Europeanization Of Foreign Policy Research Articles

Coordinative Europeanization and Russia’s war of aggression: how crises shape Europeanization dynamics in EU foreign policy

AbstractThe European Union’s response to Russia’s war of aggression has run contrary to expectations of EU foreign policy inaction and incoherence as well as warnings of de-Europeanization and renationalization of foreign policy. Drawing on the concept of coordinative Europeanization, we argue that the response to the war has allowed for a more horizontal, cooperative decision-making process involving both member states and EU institutions, as well as a reversal of traditionally Western European-centric dynamics of horizontal Europeanization. With the aim of investigating these changes further, this paper relies on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as a case study to explore how crises shape Europeanization dynamics in EU foreign and security policy. Relying on primary and secondary sources as well as interviews with EU and national officials, we show how the coordinative Europeanization we have witnessed since the start of the war can be attributed to the characteristics of the crisis itself. In so doing, the paper contributes to the literature on Europeanization of foreign policy as well as to studies focusing on the effect of crises on the process of European integration.

Slovenia as a Stress Test of the EU’s External Dimension of Energy Policy. Case Studies of Russian and American Influence

The article focuses on Slovenia’s unique historical and geopolitical position, which makes the country a highly unusual EU (Central East European – CEE) member state and determines its stance on the EU’s energy policy with respect to the USA and Russia. It pursues the research question: how does Slovenia balance between the EU energy policy framework and its particular national energy interests related to Russia and the USA? Conceptually, the article builds on the Europeanization of foreign policy applying the downloading path to Slovenian external energy policy via three indicators: the increasing salience of the European political agenda, adherence to common (EU) objectives, and internalization of EU membership and its integration process. It employs a method of statistical data and content analysis of documents and secondary sources within two case studies of energy projects, namely the South Stream involving Russia, and long-term use of nuclear energy for electricity production involving the USA. The results substantiate that Slovenia has managed to balance between its energy-related national interests and the EU energy framework by formulating and legitimizing the former within the EU policy framework. However, the second case reveals that the open EU legal framework on the member states’ choice of nuclear energy cooperatives is a notable limitation to Europeanization due to the tendency for interests in national foreign policy and domestic politics – both performed by the government – to drift away from general EU values. In the conclusion, the article identifies two important implications arising from the case of Slovenia as a stress test of the EU’s external dimension of energy policy.

Europeanisation as de-politicisation, crisis as re-politicisation: the case of Greek foreign policy during the Eurozone crisis

ABSTRACTThis article examines the Europeanisation of Greek foreign policy during the Eurozone crisis. It proposes a conceptualisation of Europeanisation as de-politicisation and argues that national foreign policy in the EU under crisis has been re-politicised, i.e. it is increasingly contested among electorates while elites are becoming more conscious of the legitimacy deficits created when national policymaking is exercised primarily via EU institutions. In this context, Europeanisation of foreign policy becomes reflexive, i.e. it is subject to more active scrutiny by public opinion while foreign policy making reflects more elites' effort to manage increasingly fractious state-society relations. The article also differentiates between two types of re-politicisation of foreign policy: nationalist and societal politicisation, both of which were evident in Greece during the crisis years. Beyond these concepts, the article highlights more generally the importance of national party politics for foreign policy Europeanisation, a dimension mostly neglected in the literature.

Usages of Europe in Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Middle East

Europeanization of foreign policy is often studied from the perspective of the impact of European Union (EU) membership on national foreign policies. What go largely unnoticed are the numerous usages of the EU in presenting, justifying and implementing foreign policy at home and abroad. This paper addresses this lacuna in the literature by exploring how Turkish foreign policy actors have construed and used the EU to justify and explain Turkey's foreign policy towards the Middle East in the domestic and the Middle Eastern context. We draw upon a sociological approach to Europeanization and argue that the usages of the EU in the construction of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East vary according to the context.

Europeanization of foreign policy and world culture: Turkey’s Cyprus policy

The re/definition of national interests is a dialectical process that involves not only internal dynamics and domestic interests but also explanatory factors transcending national level, such as the European-level and global-level stimuli. Accordingly, the study offers four alternative explanantia for Turkey’s preferences on the Cyprus question: European Union’s (EU) constraining stimuli, EU’s constitutive stimuli, global-level constraining stimuli, global-level constitutive stimuli. The original empirical data support that it is the in/congruence between the ‘EU-level constraining stimuli’ and the ‘global-level constitutive stimuli’ that predicts Turkish perceptions on national interests and thus, Turkish attitudes towards the EU-led reform on Cyprus policy.

