Evaluation Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Decarbonization in the maritime industry: Factors to create an efficient transition strategy

The maritime industry faces intense scrutiny to address climate change amidst strict environmental regulations and societal expectations. The paper mainly focuses on understanding and evaluating the key factors driving the transition toward decarbonization in shipping. The study utilized qualitative analysis, focusing on reviewing current environmental targets set by major regulatory bodies, notably the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU). The study concludes that a clear strategy for reducing emissions is essential, and a holistic approach must be adopted. Thus, the investigation identified several critical factors that can facilitate the creation of an effective strategy to achieve net zero emissions, comply with regulatory goals, and reduce current emissions. They are decarbonization levels (solutions), ecosystem (value chain), and drivers (enablers), collectively referred to as the decarbonization LED model. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement and policy advocacy to support zero-emission transition. For instance, the paper explores the sector’s decarbonization potential through a value chain perspective (Scope 3): employing the life-cycle approach to assess the complete environmental footprint of ship – “Cradle-to-Grave” frameworks (from raw material extraction, production, and product use, until the end of its life) and “Well-to-Wake” methodology to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from fuel production to end-use by a ship. Additionally, the paper assesses the potential impacts of environmental regulations in the maritime sector, predicting significant transformations in the industry’s operational, technological, and collaborative practices. AcknowledgmentThis study was partially supported by the SEUS project – Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON), under grant agreement No 101096224. This article reflects only the authors’ views, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

Sustainable End-of-Life Tyre Management: A Comprehensive Analysis of Environmental Impacts and Crumb Rubber Integration in Composite Concretes

The research explores pollution prevention strategies associated with end-of-life tyres (ELTs) through sustainable practices, focusing on repurposing ELTs into crumb rubber (CR) for use in composite concretes for civil engineering applications. Three disposal approaches are considered: recycling into crumb rubber for use in cement composites to enhance acoustic properties, incineration for cement production, and landfill disposal. The study aims to assess the environmental impact of each method, particularly in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during the recycling phase, utilizing the OpenLCA program for a comprehensive life cycle analysis. The primary objective is to provide insights into the sustainability of incorporating recycled rubber in concrete mixes as fine aggregate to improve concrete acoustic and shock absorbance properties. The research also gathers data on CO2 emissions from ELT incineration for cement production and the environmental implications of ELT’s landfill disposal. By comparing these three strategies, the study offers a holistic perspective on the environmental ramifications of ELT management. Notably, a recent study highlights the energy recovery and CO2 emissions from ELT incineration, demonstrating the potential benefits of recycling. The research identifies a gap in existing studies, emphasizing the need to consider the entire life cycle, including the transportation and use stages. Notably, the use stage significantly contributes to environmental impacts, with carbon emissions ranging from 550 to 840 kg CO2 eq., per car tyre. Additionally, a proposed inventory analysis method evaluates greenhouse gas emissions from Portland cement concrete pavement construction, revealing that raw material production accounts for most emissions. The findings of this research are providing valuable insights for policymakers, industry professionals, and environmentalists aiming for sustainable practices in the construction sector. By allocating a fraction of tyre production CO2 emissions to obtain raw material for concrete composites, the study suggests a potential avenue for reducing environmental impact. Further calculations using the OpenLCA program may refine these recommendations.

Methodology for Assessing Retrofitted Hydrogen Combustion and Fuel Cell Aircraft Environmental Impacts

Hydrogen (H2) combustion and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can potentially reduce aviation-produced greenhouse gas emissions compared to kerosene propulsion. This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating performance and emission tradeoffs when retrofitting conventional kerosene-powered aircraft with lower-emission H2 combustion and SOFC hybrid alternatives. The proposed framework presents a constant-range approach for designing liquid hydrogen fuel tanks, considering insulation, sizing, center of gravity, and power constraints. A lifecycle assessment evaluates greenhouse gas emissions and contrail formation effects for carbon footprint mitigation, while a cost analysis examines retrofit implementation consequences. A Cessna Citation 560XLS+ case study shows a 5% mass decrease for H2 combustion and a 0.4% mass decrease for the SOFC hybrid, at the tradeoff of removing three passengers. The lifecycle analysis of green hydrogen in aviation reveals a significant reduction in CO2 emissions for H2 combustion and SOFC systems, except for natural-gas-produced H2 combustion, when compared to Jet-A fuel. However, this environmental benefit is contrasted by an increase in fuel cost per passenger-km for green H2 combustion and a rise for natural-gas-produced H2 SOFC compared to kerosene. The results suggest that retrofitting aircraft with alternative fuels could lower carbon emissions, noting the economic and passenger capacity tradeoffs.

