European Integration Policy Research Articles

The border in common: The Janus-faced place attachment of cross-border regions

For several decades, cross-border areas have been the setting for the successive deployment of various cross-border cooperation and integration mechanisms. These mechanisms aim primarily to facilitate mobility and interaction between actors through cross-border cooperation projects designed to create institutional cross-border areas. The current article takes an approach centred on attachment to places with the aim of determining whether cross-border areas make sense for their inhabitants. The analyses are based on a cross-sectional survey of 3,200 inhabitants of three institutional cross-border areas: Greater Geneva, the Basque Eurocity and the Eurometropolis of Lille Kortrijk Tournai. The methodology introduces into the field of border studies the technique of structural equation models for the measurement of place attachment using different explanatory variables. Several original results are found. First, place attachment is composed of both the sense of belonging to a country and the residential location of the members ego’s (the respondent) personal network. Second, two notable forms of attachment have an ambivalent relationship within the institutional cross-border areas: attachment to the border region of residence and attachment to the neighbouring border region. Specifically, the estimated attachment to the neighbouring border region favours the declared attachment to the institutional cross-border area. Subsequently, the estimated attachment to either border region also helps explain the choice of location for regular activities. Finally, the reported attachment to the institutional cross-border area is dependent on the individual’s social position. These results open up new perspectives on European integration policies that could rely more strongly on attachment to strengthen social cohesion in institutional cross-border areas.

FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE

The study’s purpose was to examine the objectives of European and Euro-Atlantic integration defined in Ukraine’s strategic documents and Annual National Programs under the auspices of the NATO-Ukraine Commission and to demonstrate the impact of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on European and Euro-Atlantic integration policy. The article uses the method of document analysis to identify phrases and terms that characterise tasks of the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine in the strategic documents since the beginning of 2020.This article delves into the strategic documents of Ukraine, which serve as the guiding principles for its European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The EU and NATO documents defining their relations with third countries and Ukraine are studied in particular. The impact of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine launched in February 2022 on European and Euro-Atlantic integration policies is analysed. Due to the methods of synthesis, the processed material is summarised and the final conclusions of the article regarding the future of European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine are drawn. It was concluded that the success of European integration will depend on the determination of the Ukrainian government to carry out the necessary reforms. Regarding Euro-Atlantic integration, the prospects for NATO membership will be considered solely upon the conclusion of the Russian Federation’s war against Ukraine. The paper aspires to be a part of the effort to fill the existing void in the scientific output on the realism of the tasks set by the Ukrainian authorities in the field of European and Euro-Atlantic integration before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, as well as the assessment of Ukrainian prospects for membership in the EU and NATO after 2022.

PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH THE EU

The article examines the prospects of economic integration within the framework of the association agreement with the EU. It is noted that modern studies on the integration of Ukraine into the EU most often consider the problems of the Ukrainian dimension of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, Ukraine's acquisition of the status of a candidate for EU membership in the conditions of the war in Ukraine , the state European integration policy of Ukraine: theory, methodology, mechanisms, reengineering in international business. The main prospects for further economic integration of Ukraine into the EU are offered: strengthen responsibility for corruption schemes in the economy and in the field of intellectual property rights; implement the Tax Policy Strategy, which should take into account all sectoral aspects of the Association Agreement with the EU; strengthen control over public procurement; apply real tools to stimulate energy efficiency and innovative development (tax credit or tax discount), environmentally safe production (emission limits, correction factors, etc.), establish a tax-free minimum income of citizens and apply real control over persons receiving tax benefits. It is justified that the level of innovative activity should be stimulated primarily by tax benefits. It is shown that in foreign countries, the emphasis is primarily on the financing of innovative research by private companies, which allows them to obtain an innovative product, which can then be sold both inside the country and outside its borders. In Ukraine, for the most part, the state is not interested in such processes and does not create certain preferences for persons developing innovative products. It is proposed to introduce an innovative tax credit, which will allow subjects of innovative activity to reduce the tax burden from corporate income tax or postpone its payment. Thanks to this approach, Ukraine can obtain innovative products that will be in demand on the world market.

