European Scope Research Articles

Программа «Эразмус» в европейском и многополярном образовательном пространстве

This article delves into the role of the “Erasmus” Programme within the context of European and multipolar educational spaces. Recognized as a significant tool for international academic mobility, the “Erasmus” Programme serves as a catalyst for higher education cooperation between participating countries. The program has grown beyond its initial European scope, encompassing universities, youth organizations, and transnational corporations worldwide. The “Erasmus” is not only instrumental in fostering innovative approaches to education, encouraging knowledge exchange, and strengthening international partnerships, but also performs broader political functions. It contributes to socio-economic resources for European citizens, reinforces the EU's political stability, and promotes solidarity among the member states. The “Erasmus” Programme has become a unifying foundation for not only European countries but also a wide range of partner nations, making it an attractive model for regions worldwide and a successful instrument of the EU's foreign policy. The relevance of the “Erasmus” Program is enhanced from a practical point of view in the context of reforming the higher education system in Kazakhstan and closer integration with European educational models.

Prussian Campaigns of European Nobility: on the Unique Study by Werner Paravicini

This is a review of “Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels” (3 volumes) by Prof. Werner Paravicini, a well-known German medievalist. The first volume reflects the history of military campaigns to Lithuania, their duration and names and characteristics of their participants. The second one concentrates on the forms of the Prussian campaigns and their funding. The third volume is concerned with the Prussian campaigns as a form of existence of European aristocracy. By means of subsidiary historical disciplines the historian has reconstructed this mass phenomenon of the late Middle Ages, which can be regarded as an event of the European scope.

EXPRESSÕES ANTIDEMOCRÁTICAS DA EXTREMA-DIREITA NA CONJUNTURA BRASILEIRA ATUAL: NEONAZISMO, NEGAÇÃO DO HOLOCAUSTO E ANTISSEMITISMO

The work in question is part of a larger study, which has been developed and that emerged as the research progressed, but especially when the worrying effects coming from the current Brazilian political sphere were felt. Fruit of the extreme right, the current that denies the Holocaust and that emerged soon after 1945 was not restricted only to the European scope. In Brazil, it arrives in the 1980s, however, the appropriation of elements that refer to the increasingly frequent Nazi regime and dangerous scope, has corroborated to a significant increase in the number of neo-Nazis and therefore for the rise of anti-Semitism in the country. The trivialization, normalization and denial of the Shoah has become a constant in the action and speech of those who act, even at the highest level of our political sector, supported by a growing negationist and revisionist tendency embodied by the new spokespersons of history. Thus, we reflect here from the category of analysis adopted by Bodo Von Borries (2018) of difficult past and in what sense our past connects to it?

The State-of-the-Art of Smart Cities in the European Union

Today, policymakers struggle to obtain information from specific smart city case studies. The literature lacks a unified view of current initiatives. This paper performs an empirical study with the aim of collecting evidence from the literature about existing smart city initiatives in the European Union (EU). The contribution of each paper and its geography are analyzed using content analysis to identify the number and type of initiatives in each country. A cluster analysis is performed to find relationships between countries and their development phase as well as the categories (areas) they are focused on. The results suggest that there are different levels of smart city development between the member states despite the initial year of their first result in the literature. Furthermore, 22 smart city categories clustered in four different groups were found. When compared to countries’ socio-economic characteristics, the results suggest the development of smart cities is significantly related to the public budget balance, gross domestic product and EU structural funds. In summary, this paper portrays the state-of-the-art of smart city initiatives in the member states of the European Union. Moreover, it represents a valuable contribution to decision makers to discuss ways to standardize smart city approaches in the European scope. Furthermore, the method used in this paper can inspire the development of collaborative dashboards for the exchange of best practices and data accessibility about case studies’ details.

