evaluation Of Anti-inflammatory Activity Research Articles

Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Novel Indanone Derivatives for the Treatment of Vascular Dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from cerebral vascular obstruction, leading to cognitive impairment, and currently lacks effective treatment options.Due to its complex pathogenesis, multi-target drug design (MTDLs) strategies are considered among the most promising therapeutic approaches. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel indanone derivatives targeting targets related to vascular health and dementia. The results indicated that compound C5exhibited excellent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50= 1.16 ± 0.41 μM) and anti-platelet aggregation activity (IC50= 4.92 ± 0.10 μM) within ranges of 0.1-1000 μM and 0.03-300 μM, respectively, possibly mediated by molecular docking interactions. Furthermore, compound C5demonstrated protective effects on cells at concentrations ≤50 μM, significantly reducing the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in a concentration-dependent manner, showcasing its potent neuroinflammatory inhibitory effects. Anti-inflammatory therapies are regarded as effective strategies for treating VaD. Therefore, compound C5holds promise as a novel candidate drug for further investigation into the treatment of vascular dementia.

In vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris and β-caryophyllene oxide in carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats

This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of methanolic extract of Artemisia vulgaris and isolated plant compound, β-Caryophyllene oxide against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat model and its therapeutic potential compared with reference drug, Indometacin. Methanolic extract of A. vulgaris was characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, NMR spectral studies. Paw edema was induced by sub-plantar injection of 100 µl of 1% carrageenan. Oxidative enzymes, such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein levels were measured in paw tissue. In silico evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant compounds was evaluated against the molecular targets of inflammation. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly increased whereas the activity levels of oxidative enzymes were significantly decreased in inflammation-induced rats. The recovery of oxidative enzyme levels was seen in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in treated groups, indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract and the plant compound. Computational analysis rationalizes the inhibitory ability of plant derived compound possibly by altering the inflammatory signaling pathway.

Synthesis, characterization, computational studies and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of some new indole substituted aryl ethers

A number of anti-inflammatory drugs with an aryl-ether part, such as Nimesulide and Rofecoxibs, have been shown to damage cells and kill liver cells. Keeping in view this rationale, the present work was aimed at synthesising new indole-substituted aryl ethers and evaluating their anti-inflammatory effects, which have minimal side effects. New indole substituted aryl ethers were synthesised. Spectral characterisation of these newly synthesised compounds was done using infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Further, In-silico studies were performed with an aim to evaluate the suitability of synthesised compounds as potential bioactive candidates for anti-inflammatory activity. The synthesised compounds were subjected to anti-inflammatory activity evaluation using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Primarily, the chemical reaction completion was ensured using TLC and M.P. Further, the structures of all synthesised compounds were confirmed by the results of spectra characterization. Results of in-silico study exhibited the docking of compounds on target proteins. On the basis of experimental findings, it was concluded that compound AG-1 (N-(1H-indol-3yl) methylene)-4-phenoxyaniline) is the most potent anti-inflammatory compound amongst all the newly synthesised compounds. Findings of the present study concluded that AG-1 could be used as a viable new lead bioactive compound to serve as a potent candidate for a new anti-inflammatory drug. The novelty of the present work resides in the simplest way of synthesis, a good docking score, and excellent anti-inflammatory potential when evaluated in vivo.

Evaluation of the in vitro toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. harvested from northwestern Algeria.

Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used for thousands of years for their therapeutic properties, to treat various ailments and maintain health. This study was carried out to test the in vitro toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L., native to the north-western region of Algeria. Toxicity was studied in vitro by the hemolysis test and anti-hemolytic activity on human red blood cells, while anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vitro by the protein denaturation method. The study of toxicity by hemolysis of red blood cells showed a high rate of hemolysis at a dose of 200 mg/mL, with a hemolytic percentage of around 88.64%, while a high rate of anti-hemolysis was observed at a dose of 25 mg/mL, with an inhibition percentage of around 83.17%. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity revealed a high percentage of inhibition of ovalbumin denaturation, reaching 63.53% at the 2000 ug/mL dose, while the lowest percentage was obtained at the 3500 ug\mL concentration with 10.16%. This extract has a toxic substance but does not exceed the toxicity threshold which achieves significant anti-inflammatory activity with depandant doses.