A Methodology to Evaluate GHG Emissions for Large Sports Events

Determining whether a large sports event is sustainable or not is one of the main objectives of the sports industry in the coming years. Indeed, there are several sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within a sports event that are not directly controlled by the sports companies but are linked to the event itself. The literature does not offer a standardized methodology for calculating the CO2 emissions of sports events, and consequently, there are different approaches. The objective of this article is to provide an updated state-of-the-art on the topic and to propose an innovative methodology for the calculation of Greenhouse Gas emission of a large sport event. The methodology entails the analysis of purchased goods and services, fuel and energy consumption, waste generation, business travel, and the impact of accommodations. Within the analysis, tools are provided to calculate carbon emissions for each category based on easily understandable data and utilizing reference conversion factors. The research presented in this paper may be useful for professionals in the sector in identifying a comprehensive methodology to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a large sports event.

Vehicle greenhouse gas emission factors based on multi-dimensional Bin interval mode

The emission factors of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles are of significant importance for low-carbon and environmentally friendly initiatives. This paper focuses on greenhouse gas emission factors of heavy-duty vehicles. The multi-dimensional Bin interval mode are proposed, which considers multiple parameters such as vehicle speed, acceleration, torque, and rotational speed. Based on this, the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases from heavy-duty vehicles. are investigated under different parameter conditions. The results indicate that as the VSPA value or the engine torque increases, the CO2 emission factor also increases accordingly. The CO2 emission factor is lower at medium to high rotational speeds, while it tends to increase at low rotational speeds. The research findings provide support for monitoring and evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and offer scientific guidance for formulating specific carbon reduction policies, emission targets, and plans.

Mathematical and computer models for predicting greenhouse gas emissions from soil into the atmosphere: review and comparison

Climate change is one of the pressing global issues facing humanity. Greenhouse gases play a pivotal role in this process, as they are emitted from the soil and interact with the atmosphere, altering the climate balance. This article explores mathematical and computer models used to estimate the volumes of gas emissions from the soil, aiming to identify current and effective approaches for monitoring such emissions, taking into account land use types. Essential parameters for modeling greenhouse gas migration processes and monitoring their impact on climate change are defined.
 In this study, we undertake a comparative analysis of models used to assess this process, considering climatic conditions, soil type, and particle size distribution, is provided. The results of model comparisons can be employed to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions, study their influence on climate change, and develop strategies to combat global warming.
 Keywords—greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, soil respiration, mathematical model, information system, carbon, methane, soil organic matter

Life cycle assessment of sludge anaerobic digestion combined with land application treatment route: Greenhouse gas emission and reduction potential

Sewage sludge treatment and disposal is essential for water environment protection and pollution management. Coupling anaerobic digestion with land application offers a promising solution to recycle energy and resources to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. However, the comprehensive assessment of the anaerobic digestion treatment route on GHG emissions and reduction potential is lacking. This study used life cycle assessment(LCA) to evaluate the GHG emissions based on two cases. The GHG emissions resulting from the digested sludge land application was considered, and the reduction potentials resulting from biogas utilization and substituting chemical fertilizers were also analyzed. The results showed the net GHG emissions of the two cases were 178.92 and − 26.33 kg CO2-eq/tDS, respectively. When excluding the reduction, the GHG emissions of the two cases were 519.32 and 352.97 kg CO2-eq/tDS, respectively, where the dewatering, digested sludge drying, and land application were the main contributors. The GHG emissions associated with the digested sludge land application accounted for 28% and 45% of the total GHG emissions in two cases, respectively. The GHG emission reduction could be achieved by sludge substitution for chemical fertilizer, which could offset 65.5% and 107.5% of the total GHG emissions in two cases, respectively. While the biogas utilization could only offset less than 10% of the total GHG emissions of both cases. Likewise, improving organic content or specific biogas yield rates could only offset up to 26.2% and 40.3% of the total GHG emissions. These findings provide understanding into evaluating GHG emissions of the sludge anaerobic digestion treatment route.