“The Regeneration of Society”: Thomas Ernest Hulme and the Early British Reception of Georges Sorel

The article examines T. E. Hulme's reading of Georges Sorel as a politically transversal thinker of moral renewal. It argues that, by distancing Sorel from syndicalism and by reading him as a thinker of moral absolutes, this interpretation constituted an act of resignification. This is shown by contrasting Hulme's reading with the dominant patterns of the British reception of Sorel. What emerges is the striking, and self-aware, originality of Hulme's positions. This originality, we argue, was made possible by the European scope of Hulme's intellectual horizon, which gave him the resources to read Sorel differently. Finally, we ask why Hulme read Sorel in this way. We suggest that Hulme was working through a contradiction between his relativistic philosophical education and an increasing need for political commitment. Sorel's ethics of commitment grounded in myth were a way to move from Bergsonian openness to a metaphysics capable of conceptualizing moral and political absolutes.

Generational Inclusion: Getting Older Adults Ready to Own Safe Online Identities

This article presents an initiative that addresses the problem of the digital literacy generational gap, targeting older adults that struggle to integrate the digital world and are unaware of the dangers of the online environment. The article has a European scope but with a special attention to the Portuguese context. The methodological approach started with a theoretical research on digital and online literacy of adults, followed by the design of an innovative training program specifically designed for this target group and finished with the results of the evaluation of the impact of the training. The overall conclusion, based on the achieved results, leads us to think that it is possible to improve the digital literacy of older adults so that they become effective online users while being alert to the dangers of the online world. Therefore, the work conducted is expected to contribute to a greater awareness of the importance and socio-economic possibilities that arise from the digital and technological investment for stimulating the integration of the older generation in the digital context.

Ecclesiastical properties as common goods. A challenge for the cultural, social and economic development of local communities

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The temporal goods of the Church and the principle of subsidiarity - 3. The notion of common goods in Italy - 4. Some practical cases of ecclesiastical heritage as common goods in Italy- 5. A comparative perspective with Belgium: the strategic plans for the future of churches in Flanders - 6. Future perspectives and conclusions.
 ABSTRACT: According to recent studies, there are about 600,000 places of worship and several thousands of monasteries and convents in Europe. The process of secularization, the decrease and displacement of the population, the reduction of vocations to the sacred life can be held responsible for the redundancy of the assets of the Catholic Church. These buildings represent an impressive heritage of faith, work and creativity of the communities which made them over the centuries. Most of them are considered as “cultural heritage” by the legislation of the European States, because of their historical, cultural and artistic values. Up to now, the main solution to this phenomenon has consisted in the alienation of these properties. However, the selling and the disposal of these goods by ecclesiastical bodies cannot always be the only and preferable solution. Drawing from the analysis of some case studies in Italy, this paper aims to investigate the role of civil society participation in the regeneration process and the possibility of applying “collaboration pacts” for the management of “common goods”. In the light of the European scope of the phenomenon, a comparison is proposed in line with the legal instrument of “strategic plans”, drawn up by the diocesan bishop and local authorities in Flanders (Belgium).

International articles and finance journal rankings

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the impact of international articles on the reputation of finance journals. The association between journal rankings and geographical contents is examined by focusing on two citation-based indicators and two ranking methods using expert opinions. The results clearly indicate that the four methodologies are correlated with a strong preference for articles focusing on the United States. They also show that international topics are often associated with lower journal rankings. Although articles with a global or European scope do not seem to affect journal reputation, contents focusing on world regions such as Asia or Africa are often correlated with lower journal visibility. These results suggest that the strong emphasis placed by scholars on top-ranked finance journals may conflict with the internationalization of business education.

El caso Junqueras

El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea aclara en esta sentencia, además del momento de la adquisición de la condición de parlamentario europeo, el alcance personal, temporal y material de las inmunidades de las que gozan dichos diputados. El Tribunal sostiene que una persona que es elegida al Parlamento Europeo adquiere la condición de europarlamentaria como resultado de las elecciones una vez proclamada por la junta electoral y, a partir del momento de la declaración de los resultados, goza de las inmunidades garantizadas por el artículo 9 del Protocolo (núm. 7) sobre privilegios e inmunidades de los eurodiputados.

