European Domination Research Articles

A.J.P. Taylor a jeho The Origins of the Second World War

The article looks at the now already legendary work by the prominent British historian A.J.P. Taylor The Origins of the Second World War. At the tie of its publication (1961) the book challenged the conventional academic view of Hitler that saw him simply as an embodiment of evil, responsible for the Second World War. By contrast Taylor presented Hitler as an opportunist who exploited disputes between the great European powers and strove for dominance in Europe but did not wish to unleash a world war, instead hoping just to provoke a series of short localised conflicts to achieve his objective. The second part of the article is devoted to the extensive discussion that followed the publication of Taylor´s controversial book.

Racial Regimes and White European Jewish Supremacy as Property

This article argues that the Zionist theft and expropriation of Palestinian land resulted in it being made into white property and that Zionism can be understood as a textbook case of Cedric Robinson's concept of racial regimes that explains how race is reproduced even though race is denied by the Zionist colonisers as justifying the relations of power. The article follows Cheryl Harris's and Noura Erakat's work on whiteness as property that, according to Erakat, leaves the Palestinian natives outside the category of Jewish nationals to be removed, dispossessed, and contained. The article illustrates how the ongoing colonisation of Palestine as expressing white European supremacy involves several aspects of racial capitalism—the Judaisation of Palestinian lands, the segmentation of labour from the Zionist policy of the Conquest of (Hebrew) Labour to the reliance on cheap and dispensable Palestinian labour, and the lebensraum plans to relocate the Gaza Strip population and re-settle it. 2

Research on Intercontinental Competitive Athletics Characteristics and Evolution Trend of Track and Field in Olympic Games

Track and field were the first event to enter the Olympics and has the largest number of gold medals. Understanding its more than one hundred years of Olympic history is strategically significant for the future sports development of all continents. Using statistical data from 27 Olympic Games between 1896 and 2021, an analysis was conducted using the Boston matrix method from economics. The results indicate that Europe and North America have reached saturation, Africa has made the fastest progress, Asia has rebounded after a 40-year trough, Oceania still has a long way to go, and South America is struggling. Global track and field sports have reached a state of "convergence," characterized by "the strong becoming stronger, the weak remaining weak, and a clear disparity between the strong and weak." In the future, the overall competitive structure is expected to maintain a stable dynamic balance cycle under the dominance of Europe, North America, and Africa.

Sustainable practices in the organization of sporting events in protected and unprotected natural areas: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study is to comprehensively understand and analyze the main characteristics of sustainable practices in sporting events organized in protected and unprotected natural areas (PNA and UNA). Methodology: employing the scoping review guidelines outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), this research adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) framework. The search encompassed two major databases, Scopus and Web of Science, alongside a thorough review of gray literature, extending up to the year 2022. A total of 49 records were analyzed considering two dimensions: (i) comprehensive document characteristics and (ii) document attributes by natural area. Results: (i) a preponderance of research papers compared to gray literature (ii) a prevalence of studies within the environmental domain, (iii) European dominance in the literature, (iv) a particular focus on activities such as trail running and mountain biking, and (v) highlights a significant shift in how sustainability is studied, with new study topics emerging in recent years. Practical implications: These findings can be useful for sports event organizers. Research contributions: Our research identifies sustainable management trends in natural areas, outlines gaps, and provides a framework for enhancing sustainability in natural area sports events through future research.

Decolonizing nursing for health equity: A scoping review

BackgroundThe recent push to “decolonize nursing” has become a critical movement to address institutional racism, but the term has circulated through nursing circles enough to risk becoming a buzzword. PurposeThis article clarifies “decolonizing nursing” by addressing the following questions: (a) How has “decolonizing nursing” been discussed in nursing research? (b) What specific projects have been implemented to decolonize nursing? (c) How has decolonizing nursing been related to health equity? MethodWe conducted a scoping review and searched CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases. FindingsA total of N = 56 records were included. “Decolonization” has referred to a range of ideas related to challenging and resisting Western and European dominance and de-centering Whiteness. DiscussionNursing researchers should collaborate with Indigenous communities and people of color not only to diversify their syllabi, but also to determine ways to redistribute material resources and better understand colonialism's historical context and impact.

Transmutation of The Reproductive Life of Women in Southern/West Cameroon(S) 1922-1972: A Colonial Manipulation

