European Development Research Articles

Research on the Current Situation and Strategy of the Development of BYD New Energy Vehicles in the European Market

The climate crisis hangs over the entire planet, and the present and future survival of mankind is at stake. Therefore, countries have to speed up the transformation of energy structure to delay and control the process of climate change, and encourage the comprehensive development of the new energy vehicle industry. Traditional automobile manufacturers have also joined this new track, hoping to gain a share of the global market of new energy vehicles. In the above context, this thesis takes BYD new energy vehicles as an example, carrying out PESTEL and 4Ps analysis to analyze the main content of BYD new energy vehicles in Europe's development strategy and market status. The methods used in this thesis are mainly case analysis, literature review and data analysis to analyze it. At the same time, some problems are found, such as imperfect supporting facilities, relatively single sales channels and other problems, and corresponding solutions are proposed for these problems. This thesis hopes that by studying the status quo and development strategy of BYD new energy vehicles in the European market, it can play a certain role for reference in its development in the European market.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE SWIMMING BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND B&H SWIMMERS IN THE 50M DISCIPLINE

The subject of the research is competitive swimming in Europe (EUR) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) from 2008 to 2018, discipline of 50m freestyle for male seniors. The problems of the research are trends, dynamics and differences between swimmers from Bosnia and Herzegovina and swimmers from Europe. The objectives of the research are: 1.To identify trends in swimming development in EUR and B&H from 2008 to 2018. 2. To determine the statistical significance of differences between EUR swimmers and B&H swimmers. 3. To evaluate the results for 2020 based on linear functions. In accordance with the set goals of the research, appropriate statistical methods and tests were applied, which enabled an exact answer to the set hypotheses and goals. The variables were being monitored in this study: 1.The time of the eight finalists 2. The time of the first three swimmers. 3. The Winner time. 4. The Record time. Based on the achieved results, it can be validly and reliably concluded that there is generally an improvement in results for EUR swimmers and B&H swimmers. It is statistically proven that there is a significant difference in the achieved results. European swimmers showed better results that were statistically significant. Linear functions i.e trends indicate that there is a small difference. There are more reasons for lagging of B&H’s swimmers behind the European swimmers. In the post-war period there are no elementary material, professional, coaching and other assumptions that enable better results either in swimming or in other sports in Bosnia and Herzegovina

China: Investing and Touristing in Europe

The aim of this article is to interface the development and evolution approach of the Chinese tourist movement to Europe with the necessity and urgent need for measurement, evaluation and preliminary studies, in order to prioritize the fact that tourism development in Europe to continue sustaining SDG achievement, and to strategically orient the best investment in the tourist supply. It is important to emphasize that this study is also an attempt of a critical analysis by using a qualitative methodology. This methodology is based on the international strategic documents of key tourism development policies, Europe and Chinese strategic investment documents in general. Based on the theory and principles of sustainable tourism development as well as international policies for the sustainable development in Europe through tourism, this article includes a guide with such targeted strategies and policies in order for Europe's development to pursue its sustainability through tourism as a highly strategic sector, despite the massive growth that the Chinese boom could have in Europe. A panorama of the current situation and the changes in Europe’s decades-long journey (way of traveling) is given. It includes a review of all the policies aimed at Europe’s journey towards the sustainable development while trying to maximize revenue, output and level of employment that could happen from the China’s movement towards Europe. This study ends by giving suggestions regarding the policies and strategic attitudes that Europe needs to take in consideration while keeping in mind China’s strategic investment in Europe to pursue sustainable development, as well as some suggestions for the Chinese boom to have its own impact in Europe.

China Normal: Patterns of urbanization, industrialization, and trade on a Eurasian discursive base

AbstractComparative historians have illuminated the weaknesses in the Europe-derived and Europe-centred historical paradigms of the preceding century-and-a-half, while questioning the factual foundations and depth of Europe's development towards capitalism, imperialism, and industrialism. But a continental perspective on China's early modern development suggests the possibilities of a vicinage—or integrated environment—approach to China's development and its relevance to more widespread changes of the early modern period.

