European Formula Research Articles

Age Determination Based on Open Apex Measurement in the Developing Dentition: Comparing the Accuracy of the Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) with the European Formula on a Bosnian Children Population.

The aim was to test the Belgrade age formula based on the calculation of open apices of two permanent mandibular teeth on a Bosnian children population and compare its accuracy with European formula. We included 412 panoramic images of children (204 female and 208 male) 7 to 13 years of age. We assessed the performance of both methods (the European formula and the BAF) and compared their results in both sexes. The results showed a high point of average understanding between the age estimated by chronological age and the European formula (ICC=0.927, 95% CI 0.904-0.944, p<0.001)., BAF also confirmed a high point of agreement with chronological age in boys (ICC=0.941, 95% CI 0.922-0.955, p<0.001) and girls (ICC=0.913, 95% CI 0.886-0.934, p<0.001). BAF was better than the European formula in estimating age in males (0.4448±0.9135 vs. 0.9807±0.9422). The Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) demonstrates comparable accuracy to the European formula for age determination in Bosnian children, while offering the advantage of being easier and faster to use. This makes the BAF a practical alternative in clinical and research settings where efficiency and reliability are essential.

A Mixed Model Approach for Estimating the Optimal Food Fortification of Vitamin D: Experiment Based on Mashhad Cohort Study in Iran.

Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent problem in worldwide healthcare related to several system disorders. Food fortification as a solution is associated with several challenges including insufficient coverage of the entire population, required degree of fortification, the vehicles used for fortification and potential toxicity. This study aimed to determine the optimal amount of vitamin D for fortification without surpassing the upper intake level (UL) of intake at the 95th percentile of the Iranian population and compare two methods of food fortification. This study is aimed to develop a model of two different fortifying approaches related to an available dataset called MASHAD cohort study. The dataset comprised demographic and nutritional data of 9704 Iranian individuals living in the Greater Mashhad region. The first approach was a computational method necessary to implement a range of eight foods and calculate the optimal approach. In the second case, we used the European formula method called ILSI. To find the appropriate value for fortification, we calculated the consumption of 400 IU and 1000 IU supplements of vitamin D. Three micrograms per 100 g in each food was the optimal output. We also used Flynn and Rasmussen's formula on our data. Using these methods, we found that 2.1 micrograms per 100 kcal provides the best result. Hence, using the two different approaches, the results appear to be consistent and promising. One interesting finding was that supplement consumption did not greatly affect the impact of fortification. This observation may support the hypothesis to determine the amount of fortification, and we can ignore the study population's supplement consumption.

Cameriere's open apices methodology for dental age estimation in children: a scoping review from a Latin American perspective.

Dental age estimation (DAE) is key to establishing an individual's identity, and this is relevant in minors. A widely used method for DAE in children is Cameriere's open apices (CAM). Despite its wide dissemination, there are no clear reports of its use in Latin American populations. A scoping review was conducted using a search strategy in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, Web of Science, and a complementary manual search. Only papers using CAM or its regression equation models for evaluating Latin American populations were included. Ten studies published between 2007 and 2020 responded to the search objective. Brazil was the country with the most studies using CAM (7/10), and the University of Macerata (Italy) was the most declared affiliation (6/10). Seven studies used the original CAM formula in populations from Brazil and Peru, while the European formula (EuCAM) was applied in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. Although the method underestimated the age values with acceptable error margins, the correction factor substantially improved the predictive power of the method. Some limitations of the method are highlighted. CAM and its variants can be useful for validation in Latin American settings, but attention to population structures and terminologies is suggested for future research.

Iron and DHA in Infant Formula Purchased in the US Fails to Meet European Nutrition Requirements.

Requirements for iron and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of infant formula varies by country. Powdered full-term infant formula purchase data from all major physical stores in the US between 2017-2019 were obtained from CIRCANA, Inc. Iron and DHA composition and scoop sizes for each formula were obtained from manufacturers. The equivalent liquid ounces of prepared formula were calculated. Average iron and DHA content were compared between formula types and to both US and European formula composition requirements. These data represent 55.8 billion ounces of formula. The average iron content of all formula purchased was: 1.80 mg/100 kcal. This iron concentration is within the FDA regulations. However, it exceeds the maximum allowable iron concentration of infant formula (Stage 1) set by the European Commission of 1.3 mg/100 kcal. A total of 96% of formula purchased had an iron concentration of >1.3 mg/100 kcal. DHA is not a required ingredient in US formulas. The average DHA content of all formula purchased was: 12.6 mg/100 kcal. This DHA concentration is far below the minimum required DHA concentrations of infant formula (Stage 1) and follow-on formula (Stage 2) set by the European Commission of 20 mg/100 kcal. These are novel insights into the iron and DHA intake of formula-fed infants in the US. As international infant formulas have entered the US market due to the formula shortage, parents and providers need to be aware of regulatory differences in formula nutrient composition.