Investigating Microbial Triggers of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Agriculturally Influenced Aquatic Ecosystems

The agricultural sector in Canada is responsible for approximately 9% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, accounting for 54 MT of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as 31% of methane (CH4) and 75% of national nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in 2021 (Environment and Climate Change Canada 2021). However, these estimates do not include the indirect GHG emissions that occur in agriculturally impacted waterways. Ontario is home to over 45 000 kilometers of agricultural drainage ditches, with tile drains directly connecting terrestrial and aquatic environments. Microbial biogeochemical cycles in the causeways experience fluxes of nutrients leading to hotspots for GHG at the sediment-water interfaces. Along with fluxes of nutrients, the causeways are regularly disturbed by anthropogenic effects (e.g., dredging, removal of vegetative buffers) and increasing frequency of storm events. Previous studies have used static chambers to evaluate GHG emissions from aquatic systems (Mu et al. 2022, Xiao et al. 2016). However, this approach can be time consuming and labour intensive and is impractical in aquatic systems due potential extensive underestimation of fluxes from diffusion. To resolve driving factors contributing to GHG in these systems a detailed study investigating the activity of the microbial community is warranted. In this study we hypothesize microbial activity within the sediment will correlate with N2O emissions. To test the response of the microbial community a combination of molecular approaches (i.e., qPCR and Ion torrent) targeting archaeal and bacterial nitrifiers and denitrifies was used. These functional responses were evaluated with respect to N2O emissions, which were measured in the field at the time of sampling using Unisense N2O probes. In this study, N2O sensor response was calibrated to a functional gene index for rapid risk assessment of GHG hotspots.

New model for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions from sludge treatment based on fossil and biogenic carbon migration

The treatment and disposal of massive amounts of sewage sludge are potential emission sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) which strongly depend on the migration of fossil and biogenic carbon into GHGs. Owing to the lack of fossil carbon data and suitable estimation models, CO2 emissions generated from sludge combustion and biodegradation are considered carbon-neutral according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), increasing the inaccuracy of GHG emissions accounting. Therefore, this study aimed to build a new comprehensive assessment model to accurately evaluate GHG emissions from four typical sludge treatment and disposal approaches. Notably, fossil and biogenic carbon migration were considered, rather than the emission factor method when measuring direct GHG emissions. The results of 14C analysis, which quantified the contributions of fossil and biogenic carbon to the sludge samples, showed significant differences in the average fossil carbon fractions among the four types of sludge: 84.11% for chemical sludge, 25.99% for tannery sludge, 79.19% for textile dyeing sludge, and 45.97% for municipal sludge. According to our model, the route of safely landfilling deep-dewatered sludge possessed the highest GHG emission factors of 1.18–3.75 tCO2eq/t dry sludge. The optimal sludge treatment option was anaerobic digestion followed by land application. This treatment maintained a low and stable level of GHG emissions (0.48–0.54 tCO2eq/t dry sludge) and exhibited low sensitivity to changes in fossil carbon fraction and carbon content according to the sensitivity analysis results. For sludge with a high calorific value and a low fossil carbon fraction, the route of dry incineration + utilization of ash and slag as building materials was carbon-negative and more suitable than anaerobic digestion to achieve carbon neutrality. This study complements the fossil carbon data gaps of sludge in the IPCC Guidelines and provides a more accurate GHG emissions accounting model, which will support the sludge treatment industry in developing effective strategies to reduce GHG emissions.

How do logistics and financial ındicators contribute to carbon emissions in Turkiye?

Increasing carbon emissions (CO2) due to factors such as energy consumption (enco), industrialization, increase in world population, and decrease in green areas with the industrial revolution is one of the main causes of both climate change and global warming. In this context, due to the increasing commercial activities in Turkiye, the rapid growth of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the logistics sector alert the government. However, there is a lack of standard measures for evaluating GHG emissions generated from freight transport operations. To improve this situation, Turkiye's policymakers need to evaluate GHG emissions for energy saving and pollution reduction. This background leads us to examine the GHG emission trajectories and features of Turkiye's freight transport patterns in the last three decades. In this context, it is aimed to determine the impacts of financial development (findev), GDP per capita, energy consumption, and amount of freight carried by rail and road on CO2 emissions within the framework of 1990-2021 time-series data for Turkiye. By doing so, the ARDL bound testing cointegration test is employed and observes that independent variables have similar and different effects on CO2 emissions. Energy consumption, findev, and per capita income variables have a positive effect on CO2 emissions in Turkiye. According to these results, it is seen that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is valid in Turkiye. However, the effect of rail and road freight transport (FT) on CO2 emissions is negative. The unexpected finding is related to road FT. The amount of freight transported by road has a decreasing effect on CO2 emissions in Turkiye. This paradoxical situation in Turkiye may be due to the developments in the transportation infrastructure, which has enabled the convergence of space and time in recent years, young and modern vehicle fleets, and the efficiency provided through logistics companies. The findings will assist in formulating specific and effective policies for Turkiye's transport sector.