APPROBATION OF A VALIDATION QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM

Qualified and well-informed citizens are of paramount importance for United Europe's development and prosperity. The issue of their education extends beyond formal education and covers knowledge and skills acquired informally or independently. Public opinion is that well-realized lifelong learning can make a lot of contribution both to the economic development of the countries and to the development of civil society and culture.In the modern world, there is a tendency for change from mass production to the individual one - more and more people want products and services that are specially created according to their personal preferences, they want to be distinguished from others in their possessions, they want to stand out. This trend finds its place in the field of education too: learners want to be able to make choices about what to learn and what not to, to acquire knowledge and skills that will distinguish them from others and make them more competitive in the labor market. But in times of financial crisis, and in some countries like Bulgaria - even when there is none, the education expenditures in the state budget are insufficient, especially for those that are not part of the formal structure of educational institutions. This is also a challenge of the lifelong learning: to provide personalization of learning on the one hand, and on the other to achieve economies of scale so that the unit cost of this education is tolerable for the country concerned.Bulgarian citizens, like everyone else, need to be able to show what they have learned in order to be able to get a promotion at work and/or to have the right to continue their education at higher levels of the formal one. To do this, the individuals need to have access to a system that validates knowledge and skills, that is, one that identifies, documents, evaluates and certifies all forms of training.The demanding market and growing competition require that in the regulatory framework of any validation system, a validation quality assurance system is to be set up and implemented. The scope of this system includes all validation actions in the particular school. Its tasks are related to: 1) identification of the factors influencing the quality of validation in the particular vocational school, 2) determination of the guidelines for correcting the impact of those factors in the desired direction, 3) definition of the system-specific criteria and indicators allowing effective analysis and improvement of the validation process to be carried out.This paper presents the results of the approbation of such a system created for the needs of the Bulgarian vocational schools for the realization of the project "New opportunity for my future".

Student mobility. Between theory and practice?

Introduction: The Bologna Process has initiated the “culture of reforms” in higher education, conditioning the economic and social development of Europe. Erasmus Plus is an EU programme of education in 2014-2020. Despite the numerous benefits it offers to students, their mobility within the Erasmus Plus Programme proves to be low (not satisfactory). Purpose: Review the theoretical and practical aspects of student mobility, with particular emphasis on the Erasmus Plus Programme. Materials and methods: We searched for extant networks through peer-reviewed literature and the world-wide web. Additionally, we used a data analysis on the mobility of students of medicine and health sciences in 2005-2015 within the Erasmus Plus Programme, at selected university in Poland. Results: According to the educational standards in the European Union, students of medical faculties are obliged to complete 12 semesters of studies comprising 5,500 hours under teachers’ supervision. In Poland there are 5,700 hours – these additional hours account for mandatory physical education and foreign language classes which are not taught in other countries. Data from the last decade indicate that student mobility in Poland is an overestimated phenomenon as it concerns a narrow circle of students. Conclusions: A student who benefits from a scholarship under the Erasmus Plus Programme enhances their self-esteem and development opportunities. Participation in an international programme seems to bring benefits alone. In practice, however, there prove to be numerous barriers related to student mobility, such as financial problems, language barriers and issues related to the recognition (crediting) of a period of study completed at a partner university.

New Integral and Semi-integral Bridge Solutions for the Romanian Highways and Motorways

An important factor within Europe's development process is the transportation system. “Design and build” projects allow the implementation of efficient, economical and also modern structures. The present paper presents a quick overview of new designed and executed structures: VTR® modular composite bridges. These bridge solutions combine many important aspects: reduced costs, fast and simple erection, modularity, durability and robustness, low maintenance costs and an appealing aesthetical aspect.

Why Europe Confounds IR Theory

Balancing and bandwagoning are concepts that realists return to again and again – yet neither concept is well suited for explaining the complex issue of Europe's growing role as a security and defence actor. Europe will confound realism as long as realism is based on assumptions of anarchy as conflictual and as long as non-systemic factors remain under-developed. Moreover, I suggest that Europe confounds all mainstream IR theories, because neither realism, liberalism, or constructivism have taken serious account of the purposive role played by agents and although they all see crises as sources of changes, they do not account theoretically for the role of the continuous occurrence of events as sources of change. I suggest that to understand Europe's development as a security and defence actor, it is necessary to consider how the construction of agent-level identities and narratives takes place in agent-level self-constitutive processes within a fundamentally changed structural environment. Doing so is the key for understanding the background motives and preferences that have resulted in ups and downs in the integration process and in the different positions adopted by European member states despite them being subjected to the same structural conditions and the same events.