Accuracy of the Cameriere's method and its variant the European Formula for age estimation in subadult peruvian population

To determine the accuracy of the Cameriere method and its variant, the European Formula, in a sub-adult Peruvian population; and determine a chronological age predictor equation. Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. It was used 257 digital panoramic radiographs of patients in mixed dentition from 5 to 12 years of age belonging to the "Dental Cientifica" Dental Center of the Universidad Cientifica del Sur in the city of Lima, Peru. All morphological variables and gender of the subjects were used as predictor variables for age estimation. To evaluate the accuracy of each estimation method, the age of each individual was compared with the estimated age using the mean prediction error. Multiple linear regression was used to generate the predictive equation for chronological age. It was found that the mean prediction error between the chronological age with respect to the age estimated by the Cameriere method Formula and the European Formula was 0.73±0.55 years and 0.77±0.57 years, respectively. A model was generated whose predictor variables for age were s and N0, both variables were statistically significant and the Adjusted R2 for the number of variables was 75.96%. It was determined that Cameriere's Formula was more accurate than the European Formula; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two. Additionally, it was possible to establish a specific linear regression formula for a Peruvian population aged 5 to 12 years with an adequate predictive capacity.

The Cameriere, Haavikko, Demirjian, and Willems methods for the assessment of dental age in Croatian children.

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the Cameriere European formula, Demirjian, Haavikko, and Willems methods for estimating dental age in a sample of children with permanent dentition in Croatia. The study consisted of a sample of 1576 panoramic radiographs; a sub-sample of 84 OPGs, in which all first seven mandibular teeth were maturated, was excluded from the study. A final sample of 1492 (704 males and 788 females) aged 6.0 to 13.9years was evaluated. Seven mandibular teeth from the left side of the mandible were analyzed, and dental age (DA) was determined by the Cameriere European formula, Demirjianmethod from 1976, Haavikko, and Willems methods and compared to chronological age (CA). In addition, the mean age difference (DA-CA), the mean absolute error (MAE) between dental and chronological age, the percentage of the individuals of dental age within ± 0.25 to ± 2years of chronological age, and intra-observer and inter-observer statistics were calculated. The Cameriere European formula estimated the best dental age compared to the chronological age; the mean underestimation was - 0.4years for both sexes, Haavikko underestimated by - 0.17years, while Demirjian and Willems overestimated by 1.02years and 0.48years, respectively. The most significant difference showed the Demirjian method in 11-year-old and 12-year-old females. The MAE were 0.50years, 1.01years, 0.61years, and 0.78years in males and 0.51years, 1.18years, 0.61years, and 0.70years in females for the Cameriere European formula, Haavikko, Willems, and Demirjian methods, respectively. Furthermore, the Cameriere European formula showed the highest proportions of individuals with DA within ± 0.5year difference of the CA, 61.5% in males and 59.6% in females. In addition, the Cameriere method showed the best intra-observer and inter-observer agreements. Although the Demirjian method was used previously in Croatian children for legal, medical, and clinical purposes, the Cameriere European formula, Haavikko, and Willems were more accurate in the tested sample. According to our findings, the Cameriere European formula showed the best accuracy and precision in dental age assessment in Croatian children following Haavikko, and we recommend it as the method of the first choice in forensic and clinical analyses.

Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches for Dental Age Assessment in Sub Adult Portuguese Population: European Regression Formula and Demirjian Stages.