ASPECTS OF MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF EXTENSION PROCESSES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL SPACE AND THE REFORMING OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

The article defines the main aspects of mutual influence of the legal system of Ukraine reforming processes and the extension of the legal space of the European Union (EU) from the general theoretical viewpoint. The article defines the category «legal space» as an acknowledged and regulated by law life sphere of people, organizations, states and international institutions in order to achieve the agreed and common goals. The main features of the legal space as a phenomenon of legal reality are outlined: multilevel legal regulation with the application of national and international legal acts, unification of law enforcement rules, mandatory agreement on a consensual basis of actors operating within the legal space. The factors of the EU legal space extension are emphasized. It is noted that the reforming of the legal system of Ukraine and the EU legal space extension are interconnected and complementary processes. At the core of such a relationship lies the political will of Ukraine to recognize and legitimize the norms and principles of EU law on the one hand and the desire of the EU to expand the geographical and spatial boundaries of political, legal and economic influence on the other. Based on the analysis of provisions of the bilateral cooperation acts of Ukraine and the EU, as well as using the achievements of national scientists who studied the impact of EU law on the national legal system, four main aspects of the mutual influence of transformation processes of the national legal system and the scope of the extension of the regulatory capacity of the European Union law are highlighted. In particular, it is the creation of a legal basis for the development integrated ties between Ukraine and the EU, recognition of the universal values ​​of the EU in Ukraine, and the involvement of Ukraine in European politics. It is pointed to the issue of Ukraine's full participation in the realization of common policies with the EU. It is emphasized, that the main result of active interaction between the national legal system and the EU legal space is the change of methodological approaches to the analysis of the correlation of political borders of the European Union and factual territorial scope of the European legal space, especially legal borders. That is why the modern scientific community faces a new perspective task - to ground the patterns of formation of the optimal model of Ukraine's borrowing of positive legal practices from the EU legal space, provided that the national identity is preserved in the conditions of the national legal system reforming.

Communicating European Archives: Challenges, Strategies and Tools

This article outlines the insights gained during the establishment of a communications strategy for the Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU) in Florence. The article reflects on how key messages of a unique transnational European archives are construed from its mission, legal framework and in close collaboration with EU institutional archives services. It also sheds light on how to identify a specific European target audience for the Archives and other key elements of a communications strategy for a European archives.The HAEU is the official home for the historical documents of the European Union Institutions, Bodies and Agencies. It is part of the European University Institute, a unique academic hub for doctoral and post-doctoral European studies. It houses, at Villa Salviati in Florence, seven kilometres of paper and digital archives as well as rich audio-visual and oral history collections documenting the historical process of European integration and cooperation. The EU-institutional archives are made accessible to the public after 30 years.The HAEU also hosts 160 deposits of private papers from eminent European political leaders, EU officials and pioneers in the European integration process, and a unique collection of archives of pro-Eu-ropean movements and non-EU organisations with a European scope, such as the European Space Agen-cy and the European Free Trade Association.

Educational Model of a Modern Student: European Scope

The paper presents the results of the research of educational ideals in a philosophicalcontext. The essence of the educational ideal is shown in interrelations of the categories“opportunity” and “reality”, “concrete” and “abstract”, “content” and “form”, “cause” and“effect”, “freedom” and “necessity”. The author emphasizes the need to reorient moderneducational process on universal values for successful integration. Much attention is paid tonational educational ideal of a personality. The necessity of taking into account the pedagogicalwork of the teacher ideological, political, ethnic, religious, racial differences among students, atolerant attitude to their philosophical ideas and beliefs. The research deals with the need to focuson joint counteraction to extremism and terrorism

Assessing the Financial Impact of Reusing Electronic Health Records Data for Clinical Research: Results from the EHR4CR European Project

