Eurasian Plate Research Articles

The new insight of tectonic setting in Sunda–Banda transition zone using tomography seismic. Case study: 7.1 M deep earthquake 29 August 2023

Abstract The Sunda–Banda arc transition zone features the collision of the Indo-Australian oceanic plate and the Australian continent, resulting in intricate geological and geodynamic conditions. Tectonic activity in this region is shaped by the convergence of multiple major plates, including the Indo-Australian oceanic plate and the Eurasian plate. The crustal structure along the Sunda–Banda arc transition zone is complex and influenced by various factors such as subduction, continental collision, and volcanic activity. The tectonic complexity of the region in eastern Indonesia makes it an interesting area for study. In this research, International Seismological Centre-Engdahl-van der Hilst-Buland catalogue data from 1964 to 2020 were used, which include recorded information on 69.705 earthquake events from 1.185 recording stations and consist of 2.943.974 P phases. Resolution testing was performed using various velocity grids, and optimal results were obtained with a medium resolution of ∼100 km × 100 km × 80 km for the inversion process. The tomographic inversion analysis provided valuable insights into subsurface structures within Earth’s crust and mantle up to a depth of approximately 750 km. The occurrence of deep earthquakes in the study area has provided valuable insights into complex dynamics associated with subduction and plate tectonics. The results of the tomographic inversion analysis reveal that earthquakes are concentrated in areas with high-velocity anomalies, indicating intense tectonic activity near the subduction zone. This study offers the perspective on the structural complexities and earthquake origins in the Sunda–Banda arc transition zone following the 2023 Mw 7.1 Bali Sea earthquake, which occurred on August 29, 2023, at 02:55:32 UTC + 7, approximately 163 km northeast of Lombok, Indonesia. This earthquake was caused by slab pull activity from the Australian Plate and involved a combination of downward and oblique-normal movement. These characteristics indicate the convergence and interaction between tectonic plates in the subduction process occurring in the Bali Sea area. As a result, there have been frequent occurrences of various tectonic and volcanic activities including earthquakes of different magnitudes. These results highlight the significance of the high-velocity anomaly connected to this occurrence, offering valuable insights into seismic behaviour and tectonic phenomena in the region. The findings of this study indicate that the deep earthquakes in the Bali Sea may be induced by faulting due to the transformation of metastable olivine into denser spinel at significant depths, along with shear instability caused by phase transitions within Earth’s mantle layers. This theory proposes that stress-induced changes in phase can initiate shear instabilities and subsequently lead to deep earthquakes.

Complexity of the Oligocene meridional motion of the Philippine Sea Plate

The kinematic reconstruction of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) holds significant importance in elucidating the Australia−SE Asia collision and the Pacific Plate subduction. Previous studies suggested an overall northward motion of the PSP since its inception, but this first-order kinematic model cannot account for the observed inconsistencies in the northward drift distances among certain sites. Here, we conducted high-resolution Oligocene magnetostratigraphic and paleomagnetic research from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 445, showing that the paleolatitudes of Site 445 were 11.9° ± 1.9° (29.2 Ma), 9.1° ± 3.7° (27.4 Ma), 8.8° ± 2.6° (25.6 Ma), 13.5° ± 2.8° (24.6 Ma), and 15.0° ± 2.5° (23.3 Ma). These results indicate that the PSP exhibited a detectable southward-moving trend during the 29−25 Ma period, followed by a northward motion after 25 Ma. The new finding challenges the previously held belief that the PSP consistently migrated northward. This phenomenon can be attributed to the rollback of the subducted slab south of the PSP prior to 25 Ma and a subsequent collision between the Australian Plate and the PSP after that. The tectonic reorganization around 25 Ma can also be identified in the Pacific Plate and the convergence between the Indian and Asian Plates. Therefore, this event bears great significance in deepening our understanding of the global plate evolution.