Over the last decade, the criminal justice system among the European countries deals with a new group of people, the undocumented people. In the criminal field, most of the suspected claimed to be under the minor legal age according to the type of crime. The government of each European country is committed to protecting the children and vulnerable people. There are serious safety concerns since adults falsely claim to be minors and legal systems oppose to such claims. In this study, we have used different age assessment methods and some of them without accuracy. To meet the general considerations we developed a study using the current dental age assessment methods. Hence, for the Portuguese population, this study aims to validate the European regression formula between the ages of 6 and 15 years of age; to estimate the cut-off point for the age of 12 years, and to compare the quantitative approach of European regression formula with Demirjian's qualitative approach for age estimation. 483 orthopantomograms were analysed using the European formula and Demirjian scoring stages. A new method, Model 2, was designed to better suit the Portuguese population. The European formula: average age underestimation of 4.88 for the third quadrant and 4.04 months for the fourth quadrant; and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 10.93 and 10.68 months respectively. Demirjian method: average overestimation of 8.70 months, MAE of 12.85 months. In Model 2: MAE of 9.37 months for the third quadrant, and 9.28 months for the fourth quadrant. Both European formula and Demirjian method had an area under ROC curves results above 0.93. Discrepancy of sensitivity between methods for the specific cut-off point: 11.48. The results obtained in this study can be extrapolated to 87.33% of the Portuguese population. The European regression formula can be applied for the Portuguese population, and seems to be more accurate than Demirjian's methodology in this population. Nevertheless, both European regression formula and Demirjian method present similarly suitable results in the classification of 12 years of age, although there is a noticeable discrepancy favouring the European regression formula. The European Formula when applied for criminal age assessment, independently of population, is mandatory to indicate to the judicial institutions, the sensitivity of the results.

Validation of the Italian, European, North German, Malaysian, and South African black formulas on Cameriere method using panoramic radiographs in Kenyan children

This study aimed to validate the accuracy of five different formulas based on the Cameriere method for age estimation in Kenyan children. We analyzed panoramic radiographs of 350 Kenyan children (184 males and 166 females) aged between 6 and 13years. The dental development of each child was estimated by the analysis of the first seven left permanent teeth in the left mandible. Dental age was calculated by the Italian, European, North German, Malaysian, and South African black formulas previously published in peer-review journals. The children's mean chronological age (CA) was 9.34 ± 2.02years and 9.26 ± 2.01years for males and females. In males, the South-African formula overestimated CA least, by 0.12years, followed by the Italian formula by 0.22years, the European formula by 0.37years, the Malaysian formula by 0.48years, and the North-German formula overestimated the most, by 0.57years. In females, the South-African formula underestimated CA by - 0.12years. The Italian overestimated by 0.12years, followed by the North-German formula by 0.29years, the European formula by 0.31years, and the Malaysian formula by 0.40years. The Italian formula provided the best accuracy in the absolute difference within ± 1year, by 75.72% and 75%, following the North-German formula by 66.47% and 70.27% for males and females, respectively. Therefore, the findings suggest that the Italian formula best estimates dental age in Kenyan children.

Age Assessment in Children and Adolescents by Measuring the Open Apices in Teeth: A New Sardinian Formula.

Age estimation in children is fundamental in both clinical and forensic fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Cameriere’s European and Italian formulae for age estimation in Sardinian children and adolescents, a genetically isolated population. A sample of 202 orthopantomograms of healthy Sardinian children and adolescents (100 females and 102 males) aged between 6 and 17 years was retrospectively evaluated. The seven left mandibular teeth were assessed with the Cameriere’s European and Italian formulae. The teeth with closed apex (N0) were counted and, in the teeth with open apex, the distance between the inner sides was calculated. All variables showed a significant and negative correlation with age except N0 and g. Sex (g), the variables s, N0, and the first-order interaction between them, contributed substantially to the age measurement (p < 0.001). Although the value of x5 had a low prediction level, it generated the following multiple linear regression formula, specific for the Sardinian sample: Age = 10.372 + 0.469 g + 0.810 N0 − 1.079 s − 0.398 s ∙ N0 − 0.326 × 5. Only the Sardinian and European formulae allowed to obtain an acceptable interclass agreement (both the lower and upper >0.7). The results showed that the European formula could be accurate for assessing age in this sample of children and adolescents.

Accuracy of the London Atlas, Haavikko's Method and Cameriere's European Formula of dental age estimation in Turkish children.

Age estimation is a mandatory procedure when the chronological age is unknown or uncertain. Dental development is the preferred characteristic for estimating a child's age. There are many methods for dental age estimation, but their reliability can differ between populations. This study compared the accuracy of three of these methods-the London Atlas (LA), Haavikko's method (HM), and Cameriere's European formula (CF)-in Turkish children living in northwestern Turkey. Panoramic radiographs of 980 children from northwestern Turkey aged between 6.00 and 14.99years were examined for the whole study group and separately for different ages and sexes by all three methods. Statistical differences between chronological age and dental age were tested using the paired sample t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The LA, HM, and CF accuracies were determined based on the mean absolute error. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed that the correlation between chronological age and dental age for both sexes was linear for all methods. The LA overestimated the chronological age by 0.09years, while HM and CF underestimated it by 0.49 and 0.11years, respectively. The difference between dental age and chronological age was significant in all samples, for all methods, except for the LA in boys. When boys, girls, and the total sample were evaluated, values with the lowest mean absolute error were obtained by HM and were statistically significant in all three groups. Therefore, HM is more accurate than the LA and CF for dental age estimation in Turkish children living in northwestern Turkey.