Background: The new technological platform developed by the Electronic Health Records for Clinical Research (EHR4CR) European research project (2011-2016) has been specially designed to enable the trustworthy reuse of health data contained in hospital-based electronic health records (EHR) for enhancing and speeding up clinical research scenarios. In particular, protocol feasibility assessments, patient identification for recruitment, and clinical data exchange for study conduct, in accordance with data privacy, ethical and legal requirements. The objective of our study was to assess the financial impact of adopting these advanced solutions compared to current practices, from the perspective of the primary sponsors of clinical trials in Europe. Methods: Considering a scalable implementation of EHR4CR solutions in up to 5-10% of Phase II, III and IV clinical trials to be commercially sponsored in Europe over 5 years, two potential market sizes were defined. The first has a European initial scope (i.e., for European clinical trials only), and the second has a European subsequent broader scope (also including European arms of global studies). Based on expert opinions, the EHR4CR initial scope target market was estimated to be 30% of the broader scope. Direct costs to clinical research sponsors were estimated under current practices, and with the EHR4CR platform. Uncertainty was managed using 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Compared to current practices, the potential average 5-year savings with EHR4CR solutions for Phase II, III and IV commercially sponsored clinical trials in Europe were estimated at €175.5 m for the European initial scope market, and at €585.3 m for the European broader scope market. These results were confirmed by robust probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Compared to current practices, EHR4CR solutions appear cost-saving for primary sponsors of clinical trials. These results suggest that the potential for savings would increase with a broader adoption of EHR4CR solutions in Europe, and beyond.

Google Search: Big Brother Knows Some Things About You

Overview of Google's search engine liability in case of lesion of personality rights (google maps or street view, linking, autocomplete proposition...) Swiss and European scope.

A CASE OF PARTIAL CONVERGENCE: THE EUROPEANIZATION OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

This article compares the Europeanization of central government in four Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs): Estonia, Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia. Using a large N survey of ministerial civil servants, it finds that the Europeanization of central government is characterized by partial convergence. The scope of Europeanization is large and similar among CEECs, reaching widely and deeply into government ministries. Moreover, patterns of Europeanization are similar among CEECs: the same ministries form the ‘inner core’ and ‘outer circle’ of Europeanized ministries; only a small proportion of civil servants work full‐time on EU issues and routinely engage in activities that ‘project’ national policies at EU level. Compared to old member states, patterns of Europeanization show signs of convergence, while the scope of Europeanization is larger in CEECs.

Fungal diversity of the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park – indicator species of nature value and conservation

The UNESCO World Natural Heritage national park Kellerwald-Edersee in was investigated during 10 years for its macromycetes. 613 species have been recorded totally. 31 threatened species are listed on the German red list of fungi. 27 species of interest according to the criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 10 species with nature value on a German scale and 5 species of nature value on a European scope have been detected. Compared to other national parks included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Ancient Beech Forests of Germany and the Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park has fewer tree species on poor soils thus exhibiting lower species numbers. Based on old tree stands and relict primeval forest fragments the forest ecosystem of the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park will develop to near naturalness within a few decades.

The Europeanization of national foreign policy: explaining Greek support for Turkey’s EU accession

Europeanization has been a fashionable term over the last decade. However, when it comes to foreign policy, extant work has produced inconsistent findings and few theoretical insights. This paper aims to fill this gap by constructing a synthetic theory which integrates into a ‘thick rationalist’ approach four mechanisms of Europeanization identified in the literature (policy adaptation, normative framing, differential empowerment, diplomatic coordination), and specifies a set of mediating conditions that can explain variations in the scope and direction of Europeanization. This theory is used in order to explain why Greece has become, since 1999, an active and solid supporter of Turkey’s European Union (EU) membership prospect.

Estimation and evaluation of hourly updated global GPS Zenith Total Delays over ten months

The EUMETNET EIG GNSS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVAP) is responsible for the coordination of near real time GPS Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) production in Europe and for aiding the development of ZTD assimilation into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Since 2000, the Geodetic Observatory Pecný (GOP) has been routinely estimating regional ZTDs in near real time. In 2010, GOP developed a modified processing system in order to provide the first optimal and robust ZTD solution with a global scope and hourly upgrade, fulfilling the requirements for assimilation into operational NWP models. Since July 2010, the GOP global tropospheric product has consisted of about 90 sites and has contributed routinely in a testing mode into the E-GVAP database. Global near real time ZTDs generated over ten months have been evaluated with respect to IGS and EUREF routine post-processed ZTD products, ZTDs integrated from radiosonde profiles, and ZTDs calculated from the Met Office global NWP model. Comparison with the GNSS post-processed solutions gives standard deviations of 3---6 mm in ZTD and biases of 1---2 mm, which is comparable to GOP regional near real time solution, however, for some isolated or low data quality stations up to 20 % quality decrease can be found. Comparison with NWP shows a latitudinal trend in the standard deviation with values as low as 4 mm at high latitudes, increasing to almost 20 mm in the tropics, and a lack of variability in the model background ZTD in the tropics. The evaluation with global radiosondes gives ZTD standard deviation of 5---16 mm, which is comparable with previous studies in European scope. Since the 10-month comparison gave satisfactory results, GOP was asked by UK Met Office to disseminate the global product to the end users via the Global Telecommunications System. Since 10 October 2011, the GOP global ZTD product configuration has been extended to about 164 global stations and still processed within 10 min. However, in GOP routine contribution to E-GVAP, about 124 stations are available in general due to hourly data latency above 30 min or data gaps.