Fore-arc metasomatism by hybrid slab fluids during subduction initiation: Sr–Mg–Ca isotopes of rodingite, western Yarlung Zangbo suture zone

Subduction zone metasomatism is critical for Earth's material exchanges, yet the details of slab dehydration, particularly deserpentinization beneath fore-arcs, remain poorly understood. Here, we present Sr–Mg–Ca isotopic data for Purang rodingites from the western Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (YZSZ), a remnant of the Neo-Tethys Ocean that was subducted during the collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. The rodingites, occurring as centimeter- to meter-sized veins and blocks in serpentinized harburgite, are dominated by amphibolite- to greenschist-facies minerals like tremolite, magnesiohornblende, and chlorite. Their cumulate textures and rare earth element patterns resemble troctolite or gabbronorite, presumably formed beneath a seafloor spreading center. The rodingites are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and depleted in high field strength elements, with higher Sr/Nb and Ba/La and lower Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios than mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and rodingites formed through seawater or serpentinizing fluid alteration of MORB-like protoliths. They also exhibit higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7067–0.7075) and elevated δ26Mg values (−0.22 ± 0.07 ‰ to −0.13 ± 0.02 ‰) compared to unaltered oceanic basalts, while their δ44/40Ca values (0.72 ± 0.02 ‰ to 0.87 ± 0.03 ‰) remain similar to MORB. These signatures point to a metasomatic process beyond seafloor alteration, suggesting modification of a MOR-derived protolith in the fore-arc mantle at slab depths of <40 km, driven by Sr- and Mg-rich fluids from clay-rich sediments and serpentinitized mantle. The measured Sr, Mg and Ca isotope compositions can be reproduced by mixing a MORB-like protolith with hybrid fluids derived from varying proportions of sedimentary clays and serpentinitized peridotite. Combined with previous studies on YZSZ metamorphic soles, we propose that this fore-arc metasomatism occurred during the early Cretaceous, concurrent with the incipient subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic rocks. These results highlight the significance of deserpentinization at shallow fore-arc mantle settings during subduction initiation, suggesting that slab dehydration is more complex than previously recognized.

Tectonic–Climate Interactions Controlled the Episodic Magmatism and Exhumation of the Zheduo–Gongga Massif in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Zheduo–Gongga Mountain, an enormous tower located at the boundary of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, is an ideal place to study the contribution of the climate and/or tectonics to the mountain building. Here, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, biotite 40Ar–39Ar, and apatite fission track (AFT) ages of granites along the Zhonggu transect in the northern part of the Zheduo–Gongga massif to investigate the detailed exhumation history and mechanism. The results show zircon U-Pb ages of 14.3 ± 0.3 and 11.3 ± 0.2 Ma, Biotite 40Ar–39Ar ages of 4.39 ± 0.07 and 3.62 ± 0.05 Ma, and AFT ages of ~2.6–0.9 Ma. Combining previous structural and geochronological studies, we argue that the growth and exhumation of the Zheduo–Gongga Mountain experienced the following stages. Late Oligocene–early Miocene crust shortening and magmatism marked the initiation of the crustal thickening and surface uplift during ~32–11 Ma, forming a migmatite–granitic belt along the Xianhuihe fault, in response to the northward advancing of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plates. Subsequently, the massif experienced episodic phases of exhumation with variable rates. The exhumation occurred at a rate of ~1–1.5 km/Ma with a cooling rate of 70 ± 20 °C/m.y. during ~11–5 Ma coinciding with the coeval intensification of the Asian monsoon and clockwise rotation of the Chuandian block, south of the Xianshuihe fault. During ~5–2 Ma, a phase of accelerated exhumation (~2–5 km/Ma) started, followed by a possible phase of decelerated exhumation (~1–1.5 km/Ma, corresponding to a cooling rate of 120 ± 20 °C/m.y.) since ~2 Ma, when alpine glaciations initiated due to global cooling. This study highlights the importance of tectonic deformation during ~11–5 Ma in controlling the early growth and exhumation of high mountains in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The climate may account for the later exhumation of the Zheduo–Gongga mountain since ~5 Ma.

