European Protection Order Research Articles

The European protection order: the question of a predictive toolkit for the protection of victims of criminal offences

The European protection order: the question of a predictive toolkit for the protection of victims of criminal offences

The Issuance of the European protection order

Abstract This scientific article researches the procedure for issuing a European protection order by a Polish court or public prosecutor, resulting in the enforcement of protective, penal, or probation measures by a competent judicial or equivalent authority in a Member State of the European Union. These measures require refraining from staying in certain environments or places and avoiding contact with or proximity to certain people. This article does not cover provisions concerning the execution of such an order by the competent authority of a Member State. The main research objective is to demonstrate the importance of this measure in continuing the protection of the aggrieved in another Member State. The research findings are original and primarily national in scope but also relevant to other countries due to their relation to an EU instrument. This article analyses the essence of the European protection order, its issuance requirements, including the ruling on the aggrieved’s protection measure, necessity of issuing the order, aggrieved’s motion, issuance proceedings, authorised issuing authorities, ruling form, forum for issuance, issuance mode, right to appeal, order transmission, and information obligations. The paper is significant for its in-depth dogmatic analysis and substantial theoretical content and is practical in guiding interpretation of the requirements for the application of this measure and the issuance procedure.

Specific rights and needs for protection of the victims of crime in relation to their participation in criminal proceedings

The article explores procedural remedies and measures for protecting the rights and legitimate interests of victims of crimes based on Bulgarian and international legislation. The possibility of issuing an European protection order has been also analyzed.

Latest European Achievements and New Challenges in Victimology and Victim Protection: <i>Towards victim-centred criminal justice system</i>

This paper explores the recent achievements of victimology thought that have been considered while the European Union and other European and global institutions approve new instruments protecting crime victims. After 2011 when the “Victim package” was adopted by the European Commission the victim of crime become a subject of privileged attention for the European penal policy. Important acts as Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on the European Protection Order, Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament establishing the minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, the EU Strategy on victims' rights 2020-2025 have been approved and are in a process of implementation. These instruments, as well as some fundamental Council of Europe and United Nations documents are under scrutiny. The issue of wider introduction of restorative justice is raised as an indisputable instrument in favor of the victims of crime. The unsolved problems are also identified. The new challenges to be met in order to make the environment more friendly for victims are indicated and some decisions are offered.

La orden de protección europea y su aplicación en España

El propósito de este artículo es analizar críticamente el instrumento de la orden europea de protección. En una Unión Europea sin fronteras podemos imaginar diversas situaciones en las que los ciudadanos requieren de una medida de protección transnacional. Protección que no puede ser efectiva sin un reconocimiento mutuo real dentro de la Unión.

European Judicial Cooperation and Protection of Gender-Based Violence Victims, Fact or Fiction?

Judicial cooperation between EU member States shows us the limits of the EU. These limits are not only encountered by the European legislator; national legislators and judges encounter them too. The existence of different legal systems complicates mutual recognition. The difficulties during the creation process of the Directive 2011/99/EU on the European Protection Order show us how much the EU needs to be built still. During the negotiations there was a real political will and the member States had the necessary sensitivity to propose the creation of protection measures at a European level. What failed was the lack of previous harmonization which exceedingly complicates mutual recognition and the refusal from the member States to let go of their last redoubt of national sovereignty. Gender-based violence victims find an additional problem: the non-existence of a gender concept in the EU. We must ask ourselves if we are building the EU in a proper way. Throughout this article we will discuss the creation of a European Criminal Law with gender-based violence victims as an example. At the end we propose several measures in order to fight against ignorance and fear towards using mutual recognition instruments.

La protección de las víctimas de violencia de género en la Unión Europea. Especial referencia al reconocimiento mutuo de medidas de protección en materia civil

Las cifras de violencia de género son sobrecogedoras. Ante esta realidad, la Unión Europea no ha permanecido impasible y, aunque no cuenta con una base legal específica para actuar en el área de la violencia de género, ello no ha sido un obstáculo para luchar contra esta lacra, en tanto que elemento necesario para promover un espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia. Con ese espíritu, en los últimos años se han adoptado instrumentos normativos para garantizar que las víctimas se puedan mover libremente en el Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia, y a hacerlo protegidas. La Directiva 2011/99/EU, sobre la Orden Europea de Protección, y el Reglamento 606/2013 relativo al reconocimiento mutuo de medidas de protección en materia civil, son muestra de ello. Ambos instrumentos, a través del principio de reconocimiento mutuo, garantizan el reconocimiento y ejecución en todo el territorio de la Unión de las medidas de protección de víctimas dictadas por un Estado miembro. Ambas normas regulan las mismas medidas y tienen prácticamente los mismos objetivos, pero con mecanismos de reconocimiento diferentes. En este trabajo examinamos el sistema de protección creado y enfocamos nuestro análisis en el Reglamento 606/2013, instrumento de cooperación judicial en materia civil y básicamente concebido como complemento de la orden europea de protección regulada por la Directiva 2011/99/EU.

Towards Coherent European Crime Victims Policies and Practices

Abstract This study explores the latest developments on the European scale of the policies and practices towards victims of crime. Due to many economic and political factors a lot of people are in movement and exposed to the risk of becoming victims of crime. During the last decade the statistics already records enhanced victimization of the global European society. These have provoked numerous legislative actions and practical initiatives in order to ensure safety, to prevent falling victims to crime and to protect better victim’s rights and needs. The European Protection Order Directive, Victims’ Directive and Convention against domestic violence, are among the most advanced legal acts worldwide. However, it is observed that their implementation in Europe is asymmetric and sometimes problematic. This paper explores the role of the national governments and specialized agencies and mainly the deficits in their activities leading to the non-usage of victims of all the existing opportunities. The newest supra-national acts aiming at the acceleration of transposition and ratification of these important for the building of victim-friendly environment documents, are discussed. Practical recommendations for a more effective victim protection are developed.