UKRAINE’S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ASPIRATIONS: CONFRONTATION OF TWO WORLDVIEWS

The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine`s European Union aspirations. The methodological basis of the study are official websites of specialized institutions in Ukraine and the European Union, laws, analytical reports, articles by other scientists, etc. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that Ukraine continues to actively work towards European integration. It’s confirmed by a number of normative and legislative acts that have already been adopted or are planned to be adopted in the nearest future. It was found that European integration is not just a priority of Ukraine’s foreign policy, the implementation of which began from the moment of independence, but an integral part of the national outlook of the Ukrainian people. In addition, it was analysed that according to the desire of Ukraine, the European Union granted the status of a candidate for EU membership in 2022. The upcoming negotiations are a manifestation of the determination of both sides to implement the European integration policy. Ukraine set the priority of joining European organizations as its key task in foreign policy since independence. The first agreement that regulated relations between the parties was concluded in 1994. It was the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, which entered into force in 1998 and signed for the period of ten years. Conclusions. Thus, it is important that Ukraine began to build bilateral relations with the European Union after gaining independence. The first bilateral act, which defined the goals and purpose of this cooperation, was signed in 1994, the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, the term of which was calculated for ten years. Later, a new stage of negotiations between the parties began. It led to the conclusion of the Association Agreement, the signing of which took place in 2014. It became the fundamental document regulating Ukraine’s cooperation with the European Union in many areas.

Regional crises and European fiscal preferences: how regional Covid-19, economic downturn, and migration shape support for EU risk sharing

ABSTRACT Economic suffering prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic, coming on the heels of earlier 2008 global-financial and 2015 migration crises, revived debate on citizen support for European fiscal integration policies. Such support can be expected to reflect not only individual-level characteristics but also the extent of crisis exposure in subnational regional contexts where individuals live and work. Unfortunately, existing studies of public support have said little about such regional contexts. This study hence explores how regional-level experience with ‘polycrisis’ affects support for EU fiscal capacities, combining regional-level crisis measures with a 2020 survey experiment on European citizens’ preferences towards fiscal capacity instruments in 5 European countries (DE, ES, FR, IT, NL). This allows tests of whether individual support for various European fiscal capacities reflect regional differences in covid suffering, growth losses after the 2008 global financial crisis, and migration spikes from the 2015 migration crisis. We expect and find that citizens in regions more heavily impacted by the pandemic, financial crisis, and (albeit less so) migration crisis – measured separately and as a composite – tend to more readily support European fiscal integration capacity that is redistributive between countries, financed through progressive taxation, refrains from budgetary conditionality, and is lenient towards reform non-compliance.

Peculiarities of Professional Training of Future Teachers for Innovative Educational Activities in an Intercultural Environment

The European integration policy of Ukraine, the “New Ukrainian School” Concept, and the institutional documents adopted for their implementation simultaneously motivate and aim the national education system at the implementation of the competence paradigm and the professional training of future teachers who are ready to live and work in an extremely globalized, intercultural and dynamically changing world. to perceive it between culture and variability as essential components of one’s own way of life. That is why the main attention in higher education should be paid to the issue of overcoming conservatism in approaches to educational activity, existing stereotypes of pedagogical work and the thinking process of all subjects of the educational process. Only an inherently innovative education and an appropriately trained teacher can raise a young person who is able to live according to modern laws and taking into account the development trends of an intercultural society. The new Ukrainian school needs new approaches to learning, which are based on the principles of partnership pedagogy, moving away from the authoritarian model.