Tectonic Evolution and Sedimentary Responses of Palaeocene–Eocene Tethys Himalayan Foreland Basin in Southern Tibet

ABSTRACTThe tectonic evolution of the Palaeocene–Eocene Tethys Himalayan foreland basin plays a crucial role in reshaping the collisional orogenic process of the Yarlung–Tsangpo oceanic basin. However, studies examining the sedimentary response during the tectonic evolution of the foreland basin are lacking. In this study, through a detailed field investigation and analysis of Palaeocene–Eocene strata in the Tingri area, we clarified the evolution of the Tethys Himalayan tectonic regions and its sedimentary response. Carbon and oxygen isotopes, geochemistry and detrital zircon U–Pb dating demonstrated that the lower Palaeocene Jidula Formation and upper Palaeocene–lower Eocene Zongpu Formation were deposited in a coastal–shallow marine environment, with the detritus sourced from the northern Indian passive margin. The upper Eocene Pengqu Formation was deposited in a deltaic environment, with its detritus sourced from the Gangdese arc and the Yarlung–Tsangpo suture zone at the active continental margin. Combined with the nearshore subaqueous fan branch channel of the Jidula Formation and the slump deformation of the Zongpu Formation, the Palaeocene–Early Eocene southern Tethys Himalaya in the Tingri area was located in the forebulge of the peripheral foreland basin. The marine–continental interactive delta of the Pengqu Formation and its provenance from the Gangdese magmatic arc indicate that the Tingri area was situated in the foredeep of the peripheral foreland basin during the Late Eocene. The study provides valuable insights into the collisional orogenic processes between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

Analyzing the impact of elastomer spiral bearings as seismic isolators in a reinforced concrete structure in Algeria

Over the past few years, Algeria has experienced numerous seismic events, particularly in the northern region of the country, due to its geographical position between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. These earthquakes pose significant risks, leading to severe damage to both human life and property, including buildings and infrastructure. In response, civil engineers have increasingly advocated for the adoption of advanced seismic isolation techniques aimed at mitigating the transmission of seismic acceleration from the foundation to the superstructure. As a result, Algeria has seen the implementation of a few key projects incorporating seismic isolators, such as the Grand Mosque of Algiers. This article focuses on the design and analysis of the impact of typical aseismic elastomer spiral bearings in a reinforced concrete building located in the city of Oran, Algeria. The study utilizes ETABS software to evaluate the effectiveness of these bearings in enhancing the seismic resilience of the structure.

The role of magma recharge and mixing in producing compositional modality in post-collisional volcanic rocks, Konya Volcanic Field, Central Anatolia (Türkiye)

The Neogene Erenlerdağ-Alacadağ (ErAVC) and Sulutas (SVC) volcanic complexes in the Konya Volcanic Field, Türkiye have distinctly different unimodal and bimodal compositional variations, respectively. They occurred in graben-like extensional basins behind the retreating Cyprus subduction zone between the African and Eurasian plates. We here investigate their compositional modality by using new and published whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data.Both complexes are characterized by basaltic to rhyodacitic high-K calc-alkaline rocks with the geochemical signatures of orogenic volcanism, except for minor alkaline rocks in the SVC. Mass-balance models suggest that major element variations can be largely explained by the fractional crystallization of amphibole, plagioclase, and Fe-Ti oxides. However, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes show correlations with SiO2 indicating that open-system processes played a role in their differentiation. Modeling of AFC (Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization) involving a recharge situation shows that low degrees of crustal assimilation (rate of assimilation/rate of fractional crystallization, r < 0.2 and crust/magma ratio, ρ: 15–16 %) of lower and upper crust-like rocks was involved in the differentiation of the ErAVC and SVC, respectively. However, the modeling suggests that magma recharge (β: rate of magma recharge/rate of assimilation) was more efficient in the ErAVC (β: 3.45, % ∼52.5 rate of recharge) relative to that of the SVC (β: 2.15, % ∼36.55 rate of recharge). We conclude that for the ErAVC and SVC, different parental magmas derived from the subduction-modified mantle source followed distinct differentiation paths in the crust, and their compositional modality was mainly controlled by the magma recharge and mixing process.