In all human communities, societal continuity depended on the quality and availability of infant and maternity welfare services. Conscious of the outcomes of infancy care on the productive efficiency of individuals at adulthood, the reproductive life of women and child welfare became an area of European domination during colonialism. Using British Southern/West Cameroon(s) as the theatre, this paper sets out to uncover colonial motives in the transformation of reproductive practices among women as it examines the different strategies and mechanisms employed in extending maternity and infant welfare as a measure of colonial imperialism. Archival information and oral interviews made up primary sources while books, published articles and dissertations constituted the secondary sources. The descriptive historical approach was employed in the analysis of the work. This paper submits that: the British colonial administration in Southern Cameroons had a mask colonial exploitative economic agenda behind the assignment put forth by the League of Nations Mandate Commission in its Article II of the British Mandate agreement. A baseless racial discrimination and cultural domination motivated the transformation of the reproductive life of indigenous women and the extension of basic infant welfare services during the Mandate and trusteeship periods in Southern Cameroons. These services were mostly provided by Western Mission agencies and plantation firms who recognized the independence of Southern Cameroons but withheld the rights to medical autonomy. In some cases, the transfer of rights to manage the medical arm of the different agencies was partially transferred during the last years of the Cameroon federation and in some cases after the abrogation of the Cameroon federation. The British decision to administer Southern Cameroons as a mandate was a conspiracy to enforce the tentacles of colonialism and its diverse arms with hope of greater economic and cultural gains.

Power Shifts in Global Soccer: How Saudi Arabia and the United States are Challenging European Dominance

Power Shifts in Global Soccer: How Saudi Arabia and the United States are Challenging European Dominance

Against Diffusion: Power and Institutions in African–European Relations

Abstract Four centuries of precolonial diplomatic, economic, and military African–European relations have been neglected in international relations. Refuting common presumptions about European dominance, before, during, and after the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade, African rulers and merchants were generally in a position of equality or superiority in their relations with Europeans. Contrary to expectations that long-term interaction promotes homogenization via institutional diffusion from core to periphery, Africans generally eschewed European political, economic, and military models such as the Westphalian state, the corporation, and the salaried standing army. Instead, they utilized external opportunities in ways that reinforced evolving local differences, or adopted institutions from the Islamic world; Europeans in Africa were more likely to adopt African models than vice versa. That African polities held out against European dominance longer than larger, richer, and more militarily powerful Asian polities, and that stateless African societies held out longest of all, brings into question fundamental assumptions about survival under international anarchy.

(Re-)Writing the Holocaust After Brexit: The Afterlives of British Fiction

ABSTRACT This article examines the representation of a Nazi-occupied Britain in post-2016 reworkings of earlier alternative histories in which Britain lost the war. It does so by placing the 2017 television series SS-GB and C. J. Carey’s 2021 novel Widowland in conversation with their original counterparts: Len Deighton’s 1978 novel of the same name and Robert Harris’ Fatherland of 1992, respectively. Each text therefore has to imagine the consequences of Nazi victory for the Jews of Britain. Appearing in a post-Brexit context in which questions of national sovereignty and identity have been contentiously brought to the fore, these adaptations reveal a tendency towards British heroism in the face of European domination, and reinforce the isolationist messages that had been central to the referendum’s ‘Leave’ campaign. In each case, the British setting reveals the potential for political danger to be found close to home. The encroachment of what had been considered the European malaise of antisemitic murder into the British present is articulated through the act of revision and adaptation. This article shows how the themes of the original works were employed post-2016, and asks why the wartime murder of the Jews is ultimately not their central concern.

From Kabylia to Marrakech: art, orientalism, and the transcolonial career of Azouaou Mammeri

ABSTRACT Over his lifetime (c. 1890–1954), the Algerian painter and administrator Azouaou Mammeri traced an impressive transcolonial geography that simultaneously revealed the limits and possibilities for colonised subjects to enact agency within a colonial system. Mammeri’s physical and figurative movements between Algeria, Morocco, and France, between ‘fine arts’ and ‘native arts’ worlds, and between colonised subject and colonial administrator also indicated a transgression of boundaries of identity, race, and power. This was something that contemporary French colonial officials and arts critics observed and commented upon, often with deep ambivalence: how to accommodate someone like Mammeri in ways that did not fundamentally trouble or upend the rigid and hierarchical categories of the French Empire? In this article, I take Mammeri’s mobility as a case study for liminal subjects who alternately challenged or were absorbed into colonial systems predicated on European supremacy, and consider the ways in which Mammeri’s agency, racial positioning, and personal ‘merit’ shaped the dynamic of his movements.

‘A Jurisprudence for the Future’: Anticolonial Lawyering during the Vietnam War Years

Abstract This article explores the dilemmas of progressive legalism during the Vietnam War years (1965–1975) by investigating the history of the Russell Tribunal. Scholars have argued that the 1960s witnessed a flourishing of anticolonial legalism, as activists sought to purge international law of its imperial origins. However, as the history of the Russell Tribunal shows, the transformation of law from a handmaiden of empire into a tool of anti-imperial resistance was not straightforward. This article examines the strategies employed by activists to overcome international law’s imperial biases. It argues that activists focused on developing a ‘jurisprudence for the future’, a mode of activism aimed at constructing international rules and norms that challenged, rather than sustained, European domination. By advocating for a future-oriented activism, tribunal members sought a temporary solution to the predicament of law’s imperial leanings. They defended their use of international law by asserting that their protests would contribute to the emergence of a future and more emancipatory international law. Nevertheless, an examination of the World Tribunal on Iraq (2003–2005) reveals that this envisioned future international law has yet to materialize. This article highlights the significance of futurism in the history of anticolonial lawyering and suggests that scholars should evaluate the limitations of a future-oriented legal activism.