Insilico and Biological Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of synthesized Benzimidazoles Derivatives

ABSTRACT: We have developed a mild, easy, and highly efficient green catalyst for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole. In this study, Ace-dock and DockThore performed molecular docking of the designed benzimidazole molecules with the selected protein FAAH (PDB ID: 3LJ7). We assessed the drug's likeliness (Lipinski's rule of 5) and potential toxicity using the Protox-II software. We can confidently state that the synthesized molecules adhere to Lipinski's rule of five, given that the design molecules' properties are within acceptable limits. In comparison to the reference Ibuprofen, the proposed compounds exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and achieved docking scores ranging from -10.88 to -27.31 (Acedock) and -6.045 to 9.122 (DockThore). We synthesized the benzimidazole derivatives 3a to 3g. Based on an in silico study, we synthesized the molecules, chose the best ones, and then tested their anti-inflammatory action in a lab setting. We employed the albumin denaturation assay test to determine the extent of heat-induced protein denaturation inhibition. Both of the synthesized compounds and the standard drug, diclofenac sodium, inhibit denaturation of proteins at concentrations between 10 and 50 ppm. At a dose of 10 ppm, compound 3f showed the highest level of inhibition, at 70%. Diclofenac sodium exhibited the highest suppression, measuring 97.20% at a concentration of 40 ppm. We could further investigate 3F to determine its anti-inflammatory characteristics.

Phytochemical Identification of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Hernandia peltata Meisn and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity In silico

Phytochemical Identification of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Hernandia peltata Meisn and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity In silico

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the New Cardiotonic Steroid γ-Benzylidene Digoxin 8 (BD-8) in Mice.

Cardiotonic steroids are known to bind to Na+/K+-ATPase and regulate several biological processes, including the immune response. The synthetic cardiotonic steroid γ-Benzylidene Digoxin 8 (BD-8) is emerging as a promising immunomodulatory molecule, although it has remained largely unexplored. Therefore, we tested the immunomodulatory potential of BD-8 both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, primary mouse macrophages were incubated with combinations of BD-8 and the pro-inflammatory fungal protein zymosan (ZYM). Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Griess reagent and cytokines production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), p-nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and p-p38 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Macrophages exposed to BD-8 displayed reduced phagocytic activity, NO levels, and production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β induced by ZYM. Furthermore, BD-8 diminished the expression of iNOS and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, ERK, and p38. Additionally, BD-8 exhibited anti-inflammatory capacity in vivo in a carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of BD-8 and further reinforce the potential of cardiotonic steroids and their derivatives as immunomodulatory molecules.

In-Vitro evaluation of antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in Mucuna pruriens seed extract

BackgroundMucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) belonging to the family Fabaceae. Renowned for its diverse array of phytochemicals, this plant has been historically employed in the treatment of various ailments. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of the optimized M. pruriens var. utilis seed extract.MethodsThe in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of M. pruriens var. utilis ethanolic extracts was scrutinized using the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) method. To evaluate antioxidant activity, ABTS and DPPH assays were employed. Furthermore, the antidiabetic activity was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays.ResultsIn the ethanolic extract of M. pruriens var. utilis numerous phytoconstituents were found by doing a phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins). The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined to be 112.07 ± 1.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents GAE/g and 101.41 ± 1.08 mg of quercetin equivalents QE/g respectively. In this investigation ethanolic extract of M. pruriens var. utilis exhibited a high anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in a dose-dependent manner. The M. pruriens var. utilis extract shows that anti-inflammatory activity 32.26 ± 3.23%, potent antioxidant effect by ABTS radical scavenging assay IC50 67.46 ± 1.45 µg/mL and DPPH radical scavenging assay IC50 63.34 ± 2.27 µg/mL and in addition, showed promising antidiabetic potential by inhibiting α-amylase IC50 33.42 ± 1.35 µg/mL and α-glucosidase IC50 28.34 ± 1.41 µg/mL.ConclusionThese findings provide additional support for the traditional medicinal use of M. pruriens var. utilis in treating inflammation, oxidative stress, and diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of deodorizer distillate-derived silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a sustainable green approach utilizing deodorizer distillates of canola (CODD) and soybean oil (SODD) as both reducing and capping agents. This synthesis approach resulted in the formation of pale-yellow colored CODD-AgNPs and SODD-AgNPs, which was confirmed by distinctive absorption peaks at 420 nm and 408 nm, respectively via Ultraviolet-Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis provided insights into the functional group interactions between CODD and SODD with their AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the face-centered cubic lattice structure of both CODD-AgNPs and SODD-AgNPs. Further characterization via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the sizes, shapes, and surface morphologies of CODD-AgNPs and SODD-AgNPs. Assessment of antioxidant activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method demonstrated superior radical scavenging efficacy by CODD-AgNPs (IC50 value 1.07±0.04 µg/mL) and SODD-AgNPs (IC50 value 1.14±0.23 µg/mL) compared to CODD and SODD. Evaluation of antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) via disc diffusion method revealed potent antibacterial activities of CODD-AgNPs and SODD-AgNPs at 100 µg/mL concentration, surpassing the antibacterial efficacy of CODD and SODD. Furthermore, CODD-AgNPs and SODD-AgNPs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory potential at 500 µg/mL concentration, with IC50 values of 187.2 ± 1.28 µg/mL and 203.9 ± 2.08 µg/mL, respectively, highlighting their potential therapeutic applications. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effective utilization of CODD and SODD in synthesizing AgNPs with enhanced biological functionalities, making them promising candidates for various biomedical applications.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of a Medicinal Plant Recipe from Burkina Faso

<i>Background:</i> Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are crucial factors in the development of various diseases, such as hepatitis and cancer. In the case of hepatitis, persistent inflammation of the liver contributes to cellular damage and progression to more severe stages of the disease. <i>Objective:</i> The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a recipe, <i>Hepatib tiben,</i> traditionally used in the treatment of viral hepatitis B, and often associated with <i>Momordica charantia</i> in the treatment of liver cancer in Burkina Faso. <i>Material and Methods:</i> The recipe and associated plants were infused, macerated and the yields were evaluated and being freeze-dried. The extracts obtained were used to determine the total content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds by measuring the antioxidant activity through the FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods and then the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties by inhibition of 15-LOX and COX 1 & 2. <i>Results: </i>The aqueous infusion of <i>Hepatib tiben</i> had the best yield, the highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, an antioxidant activity comparable to that of Rutin, by the FRAP method, DPPH and ABTS method. But the best antioxidant activity by FRAP method was observed with the DCM fraction. It is on the other hand the hydroalcoholic extract which had the best anti-inflammatory activity by the inhibition of the 15-LOX. Both Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts inhibited COX 1 & 2. <i>Momortica charantia</i> had high phenolic content and significant antioxidant activity by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods. <i>Conclusion:</i> These observations suggest that the recipe of traditional medicinal plants used in Burkina Faso could be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds responsible for these activities and to assess their safety and clinical effectiveness.

Chemo-enzymatic, regioselective synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone-fused β-amino alcohols and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity evaluation

A highly regioselective and efficient method has been developed for synthesizing novel β-amino alcohols fused with dihydropyrimidin-2-one. This method utilizes the enzyme Novozyme-435 to catalyze the reaction between epoxides and various aliphatic amines in acetonitrile. Novozyme-435 outperformed other catalysts, including Porcine Pancreatic Lipase (PPL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase (PAL), and Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). This process yielded two series of β-amino alcohols (compounds 8a-h and 9a-h), whose structures were confirmed through IR, NMR (1H, 13 C), and HRMS analyses. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of these compounds were evaluated, revealing mild to moderate inhibition of TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in primary human endothelial cells, with compounds 9a and 9c showing approximately 60% inhibition. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, indicated that compounds 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9 g had the superior activity than others. This study highlights the potential of these β-amino alcohols fused with dihydropyrimidin-2-one as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Uncovering anti-inflammatory potential of Lantana camara Linn: Network pharmacology and in vitro studies.