Pulsed uplift of the South Tianshan since the Late Miocene indicated by the linear inversion on river longitudinal profiles

The early Cenozoic collision and subsequent continuous convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates reactivated the Tianshan orogen in the Central Asia and caused multistage uplift of the mountain range. The modern Tianshan, with high mountain peaks of >7000 m, forms very prominent topography that profoundly affects the regional tectonics and climate. However, the late Cenozoic uplift process and topography growth of the South Tianshan remain controversial. River longitudinal profile inversion provides a distinctive way to reveal rock uplift history since the late Cenozoic. In this study, we presented linear inversion on river longitudinal profiles of four drainage basins originating from high mountains in the South Tianshan. The inversion results from two basins in the northern flank show fast and continuous increases in the uplift rates from about 0.1–0.2 mm/a to 0.6–1.0 mm/a since 4 Ma. While in the southern flank, the uplift rates of the two basins increased gradually from about 0.1 mm/a to 0.2 mm/a before 10 Ma and from 0.2 mm/a to 0.4 mm/a around 10 Ma and 6 Ma, respectively. Our results combined with recently published chronological data in this region indicate that the South Tianshan experienced a pulsed tectonic uplift process since the Late Miocene. Moreover, the pulsed tectonic uplift should lead to an elevated South Tianshan during 6–4 Ma, coinciding well with the ∼5.3 Ma extreme aridification in the Tarim Basin, thus supporting that the rain shadow effect caused by high topography of South Tianshan is a critical reason for aridification.

Geochemistry and low-temperature thermochronology of Kunyang phosphate deposit in the Yangtze block and its regional uplift history

The Kunyang phosphate deposit, located on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block in southern China, is hosted by the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Formation. The distribution of the deposit is restricted, and the outcrops of its phosphate layer are intermittent, probably owing to subsequent regional uplift and erosion. Therefore, investigating the denudation and uplift history of the deposit can clarify the preservation and distribution of the ore body after its formation, providing insights into the geological evolution of the mining area. Petrographic analysis indicates that collophane is the main ore mineral in the phosphorite, accompanied by dolomite, quartz, and limonite. The bulk-rock geochemical analyses suggest that the formation of phosphorite took place in a marine environment characterized by relative oxidation and high salinity, possibly involving hydrothermal activity during a drier mineralization stage. Apatite fission-track thermochronology, zircon-apatite (U-Th)/He dating, and thermal history modeling demonstrate that the Kunyang phosphate deposit underwent rapid uplift process during the Late Triassic (c. 225–211 Ma) and Eocene (c. 55–30 Ma), respectively. The average cooling rates were 1.05 °C/Myr and 0.93 °C/Myr, respectively, corresponding to average denudation rates of 42 m/Ma and 37 m/Ma. These two episodes of rapid uplift are corresponding to tectonic events on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Plate during the Indosinian Orogeny, and the collision between the Eurasian and Indian Plates during the Himalayan Orogeny.

3-D P-wave velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath eastern Indonesia from body wave tomography

Eastern Indonesia's tectonic setting is well known for its complexity and intense seismic activity. Controlled by several major and minor plates, including the Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific plates, this region is famous for its U-shaped subduction system beneath the Banda Arc. To better understand the architecture of the underlying structure in this region, we performed body-wave travel time tomography using ten years of catalog data provided by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We utilize 9729 events in total, from which 46,446 P-wave arrival times were extracted. We used a double difference method to relocate the initial event catalog, which produced a pattern of seismicity consistent with a curved subduction system. Our tomographic model reveals a high velocity band between 90 and 240 km depth in the upper mantle, which is interpreted to be a concave dipping lithospheric slab that is parallel to the present-day Banda arc. Our results also show that lithosphere subducting from the north and south starts to collide at a depth of 300–350 km and becomes shallower further east. Apparent discontinuities in the high velocity band and a corresponding lack of seismicity supports the presence of a slab tear to the west of Seram. A dipping high velocity structure that is present from south to north beneath the island of Timor represents a subducting slab that dips more steeply beyond a depth of 150–200 km, which appears consistent with slab roll-back. Our tomographic model also shows evidence of back arc thrusting to the north of Sumbawa and Flores Islands in the form of a south-dipping higher velocity band at shallow depth. Furthermore, our tomographic models also reveal the possible presence of underthrust continental forearc in the form of a thin higher velocity anomaly that connects the backarc thrust and northward dipping lithosphere slab in the Timor area. Finally, a zone of low velocity above the higher velocity slab is clearly seen beneath Seram Island at a depth of ∼100 km and may represent a partial melting zone.