The Western European marriage pattern and economic development

For several centuries before the First World War women's age at first marriage in the west of Europe was higher than in the east (and in the rest of the world). In their low mortality regimes Western Europeans chose lower fertility in part through a higher female age at marriage. This allowed women to increase their human capital both formally and informally in the years before child bearing so that more informed mothers brought up better educated offspring. The demographic pattern influenced the stock of human capital and directly contributed to Western Europe's development advantage. The predicted relations of this economic model of the household are tested with two datasets, one at the county level for England for the second half of the nineteenth century and the other at the national level for Europe 1870–1910.

Global space exploration 2025: Europe's perspectives for partnerships

Space exploration is an emblematic domain of space activities where traditionally only established space powers have been active. However, new actors are demonstrating great interest in it, principally for international prestige reasons, with an increasing number making ambitious plans. Complementing national endeavours, international cooperation has become a central element of most countries' exploration strategy, since the costs of doing it alone are so great. Europe's development into a fully fledged actor in space exploration requires a shared assessment of the future challenges, threats and opportunities with which it will be confronted in order to derive the best options for cooperation to lead and anticipate rather than follow and endure change.

Pedaling Revolution: How Cyclists Are Changing American Cities by Jeff Mapes

baseball ? of interest, and for thatmatter comprehensible, largely to union members and those familiarwith the shipping industry. All readersmust approach thebook with the understanding that they will get only theper spective of ILWU loyalists from its contents. That said, thisbook is awelcome addition to the labor history of the West. Craig Wollner Portland State University PEDALING REVOLUTION: HOW CYCLISTSARECHANGINGAMERICAN CITIES byJeff Mapes Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 2009. Photographs, bibliography, index. 288 pages. $19.95 paper. Jeff Mapes, a political reporter for theOrego nian, has written a timelybook about urban bicycle transportation and the cultural shifts occurring incities thatactivelysupport cycling. Mapes isan unapologetic supporter of bicycle transportation,and thebook reflects his enthu siasm. Rather than weaken his arguments, how ever, Mapes's personal experiences as a bicyclist helps personalize the statistics and acronyms that can oftenweigh down a transportation centric narrative. Mapes also includes color ful figures from the bicycle literati, such as Portland, Oregon's Phil Sano. Sano, who has gone byReverend Phil since receiving amail order ordainment, serves asMapes's bicycle Renaissance man, whose bicycle exploits go far beyond transportation. From developing "bike porn"movies toorganizing thematicallyeccen tricbicycle rides throughout thecountry,Sano epitomizes thehip, urban cyclists that Mapes sees at the forefront of thepedaling revolution (p. 109). Interestingly, Mapes compares Port land,Oregon's bicycle culture to the Southern California car "cultists"of the 1960s,explaining that the car cultists "were experimental artists celebrating a vehicle thatwas remaking just about all ofAmerican life" (p. 142).Are Port landers, such as Phil Sano, celebrating a vehicle thatis in theprocess of reshapingAmerican life, or are we witnessing another boom-and-bust era forthebicycle, similar to those in the 1890s, 1930s, and 1970s?As Mapes tells readers early in thebook, "Bicycling has had more ups and downs than the stockmarket" (p. 31). While Pedaling Revolution isnot a histori cal account, Mapes does an admirable job of exploring thepast to strengthenthefoundation ofhis arguments. Students ofurban historycan benefit fromMapes's opening chapter when they seek tobetterunderstand the internecine battles that have transformed federal trans portation policies since the late 1980s.Mapes also introduces the developments thatmade Portland, Oregon, and Davis, California, the two bicyclingMeccas ofNorth America. For students of urban history, Mapes's book will serve only as a firsttaste,but Pedaling Revolu tion still functions as a fine introduction to some of bicycling'smost significantdevelop ments over the past half century. For an exhaus tivelook at thebicycle's history, David Herlihy's 2004 tome,Bicycle,chronicles thetwo-wheelers' development inEurope and theUnited States since the seventeenth century. Mapes's primary goal inPedaling Revolution is tomake the case fora rhetoricalquestion he poses in the introduction: "Do you reallyneed more than a ton of steel to move your rear end twomiles?" (p. 22).Mapes does not think so, of course, but thatbegs thequestion: Why do Americans drive somuch? Is itbecause of decades of auto-centric urban planning and infrastructure? Can we blame thecarmanufac turersand theirlobbyingandmarketing efforts? Could itbe thatour busy livesdo not allow us to spare those fewprecious extra moments to walk or bike instead of drive?Pedaling Revolution is not too concerned with layingblame.Mapes is more focused in illuminating the sea change he believes is rightaround the corner. 640 OHQ vol. no, no. 4 According toPedaling Revolution, the cul tural shifts,unorthodox political leadership, infrastructure upheaval, dedicated bureau cracy, and tenacious citizenry necessary for a true transportation revolution are taking shape. By the end of thebook, itisobvious that Mapes is arguing for much more than simply bicycles. Rather, Pedaling Revolution calls for a transformation in how we develop and move around our urban spaces. Although he is ostensibly speaking for"cycling advocates," Mapes clearlyagreeswith theirviewpointwhen he writes, "many cycling advocates gradually get to the point where theywant to revamp the entire road system,not justfigureout how to integratecyclists in the currentone" (p. 23). Of course, it would not be a revolutionwith out a fundamental shift in the current order, and revamping the entire road systemwould undoubtedly serve as a revolutionary act. As someone who promotes bicycling,walk ing,transit,and ridesharing fora living, Ifind the book's vision is compelling. To temper Mapes's enthusiasm about the current growth inbicycling,however, itis...