Lantana camara Linn contains a diverse array of metabolites that exhibit therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of L. camara leaves, which were collected at the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh, Indonesia, as an anti-inflammatory through network pharmacology and in vitro analysis. The ethanolic extract derived from L. camara underwent identification utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to verify chemical constituents for drug-likeness properties. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity included network pharmacology and a series of in vitro investigations using two methods: protein inhibition and albumin denaturation assays. The findings revealed that the extract contained a domination of terpenoids and fatty acids class, which met the evaluation criteria of drug-likeness. Network pharmacology analysis identified the top five key proteins (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, epidermal growth factor receptor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and tyrosine protein kinase-Janus kinase 2) involved in inflammation-related protein-protein interactions. Gene ontology enrichment highlighted the predominance of inflammatory responses in biological processes (BP), cytoplasm in cellular components (CC), and oxidoreductase activity in molecular functions (MF). In vitro analysis showed that the extract inhibited protein activity and protein denaturation with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 202.27 and 223.85 ppm, respectively. Additionally, the extract had antioxidant activity with DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging IC50 values of 140 ppm and 163 ppm, respectively. Toxicological assessment by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), yielding a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 574 ppm (essentially non-toxic) and its prediction via ProTox 3.0 that indicated non-active in hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. These results suggested that L. camara holds noteworthy effectiveness as a potential candidate for complementary medicine in the realm of inflammatory agents, warranting further investigation in clinical settings.

Oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions developed from essential oil extracted from wildly growing Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Aiton F.: synthesis, characterization, stability and evaluation of anti-cancerous, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities

Calotropis gigantea essential oil is utilized in outmoded medicine, therapeutics, and the cosmetic industries. However, the extreme volatility, oxidation susceptibility, and instability of this oil restricts its application. Thus, encapsulation is a more effective method of shielding this oil from unfavorable circumstances. The creation of oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions based on Calotropis gigantea essential oil (CEO), known as CNE (Calotropis gigantea essential oil nanoemulsions), and an assessment of its biological potential were the goals of this work. UV, fluorescence, and FT-IR methods were used for physiological characterization. Biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Studies on the pharmacokinetics of CNE were conducted. CNEs encapsulation efficiency was found to be 92%. The CNE nanoemulsions had a spherical shape with polydispersity index of 0.531, size of 200 nm, and a zeta potential of −35.9 mV. Even after being stored at various temperatures for 50 days, CNE nanoemulsions remained stable. Numerous tests were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of CNE, and the following IC50 values (µl/mL) were found: iron chelating assay: 18, hydroxyl radical scavenging: 37, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity: 58. The percentage of HeLa cells that remained viable after being treated with CNE was 41% at a higher dose of 1 µl. CNE inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, with 72% inhibition at its higher dose of 250 µL. Research on the kinetics of drugs showed that nanoemulsions showed Higuchi pattern. This research showed potential use of Calotropis gigantea oil-based nanoemulsions in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

An experimental evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Allium Cepa Linn. and Allium Ascalonicum Linn. - A comparative study

An experimental evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Allium Cepa Linn. and Allium Ascalonicum Linn. - A comparative study

Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Clerodendrum myricoides (Lamiaceae) in mice.