Heat Flow in the Northeastern Continental Margin of Russia

Abstract —This work is set out to summarize, analyze and revisit results of the geothermal studies carried out in Northeast Russia. A catalog of measured heat flow values has been compiled, and on its basis a map of the region’s heat flow distribution has been constructed. Geodynamic activity of the tectonic structures in Northeast Russia, their thermal regime in which the heat flow is a critical indicator, is largely determined by the interaction between the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates and smaller-order plates located in the northeastern part of the Asian continent. The areas of interaction between the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates are marked by the Arctic-Asian seismic belt, which is characterized by intense orogenesis, modern volcanism, active seismicity, diverse geothermal regimes, and large heterogeneity of measured heat flow values. On the Chukotka Peninsula, the helium isotope method was used to estimate heat flow values. It is proposed to consider the class of geodynamic activity of tectonic structures as one of the factors of the geothermal regime.

Edy App: Earthquake Mitigation Innovation Using GIS for Disaster Response in Pariaman, Indonesia

Pariaman City, located along the Semangko fault line and the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, is highly vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis. The region's susceptibility to large earthquakes, followed by vertical deformations, highlights the need for effective disaster mitigation. In response, this study proposes the development of the Earthquake Buddy Application (EDY App), designed to assist with earthquake mitigation efforts. The EDY App leverages Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to map earthquake-prone areas, provide early warnings, suggest evacuation routes and Temporary Evacuation Sites (TES), and facilitate aid distribution. This Android-based mobile application focuses on four key aspects: education, mitigation, evacuation, and donation. Key features include an Earthquake Vulnerability Map, real-time early warnings, mitigation instructions, TES recommendations with distance and time estimations, emergency contact options, and donation channels. Built with React Native, PHP, and MySQL, and integrated with Google Maps API, the app is designed to be user-friendly and accessible to the public. The EDY App’s contribution to earthquake mitigation lies in its ability to create a disaster-aware community. By offering comprehensive information and support during critical moments, the app can potentially reduce casualties and enhance community preparedness in earthquake-prone regions like Pariaman. Through this innovation, it is expected that residents will be better equipped to respond to natural disasters, promoting a culture of safety and resilience.

Basin inversion, drifting and hyper-extension in the Central Atlantic Ocean and Maghrebian Tethys as fluid driving mechanisms for the superimposed base metal mineralization events in the Jbel Bou Dahar carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ba deposits (High Atlas, Morocco)

The Early Jurassic Jbel Bou Dahar reef-bearing carbonate platform in the eastern High Atlas, Morocco, contains numerous carbonate-hosted and fault-controlled Pb-Zn-Ba deposits, prospects, and showings. Combined field, petrographic and geochemical data, including REE + Y analyses, stable (C-O-S), radiogenic (SrPb) and noble gas (He, Ne, Ar) isotopic compositions, record two temporally distinct metallogenic events. Both events are related to post-rifting and inversion of the inherited Mesozoic Atlas paleorift. The ore deposits are thought to have been formed during large-scale episodes of transtensional basin evolution, which developed as a far-field effect of the drifting of the Central Atlantic Ocean and Maghrebian Tethys while the basin continued to invert in response to the ongoing convergence between the African and the Eurasian plates. The paragenetically earliest Zn-rich ore was generated in a transtensional setting coincident with the hyper-extension of Maghrebian Tethys and the initial stages of drifting and formation of the Central Atlantic passive margin. Crustal extension and high heat fluxes provided by the hot upwelling mantle would have triggered buoyancy-driven convection of deeply sourced fluids and maturation of organic matter dispersed within the host carbonates to produce hydrocarbons within an extensional basin setting. These relatively reduced Zn-rich ore-forming fluids acquired metals mainly through protracted interaction with the country rocks including the underlying Triassic siliciclastic series and the granitic basement rocks. Regional ENE- to E-W-trending major faults would have acted as conduits for upward fluid flow and traps for Zn-Pb-Ba mineralization. Conversely, the late Pb-rich mineralization stage II is broadly constrained to have occurred between ca. 70 Ma and 10 Ma and is thought to be related to the transition from orogenic shortening (late Eocene) to post-orogenic crustal extension and exhumation (early Miocene) following Alpine orogenic collapse. Mixing of down-ward percolating meteoric fluids and ascending rock-buffered hydrothermal brines that had previously equilibrated with the radiogenic basement rocks along with thermochemical sulfate reduction of transported sulfate and/or thermal cracking, would have been the main ore-forming processes that controlled ore deposition. Given these fluid characteristics and geodynamic settings, the Jbel Bou Dahar ore field is classified as a hybrid carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ba district formed by the juxtaposition of two deposit types rather than one progressively evolving mineralizing system. From an exploration standpoint, new delineation here of the two metallogenic events provides valuable exploration tools for further targeting PbZn and barite resources in the Atlas system of North Africa and other areas where similar orogenic belts experienced post-rift subsidence and basin inversion.