A large-scale analytical residential parcel delivery model evaluating greenhouse gas emissions, COVID-19 impact, and cargo bikes

A large-scale analytical residential parcel delivery model evaluating greenhouse gas emissions, COVID-19 impact, and cargo bikes

Integrated assessment of the net carbon footprint of small hydropower plants

Global assessments evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and climate benefits of hydropower rely on life cycle assessments (LCAs). However, small hydropower plants (i.e. installations with less than 10 MW; SHPs), are largely underrepresented in such schemes, despite their widespread proliferation and well-known ecological concerns. Here we quantified, partitioned, and compared the net carbon (C) footprint of four temperate SHPs with different operation designs over a 100 year time horizon. In contrast with previous hydropower LCAs studies, we followed an integrative net C footprint approach accounting for all potential sources and sinks of C within the life cycle of the studied SHPs, including both biogenic and non-biogenic sources, as well as for the pre- and post-impoundment stages involved in the flooding of the reservoir. We found that the areal and system-level C emissions were mostly driven by the residence time of the impounded water, which in turn was linked to the SHP operation type. The power installed in the SHPs did not have a relevant role on the net C fluxes. Accordingly, SHPs with smaller water storage capacity were almost neutral in terms of the C footprint. In contrast, SHPs with water storage facilities prolonged the water residence time in the reservoir and either acted as a source or sink of C. The long water residence time in these SHPs promoted either emission of biogenic gases from the surface or C storage in the sediments. Our work shows that integrative net C footprint assessments accounting for different operation designs are necessary to improve our understanding of the environmental effects of SHPs.

Thin boundary layer model underestimates greenhouse gas diffusion from inland waterways

Inland waters are significant sources of atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The thin boundary layer (TBL) model is often employed as a means of estimating GHG diffusion in inland waters based on gas transfer velocity (k) at the air-water interface, with k being subject to regulation by near-surface turbulence that is primarily driven by wind speed in many cases. This wind speed-based estimation of k (wind-k), however, can introduce substantial uncertainty for turbulent waterways where wind speed does not accurately represent overall turbulence. In this study, GHG diffusion in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (China), the first and longest man-made canal in the world, was estimated using the TBL model, revealing that this model substantially underestimated GHG diffusion when relying on wind-k. Strikingly, the carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide diffusions were respectively underestimated by 159%, 162%, and 124% when using this model. These findings are significant for developing more reliable approaches to evaluate GHG emissions from inland waterways.

Characteristics of greenhouse gases emission from wastewater treatment plants operation in China (2009–2016): A case study using operational data integrated method (ODIM)

The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) and achieving carbon neutrality in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has gained significant research attention due to China's dual carbon goals. However, the temporal and spatial characteristics of GHG emissions and the reduction potential regarding GHG emissions from WWTPs in China remain significant uncertainties. This study aims to evaluate GHG emissions characteristics over the years using a set of computational methods, and assess the reduction potential from WWTPs based on operational parameters and economic considerations. This study evaluated GHG emissions of more than 1000 WWTPs in China from 2009 to 2016 using operational data integrated methods (ODIM) and emission factors method to estimate direct N2O, direct CH4 emissions and indirect electricity-induced GHG emissions. GHG emissions were analyzed from temporal, spatial and operational parameters aspects. Besides, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to analyze WWTPs' efficiency in 2017. The results show that GHG emissions increased from 8163 Gg in 2009 to 14,008 Gg in 2016, with emission intensity maintained in the range of 0.266 kgCO2-eq/m3 to 0.298 kgCO2-eq/m3. Indirect GHG emissions from electricity consumption were the main source, which accounted for 72%–80% of the total emissions. Remarkable differences in GHG emissions were observed among six different regions and 31 provinces. WWTPs with AAO process, large treatment capacity, high loading, low influent COD concentration and high effluent NH3–N concentration contributed to lower GHG emission intensity. Furthermore, the treatment process was correlated significantly with GHG emission intensity, whereas influent COD concentration had the least influence from regression analysis results. DEA evaluation indicated that the average efficiency score in 2016 was only up to 0.240 with 27 WWTPs reaching a full efficiency score (efficiency score above 1.000). Electricity consumption and ammonia nitrogen reduction were the most prioritized indicators which could be changed by −53.55% and 592.60%, respectively, to achieve a full efficiency score. The study provides a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders to reduce GHG emissions and achieve carbon neutrality in WWTPs, thus contributing to the larger goal of reducing GHG and mitigating climate change.