Characteristics of Public Administration in the Provision of Postal Services During Martial Law and Ukraine’s European Integration Policy

Characteristics of Public Administration in the Provision of Postal Services During Martial Law and Ukraine’s European Integration Policy

Legal framework for national identity policy: purpose, legal basis, main tasks and principles

The purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative framework of national identity policy as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles of State Policy in the Field of Affirming Ukrainian National and Civil Identity» (hereinafter referred to as “the Law”). The results of the study show that unity around common national values, overcoming socio-cultural, linguistic and regional contradictions, declared in the Law as its purposes, are urgently important and currently feasible in Ukraine. A significant number of Ukrainian citizens who had been loyal to the ideas of the «russian world», have now realized that in practice, for the russian federation, the destruction of Ukrainian identity means the elimination of the Ukrainian people or their voluntary renunciation of their national identity and their own individuality with all the consequences that follow (the main consequence, according to the russian plan, should be the cessation of the very existence of the Ukrainian State). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study of the legislative framework of the national identity policy. Based on the analysis of the Law, the author systematizes the principles of state national and civil identity policy, identifies its basic principles and urgent tasks, and studies the legal definitions of the concepts of «Ukrainian national identity» and «Ukrainian civil identity» in the context of an inclusive national identity doctrine. Conclusions. The author analyzes the legal basis of the national identity policy, as defined by the Law, the fundamentals of the public national and civil identity policy, its basic principles and urgent tasks, as well as outlines the ways of implementating the said policy in the public administration field. It is substantiated that unity in all its collective manifestations is of utmost importance for the Ukrainian society. It should be ensured by removing contradictions within the society (of sociocultural, linguistic, regional, etc., character) and by effectively implementing Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic integration policy.

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF STATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS IN THE ECONOMIC COOPERATION SPHERE OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES

This scientific research explores the key aspects and challenges associated with Ukraine's European integration process, as well as the country's role and place in global globalization processes. The main focus is on analyzing the impact of these processes on the Ukrainian state governance system, its adaptation to the standards and practices of developed countries, particularly in the context of rapprochement with the European Union. The study examines the legal and regulatory aspects of European integration, identifying the obstacles and opportunities arising in the integration process, including the lack of clear long-term planning, coordination problems among government bodies, and insufficient staffing and financial provision. The research also includes an overview of the current state of relations between Ukraine and the European Union, revealing stagnation trends and regression in these relations, as well as analyzing issues related to the limitation of democracy and human rights violations in Ukraine. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the mechanisms for implementing Ukraine's European integration policy. A comprehensive approach is proposed, which includes adherence to the state strategy, resolution of conflicts in the European integration process, ensuring citizen participation and establishing public control, and ensuring transparency and accountability of government bodies. This approach involves the active engagement of all stakeholders in the integration process, aligning internal reforms with European standards, and ensuring Ukraine's sustainable development on the path to European integration. Keywords: globalization, integration, Eurointegration, integration policy, public control, state governance.

Institutional support of intercultural communication in Ukraine in the context of implementation of its european integration vector

Institutional support of intercultural communication in Ukraine in the context of implementation of its european integration vector

Evaluation of Environmental Security of Ukraine during the Russian Invasion: State, Challenges, Prospects

The authors propose to use the method of expert evaluations for studying the state of environmental security of Ukraine during the russian invasion of Ukraine as one of the most acceptable from the point of view of a combination of intuitive and rational approaches. In general, the amount of damage caused to the environment of Ukraine during the russian invasion due to various negative environmental events is 224982 million UAH. From the studies carried out, it is clear that the following components are the most problematic for the complex state policy in the field of environmental security of Ukraine: natural resource efficiency policy, environmental policy, licensing and standardization policy. Considering the situation in the field of environmental security of Ukraine during the russian invasion of Ukraine, it is recommended to supplement Ukraine Recovery Plan with the following National programs: (і) reforming public administration in the environmental industry; (іі) climate policy: preventing and adapting to climate change; (ііі) effective waste management; (іv) conservation of natural ecosystems and biological diversity. Restoration and development of protected areas and facilities. The authors underline that intensification of the European integration policy will also contribute to the ecologization of the consciousness of Ukrainians. It is about a more economical attitude of the public towards natural resources, the responsibility of everyone for a clean environment for themselves and subsequent generations.