The Closing of the Sociological Mind?

Demographic explosions, ever higher literacy demands, and the revolution in communications have combined and conspired to create an avalanche of research in all fields. In just the past few years, received views of the decline of the Roman Empire, the Renaissance, the nature of Confucianism, and the influence of Zoroastrianism are only some of the re-evaluations underway. Why should the traditional view of the rise of the West--the orthodox consensus--be immune to this wider phenomenon of historical reconsiderations? This is perhaps the larger context in which Bryant's response to in modern world history should be seen. Bryant defends the conventional view that Europe's cultural and institutional structures unfolded cumulatively over the longue duree (Bryant 2006: 410) promoting a developmental not found in Asia where political and social structures hindered parallel achievements. A countervailing proposal has been launched, claiming that Eurasian societies were all advancing along a broadly comparable course and that the Western breakthrough was late and lucky, based on the New World windfall and coal deposits in England. While making Europe's breakthrough appear somewhat less heroic, it may well be more realistic. This view, variously known as the New World History, or the California School, or revisionism as Bryant and some others designate it, is promoted by a number of historians and anthropologists though there is much disagreement even amongst themselves. The carefully crafted critique launched by Joseph M. Bryant is unlikely to put the revisionist genie back into the bottle. Even if one fervently concurs with Bryant's superb summation of European and Asian social structural differences and shares his suspicions of the new demographic theories about China, (Langlois 2006a) one can still doubt that these variations sufficed to generate the monumental transformation of Europe from a Eurasian backwater to an industrial pioneer in 400 years, and there is no consensus on this question. The data that he marshals forth may be more brittle than he supposes, while many historians (e.g., Hamilton 1976) would not share his view about Europe's development al dynamism (2006: 411, n3) and inner dynamic (410). Bryant's expose and critique may pose little challenge to revisionists because his statistics on imperialism are dated or doubtful, seriously understating the impact of imperial gains on Europe's modernization, in light of new works. His attribution to Europe of a restless rationalism, whether measured by inventiveness or based on Weber's rationalization theory, or both, is contested by sound research. Bryant's attack on what he calls polycentric analytics along with their alleged errors, may demonstrate more verbal alacrity than real sociological problems. Gunder Frank's and Goody's previous works bear no trace of focusing merely on short term, ephemeral causation. Furthermore, Bryant's critique of Goody on the global origins of democracy presents a rather romanticized view of European democracy, at odds with a grimmer reality of unstable institutionalization and hostility to democracy, while he remains oblivious to non-European examples. Finally his analysis of the roots of European conquest abroad is somewhat Eurocentric and anachronistic, projecting Europe's 18th and 19th century power capacities back on to Columbus and Cortez, ignoring that in 1492 Europe did not have that edge over its Eurasian neighbors, and that this earlier conquest was based more on germs than guns. Arguably this conquest was the most economically vital and catalytic enabling factor in Europe's later dominance, as many historians attest. IMPERIAL BENEFITS In my view, Bryant believes that the overall thrust of European modernization was essentially internally generated--though he, of course, admits much technological borrowing from Asia--and that he may not take seriously enough the attempts by Frank and Pomeranz to show that imperialism was perhaps as fundamental. …

Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947

In the aftermath of World War II, Prussia--a centuries-old state pivotal to Europe's development--ceased to exist. In their eagerness to erase all traces of the Third Reich from the earth, the Allies believed that Prussia, the very embodiment of German militarism, had to be abolished. But as Christopher Clark reveals in this pioneering history, Prussia's legacy is far more complex. Though now a fading memory in Europe's heartland, the true story of Prussia offers a remarkable glimpse into the dynamic rise of modern Europe. What we find is a kingdom that existed nearly half a millennium ago as a patchwork of territorial fragments, with neither significant resources nor a coherent culture. With its capital in Berlin, Prussia grew from being a small, poor, disregarded medieval state into one of the most vigorous and powerful nations in Europe. Iron Kingdom traces Prussia's involvement in the continent's foundational religious and political conflagrations: from the devastations of the Thirty Years War through centuries of political machinations to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, from the enlightenment of Frederick the Great to the destructive conquests of Napoleon, and from the iron and blood policies of Bismarck to the creation of the German Empire in 1871, and all that implied for the tumultuous twentieth century. By 1947, Prussia was deemed an intolerable threat to the safety of Europe; what is often forgotten, Clark argues, is that it had also been an exemplar of the European humanistic tradition, boasting a formidable government administration, an incorruptible civil service, and religious tolerance. Clark demonstrates how a state deemed the bane of twentieth-century Europe has played an incalculable role in Western civilization's fortunes. Iron Kingdom is a definitive, gripping account of Prussia's fascinating, influential, and critical role in modern times.

Ukrainian Avant-Garde Poetry Today: Bu-Ba-Bu and Others

In his essay At Crossroads of Century, Ukrainian literary scholar Mykola Ilnytsky concludes that the development of Ukrainian poetry in twentieth century has testified to European orientation of Ukrainian cul ture, which has made it possible for it to preserve its identity despite political pressure from various countries (Ilnytsky 72). Before its independence in 1991 and more recent Orange Revolution, Ukraine had been for most of its modem history under rule of politically more powerful neighbors -the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poland, Tsarist Russia, and Soviet Union. Under rule of relatively benign Austro-Hungarian Empire, Western Ukrainian writers had immediate interlocutors in their German-speaking neighbors and a natural window to literary and cultural developments in Eu rope. Soviet rule later was to slam that window shut. The highly repressive Tsarist and Soviet colonizations of Ukraine led to establishment of what Ukrainian literary scholar John Fizer aptly has coined coercive intertextual ity, a process that induced indigenous Ukrainian literati to take a subservient role and to extol language and culture of colonizers.' Mykola Khvylovy's call under Soviet rule to look toward West for literary mod els during Ukrainian Literary Discussion of 1925-1928 ended with his suicide in 1933, shortly before Stalinist terror inevitably would have en gulfed him. Emigre literary critic Jurij Lavrinenko was later to term this wave of persecutions of Ukrainian literati and other intellectuals executed ren aissance,2 which eradicated several hundred of Ukraine's cultural elite. Khvylovy's aesthetic call for openness to Western literary influence, as an