Age Estimation in Children by the Measurement of Open Apices in Teeth: A Study in the Western Indian Population.

In forensic sphere and clinical dentistry, age estimation is a topic of utmost importance. Various techniques are employed in children to determine age; however, dental development has proven to be an appropriate method because of its low variability. Cameriere's method is a widely accepted method of age estimation in children, which is carried out by measuring the projections of open apices and also the heights of developing permanent teeth seen on panoramic radiographs. The aim of this study is to establish a new formula for age estimation in the Western Indian population by measuring the open apices of mandibular teeth using Cameriere's European formula. For this study, we included 311 panoramic radiographs of healthy children living in Western India (Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Goa) aged 4–15 years which were analysed by two independent researchers. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were assessed for length and width of open apices. Dental maturity was evaluated using measurements of the left seven permanent mandibular teeth (xi = Ai/Li, i = 1,…, 7), the sum of the normalized open apices (s), and the number (N0) of teeth with complete root formation. A linear relationship between open apices, N0, age, and other factors was evaluated with the aid of a stepwise multiple regression model. A stepwise linear regression showed that all parameters, gender, s, N0, and x5, were significantly associated with age (R = 85%). No statistically significant difference was found between the predicted and actual chronological age of children in the age group of 4–13 years using the regression equation for the Western Indian population. The present research suggests that the new regression formula developed will be more accurate for age assessment in the Western Indian population.

Dental age and skeletal maturity assessment in patients with cerebral palsy.

The aims of this study were to calculate the estimated dental age and the degree of skeletal maturity in patients with cerebral palsy and control patients (i.e., without a diagnosis of cerebral palsy) and to compare the findings with the chronological age of patients in both study groups. In this cross-sectional study, the European formula and the Willems method were used to estimate the dental age of 52 patients with cerebral palsy and 104 control patients, all aged between 7 and 15years. For all patients, their estimated dental age was compared with their chronological age. The degree of skeletal maturity of 35 patients with cerebral palsy and 104 control patients was estimated according to Baccetti's method. There was no statistically significant difference in the deviation of the estimated dental age from the chronological age between patients with cerebral palsy and control patients when the European formula or the Willems method was applied. No difference was found in the frequency of Baccetti's stages between patients with cerebral palsy and control patients in the same age category, for both sexes. To estimate dental age in patients with cerebral palsy, the European formula is preferable for orthodontic purposes and the Willems method is preferable for forensic purposes. Using Baccetti's method it was not possible to detect potential differences in skeletal maturity between patients with cerebral palsy and controls.

Dental Age Estimation According to European Formula and Willems Method: Comparison Between Children With and Without Cleft Lip and Palate.

To assess dental age and deviations of dental from chronological age according to the Willems and Cameriere methods (European formula) in patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) and compare it with control group. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Clinic of Orthodontics. Sixty-nine patients with CL/P between 6 and 15 years of age (55 with unilateral and 14 with bilateral CL/P) with 148 panoramic radiographs. The same number of radiographs was examined in the age-matched control group. Estimation and comparison of dental age and differences of dental from chronological age in relation to the type of cleft, sex, and age in the group of patients with and without CL/P according to Willems and Cameriere method. No significant intersex and intergroup differences were found in deviations of dental from chronological age according to Cameriere method (P > .05). Significant difference in deviation of dental from chronological age was found between the patients with and without CL/P according to Willems method (P < .001). Cameriere European formula for dental age estimation, which is not influenced by sex and tooth morphology, showed similar dental development of children with and without CL/P. However, Willems method detected that deviation of dental from chronological age significantly differed between children with and without clefts.

