Evaluation Of Analgesic Activity Research Articles

Investigation for subchronic oral toxicity and evaluation of analgesic activities of Stephania tetrandra S. Mooreliquid extract in experimental animals

Investigation for subchronic oral toxicity and evaluation of analgesic activities of Stephania tetrandra S. Mooreliquid extract in experimental animals

Evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves (Ocimum x africanum L.) in acetic acid-induced rat models

Analgesics are medications that alleviate pain without impairing consciousness, with certain plants, such as basil (Ocimum x africanum L.), showing potential as natural pain relievers. This research investigated the analgesic effects of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves on acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The study utilized percolation extraction methods with 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Twenty-eight male white rats were divided into seven groups: one normal control group without treatment or induction, one negative control group receiving 0.5% CMC-Na, two groups treated with ethanol extracts of basil leaves at doses of 400 mg/kg BW and 800 mg/kg BW, two groups treated with ethyl acetate extracts at the same doses, and one positive control group administered 50 mg/kg BW diclofenac sodium. Thirty minutes post-treatment, 1% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally, and writhing responses were observed over 60 minutes. The data on percentage protection from writhing were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The findings revealed that both the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts at an 800 mg/kg BW dosage closely matched the analgesic effectiveness of the diclofenac sodium group.

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF LEAF PARTS OF BASELLA ALBA LINN

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF LEAF PARTS OF BASELLA ALBA LINN

Molecular docking of quercetin: a promising approach for the development of new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs

The aim of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of quercetin. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted to evaluate potential interactions between quercetin and various molecular targets. Animal models were used to conduct a comprehensive pharmacological investigation of quercetin. Evaluation of analgesic activity revealed a reduction in the number of abdominal cramps during the twisting test and inhibition of pain during the second phase of the formaldehyde test. Additionally, evaluation of its anti-inflammatory activity showed a reduction in ear oedema. However, it is important to note that quercetin administration has not been shown to significantly reduce yeast-induced hyperthermia. The docking study revealed the high inhibitory potential of quercetin against the COX-2 receptor.

In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Doronicum hookeri Clarke Rhizomes in Wistar Rats

A number of plants are used traditionally in different medical conditions by practitioners of traditional medicines but their claim is not yet evaluated scientifically in laboratory animals. Based on the ethnomedical claims made by the Unani health practitioners, the Clarke rhizomes of Doronicum Hookeri was evaluated for analgesics activity in rats to confirm its claim. The successive plant extraction was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus by employing ethanol as a solvent of the dried rhizomes of Doronicum Hookeri. The % yield of extracted compound was 28.27% w/w. The qualitative preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic content, terpenoids and volatile oils in the rhizomes of ethanolic extract of D. Hookeri. The extract was orally administered in rats at low dose and high dose (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) and was evaluated using Eddy’s Hot Plate Method in rats for analgesics activity. Diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg) and was taken as a standard drug. The maximum possible analgesia % of ethanolic extract of rhizomes of D. Hookeri were found to be highest at a dose of 400mg/kg which showed 68.95% and 80% analgesia at 45 minute and 60 minute which when compared to Diclofenac sodium showed 73.28% and 85.71% at 45 minute and 60 minutes. The analgesic efficacy of ethanolic extract of rhizomes of D. Hookeri showed significant analgesic activity (p<0.04) in dose dependent manner at different time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. This asserts ethnomedical claims of some tribes regarding the analgesic activity of this plant.
 Keywords - Analgesics, eddy’s hot plate, D. Hookeri, Diclofenac sodium.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of Shorea robusta extracts in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown presence of flavonoids in Shorea species. Flavanoids halt prostaglandin synthetase. Prostaglandins are involved in pain perception. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate analgesic activity of ethanolic leaf extracts in albino wistar rats. METHODOLOGY: Ethanolic extract of Shorea robusta leaf extract 300mg/kg/bw was prepared . Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups i.e control, test & standard, each group with 6 animals each . SRE 300 mg/kg/ bw was administered orally to test group . Tramadol 10 mg/kg/bw was administered orally to standard group & NS 10ml/kg/bw was administerd to control group. Analgesic activity measured by tailflick method & hot plate method. Reaction time noted. Statistical analysis done. RESULTS: Study showed significant peripheral analgesic activity as evidenced by increase in raction time to tailflick method. CONCLUSION: Shorea robusta leaf extract (300 mg/kg/bw) has good peripheral analgesic action.