Improvements of Simulating Urban Atmospheric CO2 Concentration by Coupling with Emission Height and Dynamic Boundary Layer Variations in WRF-STILT Model

Although cities only account for 3% of the global land area, they have disproportionately contributed 70% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions; the main issue in estimating urban anthropogenic CO2 emissions is their large uncertainty. Tower-based atmospheric CO2 observations and simulations in urban areas have been frequently used as an independent approach to constrain and evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from city to regional scales, where only daytime CO2 observations and simulations are used considering the consensus that the large bias in simulating nighttime planetary boundary layer heights (PBLH) and atmospheric CO2 concentration will cause overestimation/underestimation in CO2 emission inversions. The above strategy of only using daytime observations makes the numbers of available concentration observations largely decrease even with the fact that tower-based atmospheric CO2 observations are sparsely distributed and conducted. Here, to solve the issue of large bias in nighttime CO2 simulations, we conducted four months of atmospheric CO2 observations from January to April in 2019, and raised an approach by coupling emission heights with dynamic PBLH variations in a WRF-STILT model. We found (1) the overestimation of simulated nighttime CO2 concentration decreased by 5–10 ppm, especially between 0:00 and 7:00. (2) The statistics for nighttime simulations were largely improved by using a revised model and posteriori emissions. The regression slopes of daily averages were 0.93 and 0.81 for the default model using a priori emissions and the revised model using the same a priori emissions, and the slope largely improved to 0.97 for the revised model using posteriori emissions. Moreover, the correlation coefficient also increased from 0.29 and 0.37 to 0.53; these results indicate our revised model obviously calibrated the bias in both nighttime and daily CO2 concentration simulations. In general, it is strongly recommended to use the revised WRF-STILT model in future inversion studies, which can effectively reduce the overestimation of nighttime spikes and make full use of nighttime observations.

Comparing consumer preferences for sustainable dairy activities among countries

This study measures consumer preferences for 11 sustainable dairy activities and examines the differences in preferences among five countries: the UK, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Japan. A case 1 best–worst scaling is used to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer application, soil management, water management, biodiversity, working environment, animal care, wastes, market development, rural communities, and product safety and quality. Consumers across countries have diverse preferences for sustainable dairy farming activities, which may be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and social attention toward the environment and agriculture. Preferential differences for some activities were also revealed by gender and age. When discussing the priorities of some activities, conflicts between gender and generations could arise. Information on consumer preference can help various stakeholders discuss how to improve the sustainability of the dairy sector.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions during the cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in different temperature regimes

The emission of carbon dioxide from the soil is an urgent problem, as it not only contributes to climate change, but also affects the reduction of the carbon pool in the soil, which negatively affects its fertility. Cultivation of crops with fast growth, high biomass and atmospheric carbon fixation capacity is effective in terms of reducing soil carbon dioxide emissions and organic carbon storage. The purpose of this work was to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from the cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., 1753) in different temperature regimes – 15ºС, 20ºС and 30ºС. Soil without plants was used as a control. The respiration activity of the soil microbial community was assessed on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th, 70th, 84th and 98th days of incubation. Biomass of plants was measured on the 98th day. It was established that there were no differences in the respiration activity of the control soil and the soil under industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., 1753) at the beginning of the experiment, however, from the 14th day, the respiration activity was significantly lower in the soil without plants. The influence of the temperature regime on respiration activity was established after 56 days of the experiment. The influence of the temperature regime of vegetation on the morphometric parameters of hemp has been established: the largest biomass of plants was found at a colder incubation temperature (15ºС). It has been established that the emission of greenhouse gases from the soil during the cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., 1753) is higher compared to pure soil and depends on the temperature regime.