Structural Design of a 10-Story Office Building using the Special Moment Frame System (SMFS) in Padang, West Sumatra

Indonesia is located at the convergence of the Eurasian, Pacific, and Indo-Australian tectonic plates, making it prone to significant earthquakes, such as the Aceh earthquake and tsunami in 2004 with a magnitude of 9.1, and the Padang earthquake in 2009 with a magnitude of 7.6, both known for their severe impacts. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), there were 10,843 earthquakes in 2022. Given this high level of risk, all buildings, especially offices, must be designed to be earthquake-resistant due to high activity and user numbers. The city of Padang is categorized in Seismic Design Category D, indicating a high level of earthquake risk. The construction of a ten-story reinforced concrete building for office use is planned, referring to SNI 1726-2019 on earthquake resistance and SNI 1727-2020 on minimum loads, along with the Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF). Structural analysis and modeling are conducted using ETABS software, with element dimensions based on the initial design. This analysis aims to ensure the building meets earthquake resistance requirements through response spectrum evaluation, including natural periods, inter-story drift, P-Delta effects, and checks for irregularities. Based on internal forces from ETABS V.18, reinforcement designs are prepared for structural elements such as columns, beams, slabs, and shear walls. A design capacity evaluation ensures the safety and optimal performance of the structure during an earthquake.

Tectonic evolution and structural geology of the Jurassic succession in the Zubair oil field, southern Iraq

This study investigates the structural style and tectonic evolution of Jurassic succession in southern Iraq, within the Zubair oil field, which are crucial for charging oil to the Cretaceous reservoirs, utilized 3-D seismic reflection data to explore its complex geological history. The field is located in the Mesopotamian plain on the northeast Arabian Plate in southern Iraq. Four folds recognized: Hammar, Shuaiba, Rafdyia, and Safwan, each shaped by specific geodynamic processes. Hammar, Shuaiba, and Safwan are characterized as salt-related folds, influenced by salt tectonics. Rafdyia is identified as a compression-related fold formed due to the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Forty-seven faults were identified, with diversity patterns and spatial distributions suggesting a tectonic history marked by three distinct phases: extensional tectonics, extensional with concurrent salt activity, and plate convergence. These phases have created a series of graben structures that, along with the identified folds, highlight the role of three primary tectonic processes: basement tectonics, salt dynamics, and plate interactions in shaping the structural style of the Zubair oil field during the Jurassic time.

Stratigraphic Determination Based on Shear Wave Velocity for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Lebong District

Bengkulu Province, including North Bengkulu and Lebong, is located in the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which makes the region prone to earthquakes. This research focuses on earthquake disaster mitigation in the Lemeu area, Uram Jaya District, and Lebong Regency. It identifies areas prone to earthquake shaking based on Vs stratigraphy, Vs30 distribution, and soil site class. The Vs value was measured directly using the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) method for three passes. Each track has four stations, so there are 12 data collection stations. The station point is the center point of a series of 24 geophones. Each geophone has a recording time of 512 ms and a sampling rate time of 125 ms to obtain 4096 data for each geophone. The measurement data was processed using WINMASW 5.0 professional software to produce a 1D profile. From the stratigraphic Vs, Vs30 is calculated and used to determine the site class, and then a distribution map is made. The results show that this area consists of site classes D, C and B. Medium soil with a value range of 175 ≤ Vs30 ≤ 350, hard soil with a value range of 350 ≤ Vs30 ≤ 750 and soft rock with a value range of 750 ≤ Vs30 ≤ 1500. Of the 12 measurement points, 2 locations have relatively shallow Vs30 values, namely at points 4 and 11. This location has Vs30 values ranging from 221 - 258 m/s, so around this point, there is likely a high potential for building damage in the event of an earthquake.