OS043. Identification and validation of novel markers for the predictionof pre-eclampsia

Currently no test accurately predicts pre-eclampsia (PE) in a healthy nulliparous population. Unbiased protein biomarker discovery has the potential to identify novel markers but multimarker panels are required to achieve clinically relevant prediction of PE. To this purpose, single biomarker performances were obtained and multimarker panels developed in a significant subcohort of the international Screening fOr Pregnancy Endpoints study (SCOPE) study [1]. To identify and validate novel protein markers for PE prediction using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques which enable the identification and quantification of plasma proteins present in plasma at sub ng/ml concentration (Pronota, Belgium). Pre-disease plasma samples (22-26 weeks) from women who subsequently developed PE and those with uncomplicated pregnancies [2] were used to generate 30 plasma proteome profiles using the MASStermind™ pipeline. A set of novel protein candidates were validated using an antibody-free mass spectrometry method using multiple reaction monitoring (MASSterclass™) in a subcohort of the SCOPE study (NZ & Aus) [1]. Relative abundance of 40+ proteins was determined in 20week plasma samples from 100 women who developed PE and 200 women who did not develop PE (included women with other pregnancy complications). Multivariate analyses were performed to identify algorithms with predictive performance using combinations confined to a maximum of 6 parameters (protein markers and clinical parameters) to avoid overfitting. Validation of the prediction panels was performed in an independent subcohort of SCOPE (Europe) comprising 50 PE and 150 no PE. From this large scale biomarker discovery effort a number of key results were obtained: a novel protein, i.e., Insulin-like growth factor binding protein, acid labile subunit (IGFALS), was identified. AUC for this marker for the prediction of all PE was 0.71 (CI 0.68-0.75) which was greater than both PlGF and s-Eng (respective AUCs: 0.64 and 0.61). IGFALS was also found to have predictive value for term (AUC 0.70) as well as preterm disease (AUC 0.75). Using multivariate analysis, marker panels were identified that achieved clinically relevant prediction (exemplary panel prediction of all PE cases AUC=0.79; prediction of preterm PE AUC=0.92). These multivariate models were successfully validated in the European SCOPE subcohort. In addition, predictive algorithms based on mass spectrometric read outs were largely invariant to interchanging the IGFALS mass spectrometry quantitation data with IGFALS ELISA data. This study demonstrates the capability of high level LC-MS technologies to discover candidate biomarkers and execute large scale multiplex validation to develop a predictive screening test for preeclampsia.

The Icelandic ash cloud and other erupting health threats: what role for syndromic surveillance?

While the severe impacts of the recent eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajokull on transportation and economy became quite obvious even in an early stage, the consequences for the public’s health remained rather cloudy throughout. Contradictory messages to the public resulted from the lack of experience and even more so from the lack of reliable and recent data to assess the situation: On April 15th, the UK Health Protection Agency announced, according to BBC News, that ‘the ash from the Eyjafjallajokull eruption did not pose a significant risk to public health because of its high altitude’, on April 16th UK health experts advised people to return indoors if they start to get respiratory symptoms after the first ash particles were falling on the ground, and later on the same day British health officials said the effects of the ash on people with existing respiratory conditions were ‘likely to be short term’.1 It does not come as a surprise that these contradictory messages cause irritations among the public. The European scope of this event posed questions that needed approaches … Correspondence: Helmut Brand, Department of International Health, FHML/CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands, tel: +31 43 38 84006, fax: +31 43 38 84172, e-mail: helmut.brand{at}inthealth.unimaas.nl