Dimensions and Mechanisms of the Europeanization of Member State Foreign Policy: State of the Art and New Research Avenues

The concept of Europeanization is relevant also to the foreign policy realm, as it facilitates an exploration of the distinctiveness of the foreign policies of states which are members of the European Union (EU). Reviewing the state of the art in the Europeanization of foreign policy, this article illustrates that the concept of Europeanization, albeit in a refined form, is a useful tool for examining the complex interactions and linkages between the EU and national levels in European foreign policy-making. Considering policy-learning and socialization as key mechanisms that drive the Europeanization of foreign policy in both its uploading and its downloading dimensions, this article provides a further clarification of how the Europeanization of foreign policy works and can be analyzed. It highlights particularly interesting avenues for future research by elaborating on important issues such as operationalization and the scope conditions for learning and socialization.

Still Fashionable Yet Useless? Addressing Problems with Research on the Europeanization of Foreign Policy

The purpose of this article is to address problems with research on the ‘Europeanization’ of foreign policy. The first section shows that Europeanization defined as a process of incorporation of European Union norms, practices and procedures into the domestic level is more useful than any of the other ‘faces’ of the concept discussed in the literature. The second section shows that while Europeanization is applicable to the study of foreign policy, the adaptational pressure model is not; that Europeanization should not be identified exclusively with socialization; and that it should be distinguished from ‘uploading’. The final section shows how process tracing the observable implications of alternative explanations of foreign policy change for three dimensions of the policy-making process – the definition of the policy problem, the alternatives considered and the manner in which the latter were assessed – makes it possible to establish the causal significance of the EU.

Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?

Political Science QuarterlyVolume 125, Issue 4 p. 657-683 Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy? TARIK OĞUZLU, TARIK OĞUZLU TARIK OĞUZLU is an associate professor of international relations at Bilkent University. He writes on Turkish foreign policy and the European Union. His articles have been published in leading journals.Search for more papers by this author TARIK OĞUZLU, TARIK OĞUZLU TARIK OĞUZLU is an associate professor of international relations at Bilkent University. He writes on Turkish foreign policy and the European Union. His articles have been published in leading journals.Search for more papers by this author First published: 15 February 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00689.xCitations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume125, Issue4Winter 2010Pages 657-683 RelatedInformation

Europeanization of foreign policy: the case of Turkish foreign policy towards the Black Sea region

Turkey’s efforts to initiate an active foreign policy towards the Black Sea region in the 1990s were scuttled by Russian influence and an international environment inconducive to multilateralism. When security needs changed in the twenty‐first century and the enlargement of the EU reached the Black Sea, a multilateral approach was developed for the region by local and international actors, i.e., the EU and Turkey. In this framework, this article aims to show the changes observed in Turkish foreign policy towards the region since the 1990s and the EU’s effect in this change.

Europeanization of Foreign Policy: Empirical Findings From Hungary, Romania and Slovakia

This article discusses the influence of the process of European integration on the foreign policy-making in the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe, using as case-studies Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. The impact of the integration process is examined from an institutionalist perspective. The paper is especially interested in the institutional change of the coordination of foreign policy-making at both national and European levels, and on the process of learning and socialization of national representatives participating and interacting with the EU system of foreign policy. The impact of European integration is contrasted with the role of domestic factors in shaping institutions and process. The limits of Europeanization of foreign policy-making are identified.

The Europeanisation of Greek foreign policy: a critical appraisal

This article presents a critique of the existing consensus in the academic literature of a successful, completed and visible Europeanisation of Greek foreign policy. It is argued that such a view should be qualified. First, at least three different dimensions to the Europeanisation of foreign policy are put forward. Second, Greece’s membership is split into three successive periods (1981–1985, 1985–1995, and since 1996) and it is shown that only the first dimension of Europeanisation is visible — and this only in the most recent past (namely, since 1996). Therefore the Europeanisation of Greek foreign policy has still a long way to go before it is completed.

From the Convention to the IGC: Visioning the Future of Europe

The European Union now faces a difficult and defining moment as it prepares a great leap forward from the Treaty of Rome to the Constitution of Rome. The draft Constitution, which is on the table, creates an institutional architecture that is unsustainable for the long term future of Europe. The robust constitutional process for economic integration is not sufficiently supported by comparable constitutional safeguards for political integration. Therefore, the strategic task of the Intergovernmental conference is to create a political consensus on building constitutional bridges for converging economic and political integration. How this might be achieved is explored through a conceptual framework outlining four scenarios for the future of European foreign policy. The model indicates the possibility of dynamic movement from the current directoire model to the long term Europeanisation of foreign policy through intermediate mechanisms for democratic widening and constitutional deepening.