Preclinical evaluation of analgesic activities of Barringtonia Racemosa

Background: Pain is the major devastating health problems. Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) is the one which is frequently used to treat pain by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, the plant has not been scientifically evaluated for its traditionally claimed use. The present study aimed at the investigation of analgesic activities of ethanol root extract of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb in Albino rats (Wistar) model. Methods: Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents ethanol. After extraction of the roots, the crude extract was evaluated for its analgesic activities using tail flick and hot plate method. The extract was evaluated at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The positive control groups were treated with Aspirin 20 mg/ kg i.p, distilled water (10 mL/kg) treated rat were assigned as negative controls. Results: Barringtonia racemosa Roxb root extract at all test doses showed statistically significant antinociceptive activity in both model in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). The greater analgesic activity was observed by the maximum dose of the extract (400 mg/kg) in both tail flick and hot plate method method. Conclusion: In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the extract possessed a significant analgesic activities and recommended for further studies.

New Glycosylated Flavone and Anthraquinone from Cassia notabilis Randell.: Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity Evaluation

New Glycosylated Flavone and Anthraquinone from Cassia notabilis Randell.: Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity Evaluation

Design of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Hybrid Benzamide Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of Analgesic Activity and Their Molecular Docking Studies.

This study aims to determine the analgesic activity of 1,4-dihydropyridine hybrid benzamide derivatives. These hybrid derivatives were synthesized, and their analgesic activity was studied. The synthesis method applied was a one-step reaction involving a green chemistry approach. The compounds were prepared via the amination method with a yield ranging between 82% and 93%. The title compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectral analyses. The pharmacological activity of all the synthesized compounds was evaluated, and the analgesic activities were monitored in vivo (by tail immersion methods), with a digital analgesiometer. The drug response and damage of tail ata concentration of 10 mg/kg were measured by tail-flicking latency. The activity of compound 2c (81.35% activity at 5mg/kg) can be correlated with its salicylamidemoiety (13.99% activity at 5mg/kg), and diclofenac showed comparable activity (79.21% activity at 5mg/kg reference drugs). Compound 2c has a higher potential to inhibit COX proteins compared to diclofenac. The drug-like nature of the molecule 2c corresponds to its ADME properties. In this study, all the synthesized compounds were found to possess significant analgesic activities; particularly, the performance of compound 2c is excellent. Thus, the preparative method described is an apt route for developing novel therapeutic formulations.

Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Thymoquinone the Major Constituent of Nigella sativa Seeds in Mice

Drugs commonly used in modern medicine for suppression of pain and fever provide only symptomatic relief and long-term use of these drugs is associated with serious adverse effects. Recently, some evidences suggest that Nigella sativa inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and lipid peroxidation. They are reported to inhibit both cycloxygenase and 5-lipooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic activity of pure compound, thymoquinone the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion, tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. Thymoquinone (10, 20, 30 mg/kg, body weight) and Aspirin (20mg/kg) made as suspensions prepared in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose and were fed to mice intraperitoneally. In tail flick method thymoquinone exhibited maximum analgesic effect at a dose of 30mg/kg after 120 min as compared to control and standard. Maximum analgesic effect was noted at a dose of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. the poor analgesic effect of thymoquinone at a dose of (20 and 30 mg/kg) as compared to control and standard drug by hot plate method. However with writhing test the thymoquinone showed maximum protection at a dose of 30 mg/kg (98.23%). The thymoquinone have minimum effect showed at dose of 10 mg/kg (69.72%) and 20 mg/kg (42.26%) as compared to standard and control. But in tail immersion method thymoquinone exhibited maximum activity after 120 min at a dose of 20 mg/kg as compared to control and standard drug while at a dose of 30 mg/kg the compound did not showed any further enhancement in analgesic activity. It is concluded from the present study that thymoquinone the major constituent of Nigella sativa possesses potent analgesic activity in mice.
 Keywords: Thymoquinone, Nigella sativa, Hot plate, Tail immersion, Tail flick method, Acetic acid induced writhing test

Anti-tumor and analgesic activity evaluation and mechanism of Compound Kushen Injection

This study aims to evaluate the anti-tumor and analgesic activities of Compound Kushen Injection(CKI) based on zebrafish model in vivo and investigate the anti-tumor mechanism. To be specific, zebrafish tumor xenotransplantation model was established by microinjection of murine LPC H12 cells into yolk sac. Then the high-dose CKI(H-CKI), medium-dose CKI(M-CKI), low-dose CKI(L-CKI) groups, and the model group were set. The anti-tumor activity of CKI was evaluated with the tumor area growth fold and integral absorbance(IA) growth fold 72 h after administration. The peripheral pain and central pain in zebrafish were respectively induced with acetic acid(AA) and phorbol myristate acetate(PMA). Zebralab ViewPoint system was employed to monitor behavioral trajectory of zebrafish, and movement times, movement time, movement distance, and movement velocity were used to evaluate the analgesic activity of CKI. Finally, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related B lymphocyte tumor-2(Bcl-2) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3 K)/protein kinase B(Akt or PKB) pathway-related genes, for the verification of the anti-tumor mechanism. Compared with the model group, M-CKI and H-CKI significantly reduced the growth folds of tumor area and IA, relief the peripheral pain and central pain. The mechanism was that CKI can up-regulate the expression of cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3(caspase-3, Casp3) and caspase-9(Casp9), down-regulate the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3 K) and Akt, and significantly reduce the expression of Bcl-2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). In conclusion, CKI has significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and pain, which is related to the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway. The pathway mediates cell apoptosis, suppresses tumor growth, and alleviates tumor pain.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of leaf and stem bark extracts of ficus religiosa in wistar rats

Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage. Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) & Opioids are wide analgesics, but because of adverse effects, their use is limited. Ficus Religiosa is a traditional medicinal plant, its various parts have been used in treating some conditions. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of leaves and stem bark of Ficus Religiosa at different doses. Materials & Methodology: This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology. Two doses of methanolic extract of leaves (100 & 200 mg/kg) and stem bark (125 & 250 mg/kg) of ficus religiosa were used. Wistar rats were used to evaluate analgesic activity and it was evaluated by using analgesiometer by tail flick method. Phytochemical screening of both the extracts were also done. Results: Both the extracts at their respective doses showed significant analgesic activity as compared with the control group, whereas it was not comparable with the standard drug ibuprofen (40 mg/kg p.o). Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that both the extracts of ficus religiosa were showing analgesic activity. But this analgesic activity is not comparable with the standard drug Ibuprofen.

Phyllanthus seeds Methanolic extract: In vivo evaluation of Analgesic activity

Phyllanthus amarus is a small herb used in tradicinal medicine worldwide. The phytoconstituents of seeds of this plant is evaluated for various medicinal properties.This study was done to evaluate analgesic activity of Phyllanthus amarus seeds in albino mice.Analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus seeds was evaluated using hot plate and Tail clip animal models. Normal saline was used as control drug and standard drug was Morphine and 50 mg,100 and 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus seeds was used as test drugs. Phyllanthus seed extract showed statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in the reaction time of animals as compared to control at doses of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg at 60 min of drug administration in hot plate method and at 30 min and 60 min of drug administration in tail clip method.The results of the present study shows that methanolic extract of seeds of Phyllanthus amarus showed central analgesic activity in both hot plate and tail clip models in albino mice.

In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Citrullus lanatus Rind and Flesh Extract: A Comparison

The present study was carried out to assess and compare the analgesic and antioxidant potential of Citrullus lanatus rind and flesh extract. The methanolic extract of the rind and ethyl acetate extract of the flesh were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic activity through the acetic acid-induced writhing method on Swiss Albino mice. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was measured by total phenolic content measurement and the DPPH method. The flesh extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the rind extract in both methods. In case of the evaluation of analgesic activity, the results were obtained in a dose dependent manner. At 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, both extracts displayed moderate analgesic property in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) with respect to aceclofenac sodium. The flesh extract was found to provide a better effect than the rind extract in this case as well. It may be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of C. lanatus flesh and the methanolic extract of the rind possessed potential antioxidant and analgesic activities and might be used as sources of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 25(1): 67-72, 2022 (January)

Preclinical evaluation of analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus pictus leaves in Wistar albino rats

Background: Pain is the most common symptom in various pathological conditions requiring appropriate treatment with analgesics. Use of analgesics is limited by various adverse drug effects. The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus pictus leaves in Wistar albino rats. Aim and Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of C. pictus leaves in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 Wistar albino rats and was divided into five groups each of six rats. Group-I (Sterile water-equivalent volume/po), Group-II Morphine (5 mg/kg/ip), Group-III CPHAE (200 mg/kg/po), Group-IV CPHAE (400 mg/kg/po), and Group-V Diclofenac (12.5 mg/kg/po). All the rats were administered respective drugs before starting of 30 min of experiment. Central analgesic (Tail clip and hot plate) and peripheral analgesic (Writhing test) methods were used to evaluate the analgesic activity. The data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS software. Results: Group-II, III, IV and V showed significant analgesic activity compared to Group-I in both central and peripheral animal models. Group-II showed significant effect compared to Group-III and IV in the central analgesic activity. Group-V showed significant effect compared to Group-III and IV in peripheral analgesic activity. Group-IV showed significant effect compared to Group-III. Conclusion: High dose of (400 mg/kg) C. pictus plant extract showed significant analgesic activity in the central and peripheral animal models compared to low dose.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Warionia saharae essential oil