Wounds significantly affect people's quality of life and the clinical and financial burden of healthcare systems around the world. Many of the current drugs used to treat wounds have problems such as; allergies and drug resistance. Hence, the exploration of new therapeutic agents from natural origin may avert this problem. Clerodendrum myricoides have long been used to treat wounds in Ethiopia. Despite this, nothing has so far been reported about the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of C. myricoides. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of C. myricoides leaves in mice. Leaves of C. myricoides were extracted using the maceration technique. The extract was formulated as 5% and 10% w/w ointments. The wound healing activity of the extract was evaluated using excision, incision, and burn wound models whereas the healing activities of solvent fractions were evaluated using the excision wound model. A carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used for the anti-inflammatory test. In the dermal toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of 10% extract was found to be safe. In excision and burn wound models, treatment with 10% and 5% extract showed a significant (p<0.001) wound contraction. Solvent fractions of the extract significantly reduced wound contraction. A significant reduction in periods of epithelialization and favorable histopathology changes were shown by extract ointments. In incision wounds, 10% (p<0.001) and 5% (p<0.01) extracts significantly increase skin-breaking strength. After one hour of treatment, 400 mg/kg (p<0.001) and 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) showed significant reduction in paw edema. Results of this study indicate that 80% methanol extract and the solvent fraction of the leaves of C. myricoides possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activity and support traditional claims.

Spirothiazolidine-Derivative on Silver Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes: Evaluation of Antibacterial, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Gastroprotective Activities.

This study aims to develop innovative heterocyclic nanocomposites incorporating silver nanoparticles (SNPs) for potential therapeutic applications targeting infections, gastric ulceration, inflammation, and oxidative damage. By synthesizing new derivatives of spiro-thiazolidine-carbonitrile (Py-ST-X) and incorporating them into Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we have prepared Ag@Py-ST-X and Ag@Py-ST-X@CNT nanocomposites, respectively. The physical properties of these materials were studied using XRD, TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential techniques. In our investigation involving rats with gastric ulcers, we observed noteworthy inhibitory effects on gastric acid enzyme activity, specifically H+/K+ATPase, by Ag@Py-ST-NO2 and Ag@Py-ST-Br nanocomposites, demonstrating reductions of 25 and 34%, respectively, compared to untreated ulcers. Nanotubulation of these compounds further improved their inhibitory efficacy to 29 and 45%, respectively. Additionally, these nanoparticles showed the most potent myeloperoxidase (MPO)-inhibitory activity, demonstrating 36 and 49% inhibition, respectively, with nanotubulated versions reaching 44 and 53%. Moreover, Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT nanotubes showed significant antioxidant activity, reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 35 and 51%, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by 49 and 71%, respectively. These therapeutic effects were confirmed by reductions in gastric surface area (GSA) by 44% and 52%, a decrease in ulcer index (UI) from 80% to 44 and 38%, and an increase in curative index (CI) from 19 to 55 and 62% following administration of Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT, respectively. Histological studies support these findings, suggesting the potential of these nanocomposites as promising candidates for treating various disorders.

Formulation of Neem and Echinacea Gel for Oral Health Along With the Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbs have been used in medical practice for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern complementary and alternative medicine.Phytochemicals in these herbs possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in targetingoral health issues, such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial infections.As research progresses, the challenge remains to translate these natural compounds into safe, effective, and accessible treatments for a wide range of diseases. Aim The aim of this research was to formulate the neem and echinacea gel along with the evaluation of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods The neem and echinacea gel was prepared using a concentrated powdered mixture of neem and echinacea (5 grams each) to which 100 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes at 60°C. The 10 ml concentrate was mixed with 20 ml of a carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mixture and mixed thoroughly, which resulted in neem and echinacea gel. Then, theantimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential, and free-radical scavenging activity of the gel were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with the help of a paired t-test, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The antimicrobial assay showed that neem and echinacea gel at the concentration of 100 micrograms showed a greater zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(3.15 ± 0.26), Streptococcus mutans (2.48 ± 0.45), Enterococcus faecalis (2.89 ± 0.15), and Candida albicans (4.28 ± 0.87). The cytotoxic test revealed that even at an 80 µg concentration of the extract,more than 70% of the nauplii were vital, which indicated that the gel was not cytotoxic.The highest anti-inflammatory activity (78.39 ± 1.82) of the gel was seen at 50 micrograms when compared with diclofenac sodium (73.16 ± 1.80). The free radical scavenging activity showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) absorbance of the neem and echinacea extract was highest at 50 micrograms. Conclusion The combination of neem and echinacea extract-based gel possessed high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard drugs, such as amoxicillin and diclofenac sodium. The antioxidant activity of the gel was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and also the gel has a low cytotoxic potential even at its higher concentrations. Hence, the gel can be used as a natural remedy with minimal side effects, making it a valuable alternative to chemical agents.