Reality or Fiction? Strengthening Victims of Crime in Spain by Implementing the eu Victims’ Rights Directive and other European Legal Instruments

In this article an assessment is made of the Spanish implementation of Directive on the rights of victims of crimes and specialized eu policies and legislation in this field. Special attention is made to the European Protection Order and compensation schemes from both the State and the offender. This contribution is divided into seven parts. These include: A general overview on the victim rights’ situation in Spain with the main changes following the implementation of the Victims’ Rights Directive (2); an explanation of the Spanish compensation system for victims (3) and of protection measures for victims (4); a brief commentary on foreign victims in irregular situation (5) and a critical overview of protection measures in the field of victims of female genital mutilation (6). Final remarks will be also given (7).

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN EUROPEAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS

This contribution deals with European legal documents in the context of domestic violence. It focuses on the most crucial contemporary documents containing requirements addressed to European States. It analyses documents of the European Union and the Council of Europe. It is divided into three sections. The first section introduces the European Union Directive 2012/29/EU on victims of crime (Directive 2012/29/EU establishing the minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime), the second section analyses the Directive 2011/99/EU on the European protection order, and the third section briefly focuses on the Council of Europe convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul convention). Many problems occurred. The legal framework exists, but the needs of each victim should be assessed individually. As regards the Directive on victims of crime, no government is willing to monitor it. As regards the European protection order, only a few such protection orders have been applied.

Is the European Protection Order Sufficiently Robust to Prevent any Discrimination among Victims Moving Across the European Union? An Assessment of the First Seven Years

EuCLR European Criminal Law Review , Seite 332 - 367

Ways to improve the protection of the rights of the victim in criminal proceedings. New level and new methods

Comprehensive protection of the rights of the victim is receiving increasingly more attention both at national and international level. Thus, this study aims to analyse the rights of the victim – the legal regulations and practical application of the victim’s right to protect their rights to the highest possible degree. The first part of the study is devoted to the victim’s right to be informed. This right is directly related to the victim’s opportunity to actively take part in the proceedings. A problem identified in this regard is the option provided in the law that a decision to refuse initiation of criminal proceedings may be written in an abridged form. An additional encumbrance arises from the incorrect interpretation and application of the legislative norm stipulating the right of the victim to familiarise themselves with the case material. The second part of the study analyses the victim’s right to protection. This issue is viewed in context with Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European protection order. The study concludes that the protective measures indicated in the Directive have existed in Latvia since the Criminal Procedure Law came into force in 2005. A positive element is the possibility to protect a victim in any member state of the EU. The third part of the study is devoted to the victim’s right to compensation. Compensation for harm inflicted to the victim by the crime is an essential part of the principle of restorative justice. A proposal is put forth to improve the state compensation mechanism. The study indicates the necessity to give special attention in practice to locating a person’s property. This would allow to better ensure that criminally acquired property is found and compensation for harm to victims is available. The study refers to a judgement of 8 March 2017 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia, which pertains to the returning of criminally alienated property to its rightful owner and the rights of the person who had acquired this property in good faith. The conclusion of the study stresses that the ideal model for protecting the rights of the victim would, of course, be that having found a crime to have been committed, the person contacts the investigative body, testifies as to their knowledge about the offence and submits a claim for compensation, and afterwards they merely have to await the state compensation to be transferred to their bank account, and information to be provided to them about the proceedings. Such a procedure would only be applied if the victim does not wish to actively involve themselves in the criminal proceedings.

EUROPEJSKI NAKAZ OCHRONY – ISTOTA I ZNACZENIE

EUROPEAN PROTECTION ORDER – ITS ESSENCE AND IMPORTANCESummary The paper analyses provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2011/99/EU of 13 December 2011 on the European protection order. It concludes that European protection order can be not strong enough to protect victims in the cross-border situations. The main reason of its “illness” is a lack of obligation for member states to have (or introduce) in their penal law systems measures of protection of victims, as a basis for the order, like described in Article 5 of the Directive.

Indicadores sociales y violencia de género: protección de las víctimas y cambio social en la UE

El artículo realiza un análisis sobre los cambios jurídicos normativas de la UE en materia de violencia de género. En concreto, se ocupa del proceso de definición y categorización en el contexto de la reciente entrada en vigor de la "Orden europea de protección de las víctimas". En este sentido, el artículo realiza un análisis crítico sobre la construcción de indicadores y sobre la definición y coordinación de las políticas de la UE en materia de erradicación de la violencia de género y de atención a las víctimas. Desde esta óptica, el texto analiza las fuentes elaboradas por varias instituciones europeas sobre esta materia.

La directiva 2011/99/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 13 de diciembre de 2011 sobre la orden europea de protección: su aplicación en España a las víctimas de violencia doméstica y de género

Se examina en este artículo los problemas que plantea la entrada en vigor de la Directiva 2011/99/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 13 de Diciembre de 2011 sobre la Orden Europea de Protección que nace con la finalidad de garantizar que la protección ofrecida a una persona física en un Estado miembro de la Unión Europea, se mantenga y continúe en cualquier otro Estado miembro al que la persona vaya a trasladarse o se haya trasladado.