Surmounting of the impediments on the way to Ukraine`s accession to the European Union

The paper highlights the topic of European integration. Ukraine has decided on the vector of foreign policy, setting the goal of integration into the European political, economic and legal space with the aim of gaining membership in the European Union. Namely, accession to the EU is a strong incentive for development and improvement of many aspects of the functioning of our state. In 2022, during an extremely challenging period for Ukraine, a qualitatively new stage of European integration began – Ukraine received the EU candidate status, which made the prospects of joining the European community feasible, became a catalyst for further reforms, and an incentive for the authorities and citizens of the country. The EU candidate status has opened up a number of vectors for our country to carry out reforms in various areas. These are primarily structural changes, shift away from the consumer economy model, improvement of production efficiency, expansion of access to new technologies, new investments, etc. This is the country`s achievement of a new level of development comparable to EU member states. Six fundamental values of the European Union – supremacy of law, respect for human dignity, democracy, freedom, equality and respect for human rights – these are the most vital worldview principles, which are close and understandable to our society – to every Ukrainian. They exactly unite us with Europeans more than any laws or agreements. The EU enlargement process opens new strategic prospects for Ukraine and additional opportunities to deepen the European integration policy of our state. However, at the same time, at the current stage of Ukraine's relations with the European Union, there are many problems that must be eliminated, in order to become a member of the EU. In this paper, we considered Ukraine's path to European integration, highlighting the opinions of political and public figures regarding the importance of our state for European space. It was noted which criteria for EU membership exist, it was also analyzed which of them Ukraine has already fulfilled. Attention was focused on the reforms that should be carried out in order to obtain EU membership. It was clarified what are the obstacles to the European integration of Ukraine and it was indicated the ways to overcome them.

Estimating the Business Cycle of Ukraine Under the Conditions of Large External Compound Shocks

Abstract. Introduction. Conventional business cycle estimation methods typically rely on the assumption that the shocks to an economy are normally distributed. However, global social and political instability can result in external shocks that are more severe than purely economic shocks, thus hampering the ability of these estimation methods to separate cyclical behavior from long-run dynamics. Since effective economic policy is dependent upon the ability to make accurate forecasts, an understanding of the properties of business cycle estimation methods in the presence of large shocks in the data is of first order importance. Purpose. The purpose of this article was to compare the ability of various business cycle estimation methods — and in particular detrending filters — to account for large external compound shocks (i.e. those containing both economic and noneconomic components) when extracting the cyclical component of the real GDP series of Ukraine. In view of Ukraine’s policy of European integration, a secondary goal was to investigate the performance of various detrending filters in deriving a measure of business cycle co-movement of Ukraine vis-à-vis the EU that is robust to external compound shocks. Results. Using an unobserved components model with external geopolitical shocks as a benchmark, it was found that the application of the boosted Hodrick-Prescott filter, the Christiano-Fitzgerald filter, and the Hamilton regression filter to the real GDP data of Ukraine produced cyclical components that exhibited spurious dynamics, particularly from 2020 and onward. Conclusions. It was shown that no single business cycle estimation method performed the best in application to the real GDP series of Ukraine. While the unobserved components model relied on extensive researcher-specified assumptions and an ad hoc approach to identifying external compound shocks, the use of data filtering resulted in series that did not accurately reflect cyclical and trend dynamics in Ukraine toward the end of the sample. Thus, there is a practical need to develop new business cycle estimation models that would be able to account for the distorting influence of large external compound shocks.

Development of educational policy in Ukraine in the context of European integration and digital transformation

The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the application of digitalization of education in Ukraine under the influence of European integration. The task of the article can be divided into two stages: the study of the impact of European integration on the reform of the educational sphere in Ukraine; the search for an effective model for the implementation of elements of digitalization of the educational process Methodological basis for the study were scientific and pedagogical methods. The results of the study highlight the elements of digitalization of education, capable in their totality to provide full and high-quality training of future specialists in the environment of the university. The authors of the article give important positive and negative features of the implementation of digitalization of the educational process. Thus, the digitalization of the educational process is an important step to bring the Ukrainian educational space to the standards of the European Union, which is an important part of the national policy of European integration.