Application of Cameriere’s method for dental age estimation in children in South China

The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Cameriere’s European formula for age estimation in children in South China and to adapt the formula to establish a more suitable formula for these children. Moreover, the performance of dental age estimation based on Cameriere’s method combining the developmental information of permanent teeth (PT) and third molar (TM) was also analysed. Orthopantomographs of 720 healthy children in Group A, and orthopantomographs of 320 children and 280 subadults in Group B were assessed. The samples of Group A were divided into training dataset 1 and test dataset 1, and the samples of Group B were also divided into training dataset 2 and test dataset 2. A South China-specific formula was established based on the training dataset 1, and the comparison of accuracy between the Cameriere’s European formula and the South China-specific formula was conducted with the test dataset 1. Additionally, a PT regression model, a TM regression model, and a combined regression model (PT + TM) were established based on the training dataset 2, and the performance of these three models were validated on the test dataset 2. The Cameriere’s European formula underestimated chronological age with a mean difference (ME) of −0.47 ± 1.11 years in males and −0.69 ± 1.19 years in females. However, the South China-specific formula underestimated chronological age, with a mean difference (ME) of −0.02 ± 0.71 years in males and −0.14 ± 0.73 years in females. Compared with PT model and TM model, the PT and TM combined model obtained the smallest root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.29 years in males and 0.93 years in females. In conclusion, the South China-specific formula was more suitable for assessing the dental age of children in South China, and the PT and TM combined model can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation in children. Key points Orthopantomographs of 720 healthy children in Group A, and orthopantomographs of 320 children and 280 subadults in Group B were assessed. A South China-specific formula was established based on the training dataset 1, and the comparison of accuracy between the Cameriere’s European formula and the South China-specific formula was conducted with the test dataset 1. A PT regression model, a TM regression model, and a combined regression model (PT + TM) were established based on the training dataset 2, and the performance of these three models were validated on the test dataset 2. The South China-specific formula was more suitable for assessing the dental age of children in South China, and the PT and TM combined model can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation in children.

Age estimation in children based on open apices measurement in the Serbian population: Belgrade Age Formula (BAF)

Background: Cameriere’s method has been tested in many populations and is widely accepted for dental age estimation.Aim: To establish a new formula for age estimation by measurement of open apices of mandibular teeth based on Cameriere’s European formula.Subjects and methods: Panoramic radiographs of 333 healthy Serbian children aged 5–14 years were analysed by two independent researchers. The new formula – Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) – was created and tested on the same Serbian sample. Furthermore, BAF was tested on the Serbian validation sample of 126 children and 2115 Italian children aged 5–14 years.Results: In the Serbian sample, the residuals of the BAF and European formula demonstrated that BAF is significantly better in age estimation than the European formula. No significant difference was found in females from the Serbian validation sample between dental and chronological age when BAF was applied. For males, the BAF and European formula had similar accuracy. In the Italian sample, the mean differences between estimated and real age for the European formula were −0.214 ± 0.934 and 0.109 ± 0.773 for females and males, respectively, while for BAF these differences were 0.182 ± 0.951 and −0.195 ± 0.923 for females and males, respectively.Conclusion: BAF was found to be accurate in the Serbian and Italian populations.

Non-FDA-Reviewed Imported European Formula Use Among Parents in Urban Pediatric Private Practice.

In 2018, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned consumers over the increasing use of imported infant formulas. The purpose of this study was to assess the usage of imported European infant formula among parents in a large urban private practice. An anonymous survey was distributed at well-child appointments to a convenience sample of parents at an urban private pediatric practice from November 2017 to March 2018. Of the 750 eligible respondents, 552 (74%) completed the survey. Of the parents using formula, 20% were using imported European infant formulas. The most commonly used formula was Holle (33%), and 72% were acquired from web-based third-party vendors. Parents chose to use these formulas because they believed that European formulas contained better ingredients. Only 8% of parents received information about European infant formula from their pediatricians. Pediatricians need to be aware of these formulas and their risks to educate families on the use and safety of these formulas.

Age Estimation in Mixed-dentition Children, Using Cameriere&amp;#39;s European Formula and Demirjian&amp;#39;s Method: A Comparative Pilot Study