Warionia saharae Benth & Coss (W.s) (Asteraceae) is a monospecific genus endemic to Algeria and Morocco. Its leaves are used in their traditional medicine, such as gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases; for instance, rheumatoid arthritis treatment. In this work, our team investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of essential oil extracted from the dried upper parts of Warionia saharae based on different standard experimental test models. The analgesic activity was assessed by central and peripheral models, such as “hot plate” and “writhing” tests on Swiss albino mice. The hot plate test used latency measurements to assess acute cutaneous pain sensitivity, as a result; the latency of the hind-paw pain response was by licking and either shaking or jumping, those occurrences were recorded. Writhing test as a chemical method used to induce pain of peripheral origin in mice by injecting acetic acid intraperitoneally (IP). This results in characteristic stretching behavior of the animals (cramps and contortions). The evaluation of the analgesic activity, shows that the essential oil of this plant induces a decrease in the number of abdominal cramps in the contortion test and a maximum inhibition of pain. As for the anti-inflammatory effect, it was studied by the “paw edema” test, a phlogogenic agent (formaldehyde) was used to stimulate inflammation in the paws of mice. Anti-inflammatory properties can be observed by inhibiting this edema compared to the standard drug Diclofenac. In conclusion, Warionia saharae essential oil (75 mg/kg) showed a strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities which supports the conventional use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hydroalcoholic and Hexane Extracts of Smyrniopsis aucheri in Animal Models.

Background:The fruits of Apiaceae family have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of wild celery (Smyrniopsis aucheri) seeds, as a member of the Apiaceae family.Methods:Hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts of seeds were prepared and for the evaluation of analgesic activity, acetic acid, formalin, and hotplate tests in male mice (20–30 g) and for anti-inflammatory assessment carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice were used.Results:Hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts (100–400 mg/kg) significantly reduced abdominal spasms in the acetic acid test. In the formalin test, the hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced the pain of the chronic phase while hexane extract was effective in both acute and chronic phases. In the hot plate test, both extracts were ineffective. In the carrageenan and croton tests, both extracts at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly reduced edema.Conclusions:The results revealed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of plant seed extracts. Due to the lack of response of the extracts in the hot plate test, it seems that the plant mainly has a peripheral analgesic effect.

Comparative evaluation of analgesic activity of fluoxetine, duloxetine and venlafaxine in acute pain model in albino rats

Comparative evaluation of analgesic activity of fluoxetine, duloxetine and venlafaxine in acute pain model in albino rats

Evaluation of analgesic activity of levofloxacin in adult albino rats

Background: Levofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antimicrobial used in the treatment of various bacterial infections and was active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Levofloxacin is an optically active isomer of ofloxacin. Apart from its antibacterial action, it also exhibit antinociceptive properties. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the analgesic activity of Levofloxacin in albino rat in comparison with aspirin.Methods: Thirty adult albino rats weighing 150-250 gm were obtained from central animal house. The animals were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I served as control received normal feed and water. Group II served as standard received tablet aspirin 100 mg/kg (oral) and Group III, IV, V served as test T1, T2, T3 and received tablet levofloxacin 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg (oral), respectively. The analgesic effect of levofloxacin was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate and tail flick methods and compared with standard analgesic aspirin. The values obtained were expressed as mean±SD. Statistical analysis of difference between groups were carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Probability p<0.05 was taken as the level of statistical significance.Results: Levofloxacin at 40 mg/kg showed statistically (p<0.05) elevation in pain threshold and a higher antinociceptive activity in comparison to control and standard groups.Conclusions: In the present study, levofloxacin has showed promising results as an analgesic when compared to the control and standard groups. It may be a lead compound for identifying newer adjuvant analgesic agents.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of alpinia galanga rhizomes in experimental animal models

Introduction: Alpinia galanga Linn is a widely used medicinal plant. It is also known as Greater Galangal and belongs to family Zingiberaceae. The plant is a perennial rhizomatous herb and has been claimed to possess analgesic activity apart from many medicinal properties. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of alpinia galanga rhizomes (EEAGR) in experimental animals. Methods: Acute toxicity test was done following the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines.100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight [b.w] of ethanolic extract of alpinia galanga rhizomes was given orally to experimental animals. EEAGR was evaluated for central analgesic activity by using the tail flick method and peripheral analgesic activity by using the acetic acid induced writhing test using aspirin (300 mg/kg b.w and 100 mg/kg b.w orally) as the standard drug respectively. Results: EEAGR at 400mg/kg produced highly significant and greater analgesic activity than Aspirin (standard drug) in tail flick method. EEAGR at dose 400mg/kg has shown comparable reduction in mean total number of writhings which is equivalent to that of Aspirin (standard drug) in writhing test. Conclusion: EEAGR has significant central and peripheral analgesic activity. Keywords: Alpinia galanga, Analgesic, Pain, Tail flick, Writhing.