The impact of solids retention time on Greenhouse Gases Emissions from biological wastewater treatment processes

Biological wastewater treatment is linked to direct and indirect greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, thus new approaches on design and operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must be adopted aiming towards GHGs emissions’ mitigation. This study evaluates the impact of solids retention time (SRT) on GHGs (CO2 and N2O) emissions of activated sludge (AS) wastewater treatment processes with nutrients removal operating at 10, 30 and 180 days SRT. The 180 days SRT represents the complete solids retention AS process (CRAS), which introduces a novel WWTP design and operation approach for excess sludge reduction. The evaluation of GHGs emissions and process performance via ASDM model and Bridle methodology showed that the total N2O emissions increased together with increasing dissolved oxygen and SRT. CRAS process achieved 97,4% and 96,2% excess sludge reduction compared to AS process with SRT of 10 d and 30 d respectively, with total direct emissions in CRAS process being respectively higher by 20,0% and 12,2%. The lower total indirect emissions in CRAS process compensate for the higher direct emissions. At high influent loads, the balance in GHGs emissions tilts in favour of CRAS process due to management of increased excess sludge quantities, rendering CRAS process a more sustainable choice.

Life cycle assessment of shared electric bicycle on greenhouse gas emissions in China

Following the bike-sharing system, the shared electric bicycle (SEB) is experiencing explosive growth in China as an emerging shared transportation mode. While shared transportation has long been linked to energy conservation and reducing emissions, a major problem facing SEB is whether it can reach the goal of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. This paper aims to evaluate GHG emissions at each stage of production, operation, and disposal of the SEB using life cycle assessment of GHG emissions. We also compared the differences in GHG emissions between the recycling incineration scenario (H1) and the recycling degradation scenario (H2) in the disposal stage. The GHG emissions of SEB in the production and operation stages were found to be 379.6173 kg CO2-eq and 183.4663 kg CO2-eq, respectively. However, the GHG emission reduction in the use stage was 1049.8374 kg CO2-eq. Thus, the net GHG reduction in the life cycle of the SEB was 487.3923 kg CO2-eq. (H1) and 433.9215 kg CO2-eq. (H2), respectively, indicating that SEB had a green effect. Non-recyclable parts of SEB will take 48 years to degrade in landfills in the H2 scenario. The GHG emission thresholds for SEB were further discussed. When the average daily turnover rate of SEB was less than 4 and its operation day was less than 479, SEB would not be able to achieve the goal of GHG reduction in the whole life cycle, with the riding statistics remaining unchanged. Finally, some advice for practical issues of electric bicycle sharing in energy conservation and GHG reduction were presented in response to the results.

A Study on the Environmental Assessment of Bottled Water using Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental assessment through the LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) method targeting the bottled water products with the largest distribution proportion in the domestic beverage product in South Korea. In other words, by quantitatively evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and major environmental indicators during the entire life cycle of bottled water products, it is intended to be helpful in product environmental improvement measures by deriving applicable alternatives.Methods : Assessment method of the greenhouse gas emissions and major environmental indicators followed “Guidelines for Environmental Product Declaration of Products” in South Korea. In this study, Carbon footprint and other major environmental indicators(Resource footprint, Ozone depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Photochemical smog, Water footprint) of bottled water product were calculated. The life cycle assessment for bottled water products was considered for the Pre-manufacturing, Manufacturing, Distribution and End of life, and Use stage was excluded.Results and Discussion : As a result of analyzing Carbon footprint and other major environmental indicators, Carbon footprint of 500 ml of bottled water is 8.28E-02 kg CO<sub>2</sub> -eq./unit, Resource footprint(RF) is 2.34E-03 kg Sb-eq./unit, ozone depletion(OD) is 3.25E-05 kg CFC-11-eq./unit, Acidification(AF) is 3.81E-04 kg SO<sub>2</sub>-eq/unit eutrophication(EP) is 6.64E-05 kg PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup>-eq./unit, photochemical smog(PS) is 6.85E-04 kg C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-eq./unit, Water footprint(WF) was evaluated as 1.19E-03 m<sup>3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O-eq./unit.Conclusion : It was identified that the PET bottle manufacturing process occupies the highest environmental impact in RF, CF, AF, EP and PS. The transportation of bottled water products is the highest at 97.1% in OD, which is attributed to refrigerants such as CFC-114, which are used for cooling while driving vehicles. Based on the research results, in order to improve the eco-friendliness of bottled water, it is necessary to reduce the use of PET bottle resin and increase the use of recycled PET(r-PET) as an alternative technology. It is necessary to expand the introduction of eco-friendly vehicles for product transportation and to improve packaging technology.