The objective of the present investigation is to compare the accuracy of two methods of age estimation, Cameriere's European formula and Demirjian's method, in estimating the age of mixed-dentition children in Telangana. Digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) of 36 children between the age of 7 years and 12 years were subject to analysis. All the OPGs were analyzed for dental age using both Cameriere's and Demirjian's methods for mixed dentition. Chronological age was calculated by subtracting the date of births from the date on which the OPGs were taken. descriptive analysis was performed. The accuracies of both the methods (Cameriere's and Demirjian's) were evaluated by calculating the mean prediction error. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed for both methods of dental age estimation with chronological age and for boys and girls. Significance threshold was set at 5%. Cameriere method resulted in a mean prediction error of 0.579 for girls and 0.483 for boys. Demirjian's method resulted in a mean prediction error of 2.228 for girls and 2.046 for boys. In conclusion, as far as accuracy is concerned, Cameriere's European formula proved to be more accurate, according to the current investigation. The significance of age estimation is reflected in various fields such as pediatric endocrinology, orthodontics, law, anthropology, archeology, and forensics where identification of unascertained human bodies is required (crime investigations, mass disasters). Demirjian's method is commonly employed for dental age estimation in pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and forensic dentistry. Cameriere's method may serve as a more accurate and reliable method for dental age estimation. Key message: Cameriere's European formula proved to be better, in terms of accuracy, in determining the chronological age of mixed-dentition children in the region of Telangana, according to the current investigation.

Age estimation by measuring open apices in teeth: a new formula for two samples of South African black and white children.

In this cross-sectional study, the accuracy of Cameriere's European formula was tested and a new specific model was developed for two samples of black and white South African children with known age and sex. For these purposes, 970 children of black South African ethnicity (girls 491, boys 479) and 974 with European ethnicity, living in South Africa (girls 493, boys 481), were retrospectively analyzed. The application of the European formula showed that there is a trend in the error estimates: the ages of the younger children are overestimated and those of the older children are underestimated, in both white and black children. A new model, based on the relationship between the apical width and the tooth length (maturity index) of the seven permanent mandibular teeth, was therefore constructed. The new developed equation for the South African population was able to explain 76% of total variance in white girls and 80% in white boys' subgroup. On the other side, the model explained 76% of total variance in black girls and 78% in the black boys' subgroup. The mean absolute error of the residuals (residuals = predicted age minus observed age) ranged from 0.718 to 0.769years, with the interquartile range (IQRres) ranging from 1.19 to 1.31years. Differently from the Cameriere's European formula, the plot did not tend to underestimate the chronological age significantly as the age increases. Cameriere's maturity index is reproducible in both samples of South African black and white children, for forensic purposes, and the Bayesian calibration approach is useful for a more accurate and precise estimation.

Applicability of Cameriere European formula for age estimation of 10-15 years legal threshold in South Indian population.

Aim:The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between chronological age (CA) and the measurement of the open apices in teeth and also assess the accuracy of Cameriere methods on dental age (DA) estimation in the South Indian population.Subjects and Methods:A sample of 200 orthopantomographs of children aged between 10 and 15 years were collected. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated with Cameriere method.Results:Regression analysis was carried out which derived the following linear regression formula: Age = 14.117 − 0.01 g − 1.732W3 + 0.016N0 − 0.289 × 5 − 0.099.s. N0. The equation explained 88.3% (R2 = 0.883) of the total deviance. The accuracy of the European formula and South Indian formula was determined by the difference between the estimated DA and CA. Cameriere formula produced 32% and 18% of absolute residuals falls within the range of ± 1 and ± 0.5 years, whereas the new regression formula produced 72% and 35% within range of ± 1 and ± 0.5 years.Conclusion:This further highlight the importance of population-specific formula keeping in mind about variation in dental maturation across different regions.

Age estimation in 5–16-year-old children by measurement of open apices: North German formula

The aims of this study were to test the accuracy of Cameriere et al.’s European formula on a sample of North German children based on dental age (DA) for chronological age (CA) assessment and to adapt the formula used, in case of regional peculiarities of this group of children.Orthopantomograms of 1000 children (444 males and 556 females) aged 5–16years were used. The roots of seven left mandibular teeth were evaluated. The number of teeth with complete root development (N zero (0)) was counted. Teeth with incomplete root development were examined and the distance between the inner sides of the open apex was measured and normalized by dividing it by the tooth length to avoid error due to magnification. Cameriere et al.’s European formula underestimated the mean CA of boys by 0.56±1.04years and of girls by −0.32±0.96.The results of the regression analysis showed that sex (g), the sum of normalized open apices (s), number of teeth with closed apices (N0) and the first-order interaction between the normalized apex width of the canine (x3) and N0 contributed significantly to the fit. All previously mentioned factors were included in the regression model, yielding to the following formula:DA=9.829+0.632 N0−1.037s+0.686g−1.582N0×x3,where g is a variable: 1 for males and 0 for females.The adapted formula explained 84.1% of the total deviance, with a median age of 0.070 years and 1.185 years interquartile range, (IQR).