FINANCIAL BENEFIT IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU

The relevance of the research topic is accompanied by the importance of generalization and scientific substantiation of certain aspects of the functioning of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union, the place of the state in modern global processes with the aim of drawing lessons and outlining further tasks of state building and highlighting problematic issues and features of the country’s current state. The article describes the stages of the formation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union, examines the state, problems and prospects of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations. The main external and internal factors of the formation of the foundations of the European integration policy of Ukraine are systematically considered. The main consequences of the functioning of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the European Union have been studied. The influence of the deepened free trade zone on the economic development of Ukraine and national priorities is analyzed. It is emphasized that the main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries through large-scale internal transformations. Ukraine’s trade and economic relations with the European Union have become an inevitable political reality. European guidelines have become a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the current foreign and domestic political situation, Ukraine’s relations with the European Union are extremely important in this regard. It is not only about more or less active relations with a more powerful foreign partner, but also about Ukraine’s ability to make strategic decisions for the future, which depends on the state’s position and role in the new international order.

Diversified approaches to the policy of strengthening the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the face of global shocks

The issue of unequal development of Ukrainian regions is not a recent one. Nonetheless, a new global shock – Russia’s war against Ukraine – has further exacerbated the differences between regions in terms of their development opportunities and the necessary state support, as its intensity has a differentiated spatial (geographical) nature. The article substantiates the expediency of implementing a diversified policy of strengthening the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the face of global shocks, taking into account local socio-economic needs, endogenous development capacity, and security factor. The author identifies the basic guidelines for a diversified policy of strengthening the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the context of global shocks, namely: 1) creation of attractive socio-economic and infrastructural conditions for maintaining and developing the capacity of Ukrainian economic entities; 2) return of displaced persons from abroad; 3) balanced and sustainable development of the state. The article offers a conceptual approach to a diversified policy of strengthening the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the face of global shocks in terms of functional types of territories (recovery areas, regional growth poles, territories with special development conditions, and sustainable development areas) and levels of governance (regional/territorial and national). The author argues that ensuring the resilience, sustainability, and cohesion of territorial development requires the implementation of a set of measures that involve intervention at the national level. First and foremost, it is the matter of strengthening national defense and security, enhancing environmental safety, pursuing a proactive social policy and the development of the labor market as its integral part, and intensifying the state’s European integration policy. The expected consequences of the implementation of a diversified approach to the policy of strengthening the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the face of global shocks include a) reduction of imbalance in regional development, creation of equal conditions for dynamic and balanced socio-economic development of regions, and creation of favorable conditions for attracting investment and infrastructure development; b) creation of new jobs and increase in employment and overall living standards of residents, which will contribute to overcoming poverty and unemployment in the future; c) maximizing the use of the region’s endogenous capacity for its balanced development and improving the living standards of the population; d) rational and economical use of natural resources, taking into account the need to preserve and protect the environment. The author emphasizes the importance of monitoring the results of the implementation of measures to strengthen the resilience of Ukrainian regions in the face of global shocks, which should be conducted based on appropriate indicators for quantitative (using the main indicators of socio-economic development expressed in natural or cost terms) and qualitative (to track the consequences/results of specific measures and/or policy instruments for strengthening regional resilience) analysis.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЛОВИХ ЦИКЛІВ У КРАЇНАХ ЦЕНТРУ ТА ПЕРИФЕРІЇ ЄС: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