Upper mantle structure beneath the Mongolian region from multimode surface waves: Implications for the western margin of Amurian plate

Multimode phase speeds of surface waves are used to build a new radially anisotropic S wave model in the eastern Eurasian and Mongolian regions. Our dataset includes seismic waveforms of over 1655 teleseismic events (Mw≥5.8) from 2009 to 2021, recorded at permanent and temporary stations in and around Mongolia. The multimode dispersion curves of Love and Rayleigh waves were extracted using the nonlinear waveform fitting method for individual seismograms. Then, we retrieved phase speed maps for each mode and frequency, incorporating finite-frequency effects. Finally, localized multimode dispersion curves extracted from the phase speed maps were inverted for local 1-D SV and SH wave profiles, which are combined into a radially anisotropic 3-D shear wave model. Our new model exhibits significant lateral variations of S wave speeds at 70–100 km depth beneath Mongolia, i.e., slow anomalies in the tectonically active western Mongolia in contrast to fast anomalies in stable eastern Mongolia. In the radial anisotropy model, SH waves are faster than SV waves in most areas of the Mongolian lithosphere above 100 km depth, except for the northeast of the Altay Mountains. The Hangay Dome region is characterized by significantly slower velocities that may relate to its uplifting. A large-scale low velocity beneath the northeast of the Hangay Dome with a slower SV wave speed than SH may indicate the existence of partially molten layers. This study also reveals distinct lateral variations of S wave speeds across the boundary between the Amurian and Eurasian plates, characterized by the fast anomaly in eastern Mongolia, corresponding to the lithosphere in the western Amurian plate.

Low-velocity middle-and-lower crustal materials blocked by the red river fault in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau

The ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates propels the eastward movement of the Tibetan plateau (TP), leading to substantial crustal deformation around the southern Sichuan-Yunnan block (SYB). Using ambient noise data from multiple temporary seismic arrays and permanent stations, we construct a high-resolution regional crustal azimuthally anisotropic Vs model in the SYB. Our new model reveals two significant low-velocity anomalies with strong azimuthal anisotropy near the block boundary faults in the middle-and-lower crust. The extensive low-velocity anomalies around the middle-south segment of the Xiaojiang Fault (XJF) possibly result from partial melting due to spontaneous deformation caused by crustal thickening and increased felsic components, as well as the superimposition of shear heating faults and local upwelling asthenosphere. The N‒S trending low-velocity anomaly at the northwest end of the Red River Fault (RRF) may be associated with weak material migration from the TP, potentially serving as a conduit for mantle upwelling. The azimuthal anisotropy along the block boundary faults exhibits spatial variations linked to segmented distortion resulting from southeastward crustal movement and various geological activities. A key finding is that the crustal channelized low-velocity along the XJF is clearly blocked by the RRF, instead of going through. Notably, the azimuthal anisotropy in the E‒W direction, observed above the Moho and at depths deeper than 30 km in the intersection end, implies the potential intrusion of localized mantle materials into the lower crust. Therefore, lithospheric deformation is significantly affected by block boundary faults and the properties of the crust and mantle.

Evaluation of recent tectonic movement in northeast Japan by using long-term GNSS and tide gauge measurements

The study investigates tectonic movements in northeast Japan by using long-term (2000–2022) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and tide gauge measurements. The effect of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake including the other eight seismic events that occurred within this period is also discussed using GNSS time-series. The result showed the break in GNSS-time series because of occurred earthquakes and pointed out tectonic movements significantly. The GNSS sites located in the central and southern parts of northeast Japan showed that the velocity vectors have strong internal variation and suggest the existence source of alternative deformation because of geological terranes within the region. A least square approach was used, and the trend of sea-level measurements was fitted with the straight line. The obtained results from tide gauge measurements showed a rising trend at almost every site and indicated lithospheric uprising movement because of tectonic activities. This is possible because of the ongoing subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates beneath the Eurasian and North American plates.

He-Ar isotopic signatures of the Mesozoic granitoids in South Korea: implications for genesis of the granitic magma and crustal evolution in NE continental margin of the Eurasian plate

He-Ar isotopic signatures of the Mesozoic granitoids in South Korea: implications for genesis of the granitic magma and crustal evolution in NE continental margin of the Eurasian plate