WORRYING DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE

British Journal of PsychotherapyVolume 20, Issue 4 p. 574-576 WORRYING DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE Haya Oakley, Corresponding Author Haya Oakley London[email: hayaoakley@freenetname.co.uk]Search for more papers by this author Haya Oakley, Corresponding Author Haya Oakley London[email: hayaoakley@freenetname.co.uk]Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 November 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.2004.tb00174.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume20, Issue4June 2004Pages 574-576 RelatedInformation

The Future Role of the European Union in Europe's Development Assistance

This paper reviews the response of the European Commission to a number of critical assessments of its administration of the EU's development assistance programme. Focusing particularly upon the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of developing countries, it considers the recent Cotonou Agreement in the context of this reform agenda. It identifies those issues that remain unresolved, including the difficulties of developing objective criteria for assessing need and performance, the role of the Inter-service Quality Support Group and the relationship between the Directorate Generals for Development and External Relations. It identifies the conflicting objectives for development policy amongst the member states as lying at the heart of the EU's development policy problems and reviews the options that may present themselves should this reform programme fail to satisfy criticism from the member states.

Mapping the Country: European Geography and the Cartographical Construction of India, 1760-90

Europe's overseas expansion became a challenge for its simultaneously developing sci ences, especially from the eighteenth century onwards. Geography was certainly the most prominent scientific means that was applied to comprehend the earth. As a sub-discipline, cartography enabled overseas territorial penetration. It will be argued in this paper that it had been the cartographical construction of Bengal, and later on India. by British geographers and cartographers in the second half of the eighteenth century that made Britain 's economic, political and eventually military expansion into India possible. Maps became the vital instrurnent for the military control of the land and its population. This was in stark contrast to Europe's development of scientific cartography where cadastral maps were drawn for the fiscal and juridical centralisation of the country and the tight administration of its people. Hence, science was applied to intensify the political regime's grip on the land. In India, cartography was developed in a rather unknown environment to serve the colonial state's immediate needs. Cartography gained its own momentum, along with natural history, geology and botany, creating a specific 'arhive of knowledge'. Thus, besides facilitating the penetration of India, it made colonial rule possible. Science was, therefore, rather applied to legitimise the colonial regime's impact on a foreign country.

Regulation and quality assurance in transnational education

A huge array of new providers oftransnational higher education is proliferatingaround the world, almost outside any forms ofregulation or quality control, raising manyconcerns on consumer protection. The paperprovides a conceptual framework regarding basicdefinitions and a mapping of developments inEurope concerning the situation and trends oftransnational education, the regulatorymechanisms in place or under consideration, theproblems arising and examples of good practicein dealing with them. In particular, thecrucial issues of regulation, quality assuranceand recognition of transnational education areaddressed, and some basis for an action planare recommended.

Getting More Out of Space

Space is too important to Europe to be left to scientists alone, according to a report on the future of the European Space Agency (ESA) released last week. The report (available at www.esa.int) concludes that better coordination between ESA and the business and defense sectors is essential to Europe's development.

The Persistence of Subsistence and the Limits to Development Studies: The Challenge of Tanzania

AbstractThere are two general approaches to assessing what is known as ‘development’. First, there are classical accounts focusing on Europe's development during the industrial revolution. They describe how urban areas expanded at the expense of the social and economic resources of the rural areas, disrupting an independent subsistence peasantry. A major consequence is that today all Europeans are dependent socially, politically, and economically on the modern capitalist system. The second (more common) approach to development focuses on the modern Third World. This approach assumes that, as with Europe, the entire Third World is dependent on the modern capitalist system. Development studies focus on the assessment of how Third World countries can most effectively engage world capitalism. Discussion is typically reduced to comparisons between world systems theory and neoclassical economics. The Tanzanian government has used standard policies grounded in neoclassical and world‐system assumptions since independence. But both policies failed to produce the predicted economic growth. This article argues that both policies failed because the Tanzanian peasantry, like the early modern European peasantry, is not dependent on the operation of world capitalism for basic subsistence. In fact, as studies have shown, rural Tanzania is only weakly incorporated into the capitalist world system, and in consequence has not been an easy target for what world‐system theorists call ‘peripheral integration’. What makes Tanzania different is the fact that the rural peasantry do not use market mechanisms in the distribution of the ‘means of production’, especially arable land for swidden agriculture, or, for that matter, labour or cattle.