Economic theory suggests that economic integration can promote business cycle co-movement, which in turn facilitates the institution of common counter-cyclical policies. However, evidence from empirical studies on co-movement within the EU and Europe as a whole is mixed, particularly concerning a so-called group of peripheral countries. This article argues that the existence of large international shocks and their heterogeneous impact on national economies changes the interpretation of co-movement. A decomposition of business cycles into common and country-specific components via a flexible Bayesian dynamic factor model with time-varying parameters and stochastic volatility reveals that the patterns of co-movement among the EU core and periphery are similar after common shocks – such as the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic – and the upward bias introduced by the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient is accounted for. However, it is found that there is another important distinction between the EU core and periphery; that is, during the period of the Great Re-moderation that followed the Great Recession, the business cycles of the core EU countries converged to a lower level of volatility than those of the periphery. Moreover, it is shown that various standard measures of business cycle co-movement can conflate co-movement and volatility convergence, which alters their interpretation. Importantly, this article relates the experience of the EU core and periphery to that of Ukraine. In particular, it is found that the business cycle of Ukraine is similar to those of the EU periphery in terms of the level of its volatility and co-movement vis-à-vis the core EU countries, which has important implications for further development of Ukraine's European integration policy.

Institutional factors of information policy of European integration in Ukraine: security dimension

Institutional factors of information policy of European integration in Ukraine: security dimension

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The article analyzes the institutional and legal foundations of combating transnational drug trafficking in the European Union (EU), as well as the regulatory and legal regulation of Ukraine's cooperation with relevant EU structures in the specified area. The regulatory and legal regulation and policy of the EU in the field of combating drug trafficking are studied from the point of view of their implementation in Ukraine as part of the implementation of the policy aimed at gaining full membership in the European Union. The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists related to combating illegal drug trafficking in the context of the implementation of the EU anti-drug policy were analyzed. It was concluded that the European Commission sees the fight against the drug trade and organized crime in general as a key component of the EU agenda, emphasizing the need to develop a new strategic approach to the drug problem. Effective activity in this direction requires cooperation at the EU level and beyond, while the European Union tries to act as a driving force at the global level. The article points to the importance of Ukraine's acquisition of the status of an EU candidate country in June 2022. Acquiring full membership in the European Union requires our country to carry out a number of reforms and adapt its legislation in line with European criteria. Further steps in this direction will also require the implementation of strategic documents in the field of combating organised crime, and the integration of the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine into the overall European security environment. The author concludes that bringing Ukraine's anti-criminal policy in line with European standards will significantly contribute to the implementation of the European integration policy in general. It is noted that the Agreement on Operational and Strategic Cooperation between Ukraine and Europol, signed in 2017, is the main legal act regulating cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of combating transnational drug trafficking. For the SSU, Europol is one of the most important international partners, the use of which is crucial for ensuring effective operational and service activities in a number of areas. Countering drug trafficking is embedded in the core of the EU's external relations, and the role of this area is increasing as the threats to the EU's security from this phenomenon grow. Such relations in this area should be based on the principles of shared responsibility, multilateralism and coordination of the global response. In the international arena, the European Union is promoting an approach that is evidence-based, holistic, balanced and multidisciplinary. Cooperation should be established with countries of origin and transit of drugs and international organisations. The application of approaches in this area developed in the European Union is important for the implementation of the European integration policy of Ukraine, which should be taken into account in the organisation of operational and service activities of the Security Service of Ukraine.

MODELING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

The article presents the results of research on the implementation of the principles of inclusive education in Ukraine, substantiates its relevance in the development of a democratic society and European integration policy. The principles of the state policy in the field of inclusive education, its normative-legal support and international practice of providing educational services to citizens with special needs are described. Advanced experience of inclusion introduction in the educational process of preschool, general secondary, vocational and higher education institutions is analyzed. Official statistics on the total number of people with disabilities in Ukraine; availability of special secondary education institutions (boarding schools) and their contingent; the number of children with disabilities in preschool education institutions, students with disabilities in full-time secondary education institutions, persons with disabilities in vocational education institutions, persons with disabilities among students of higher education institutions etc., have been handled. The importance and expediency of the scientific development of the principles of inclusive education, its practical implementation and study of socio-economic effect are substantiated. Graphic visualization of the correlation between the employed persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities, number of children, pupils, students with special educational needs in education establishments of Ukraine is presented.