Separation of Non-alkaloid Toxin Lignans and New Flavonoid from Himalayan Mayapple (Podophyllum Hexandrum Royle) by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Berberidaceae) is reported from the Himalayan region and China. It is also known as the Himalayan Mayapple and is reported for the treatment of constipation, fever, jaundice, liver disorders, etc. Herein, the isolation of chemical constituents using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) from the EtOH extract of the rhizomes of Himalayan Mayapple is reported. As a result, kaempferol 3-glucoside (1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-3-O-ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), α-peltatin(5), podophyllotoxin (6), 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (7), 4',5'-didemethylpodophyllotoxin (8), and kaempferol (9)were separated. Compounds 6-9 were separated by the normal HSCCC while 1-5 were obtained by the offline-recycling HSCCC using HEMWat (1:9:4:6, v/v) solvent system. The pure components were tested in lipopolysaccharidesinduced mice macrophage cells. Compounds 6 and 7 showed significant inhibition. The nitric oxide production was inhibited by compounds 6 and 7, effectively, with IC50 values of 1.328 x 10-6 and 2.851 x 10-6 M, respectively. In this assay, kaempferol (9), a positive inhibitor expressively inhibited lipopolysaccharides-induced nitric oxide production.

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fraction of the roots of Echinops kebericho Mesfin (Asteraceae) in mice model.

The present study was aimed at investigating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the roots ofEchinops keberichoMesfin in rodent models of pain and inflammation. Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents of increasing polarity: methanol and water. Ethyl acetate, chloroform and distilled water were used as solvents of the fraction process. Swiss albino mice models were used in acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate, carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The test groups received different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the three fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous). The positive control groups received ASA (150 mg/kg) for the writing test, morphine (10 mg/kg) for the hot plate method, diclofenac Na for carrageenan-induced paw edema, and dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) for granuloma, while the negative control group received distilled water. EA fraction at all test doses employed (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. The AQ fraction on the other hand produced statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.012) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the CH fraction exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the solvent fractions of the study plant possessed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and were recommended for further investigations.

Design of a new palladium(ii) halide complex as a bio-active material: synthesis, physico-chemical studies, DFT-computations and evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-gastric damage activities.

Colorless single crystals of the zero-dimensional hybrid compound, (C6H10N2)2[PdCl6]·2H2O were acquired through the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was explored using SC-XRD, which demonstrates that the material crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P1̄ of the triclinic system. The density functional theory method at the B3LYP/Lan2mb basis set level was employed to establish the optimized geometry and vibrational frequencies of the title compound. An acceptable correspondence was observed between the results obtained through calculation and the experimental data, including the structure, and IR spectra. The optical characteristics revealed a direct band gap energy of 2.35 eV, validating the semiconductor characteristics of this new material. The results suggest strong agreement with the experimental data and validate the involvement of metal orbitals in defining the HOMO-LUMO boundary. Simultaneous TGA-DTA shows that this material remains solid up to 210 °C. Beyond these temperatures, a gradual decomposition process occurs, extending up to 440 °C and unfolding in several steps. This process entails the liberation of diverse compounds, encompassing organic molecules, and the evaporation of chlorine ions, ultimately leading to the formation of palladium oxide (PdO) as the final product. When given to rats with gastric ulcers at a dose of 100 mg kg-1, these compounds inhibit the key enzyme responsible for neutrophil infiltration as myeloperoxidase (MPO) by 38.7%. The compound also alleviates cellular damage induced by free radicals, demonstrated by a notable 48.3% decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance rates (TBARS) compared to untreated rats. Additionally, these compounds bring about a substantial 30.6% reduction in the surface area of ulcers.