Global Religious History and Genealogical Critique

Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz presents an approach to religious studies that combines source interpretation with critical theoretical reflection. She questions European dominance in defining religion and argues for a globalised, multicentric method that includes European and non-European perspectives on an equal footing. However, her approach still faces the challenge of decentralising Europe as the primary conceptual reference in this field.

STUDY ABROAD PROGRAMMES AS AN EDUTOURISM SEGMENT FOR SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES

This study focuses on factors influencing international students' selection of South Africa as a study-abroad destination. Using selected universities as a case study, a mixed methods approach was used for data collection by targeting 130 study-abroad students at the selected universities and 5 representatives at the international offices at these universities. Key indications from the data noted (1) a European dominance in the demographic distribution of participants and (2) a steady interest in the study-abroad programme niche. Furthermore, (3) a combination of pull and push factors was considered essential to marketing efforts in attracting prospective students. The significance of the study lies in underscoring the importance of combining known motives and marketing efforts to attract prospective students. The nuanced absence of regional participation and the study’s enhancement of theory development in this context was noted, and pathways for future research were proposed.

Modern landscape science before the challenges of Postmodernism

Purpose of the article: to determine the distinctive features of the subject of research, methodology and method of landscape studies in the state of transition from late Modern to early Postmodern (late 20th – early 21st century). Research methodology: historical and cultural analysis with the involvement of hermeneutics, philosophical comparative studies. Results. The research objects specific to postmodern landscape science are characterized: ambivalent, socially devastated, camp landscapes, anti-landscapes, landscapeoids. It is pointed out the complexity nature of the research subject of modern and future landscape science, in particular, such research phenomena as the landscape nature of subjectivity; the immanence of contradiction, paradox and absurdity in a complexity geosystem; and also on virtual landscape reality as a product of artificial intelligence. New philosophical and methodological approaches – multiculturalism and multihistoricism – are proposed. Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Ukrainian-language scientific geographical and philosophical literature, an attempt has been made to analyze the current and potential features of landscape science in the Postmodern era. Today, landscape science is in a state of transition to a new historical stage – the Postmodern era. This transition is not a “scientific revolution” in the sense of T. Kuhn, but is coupled with more profound changes that touch the very foundations of rational world perception, scientific world explanation and goal setting in the field of scientific activity – changes that have an existential and metaphysical nature, changes that associated with the transformations of the historical process on a global scale. Areas of study of landscape objects and phenomena, which were methodologically, epistemologically, and existentially inaccessible to the scientific thought of the New Age, the Modern Era, and landscape studies of the 20th century are becoming very popular. were mostly ignored. Actual and future transformations in the methodology of landscape science are also related to the introduction of paradox, contradiction, and absurdity into the scientific discourse. One of the cornerstone and already clearly visible empirical challenges to modern landscape science is the formation of virtual landscape reality. Postmodern landscape science is characterized by a movement towards the assimilation of metaphysical and discursive systems of non-European cultures of mankind (for example, the category of “Delusions” of the indigenous Australian aboriginal civilization). It should also get rid of the new European supremacy in relation to the methods of scientific and quasi-scientific world explanation by European discourses from antiquity to the 16th century. Examples here can be turning to Pythagorean numerology (O.K. Cherkashin) or the so-called eniogeography (G.I. Shvebs) when studying the landscape. As a result, profound future shifts in the landscape scientific discourse will not be dialectical, but fundamental metaphysical in nature. Perhaps this will force a person to radically reconsider his place and his own role in the landscape envelope and in history. Practical significance. A number of unusual, to some extent unusual, methodological approaches to the further development of landscape science in the 21st century have been proposed, with the fact that the very concept of development must be fundamentally rethought in all respects, primarily existential and ecological.

Female Subjugation and Resistance in Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea

Jean Rhys's Portrays the European domination and patriarchal cultural context of Jamaica after the passage of the Emancipation Act (1833). The novelist stages creole characters who are exclusively exploited, subjugated and marginalized in colonial regime. In this respect, the representations of the female characters such as Antoinette, Christophine, Gracepoole, Amelie, Leah, among others clearly display the debased status of females in Jamaica even after the emancipatory proclamation. The novel dramatizes the violence perpetrated on women by the White colonizers even after the colonial rule. Moreover, Rhys projects female characters to expose the humiliating state of women in the novel. Thus, this article proposes to analyze the female body as a subordinated site as well as resistance in the purview of postcolonial feminist theory especially of Gyatri Spivak, Ketu Katrak and Chandra D. Mohanty address the challenges faced by subjugated and marginalized voices in representing themselves within dominant discourses. So, the research draws on the ideas of Spivak’s “Can the subaltern speak?” as the subaltern refers to individuals or groups who are socially, politically, racially, culturally and economically subjugated and silenced by dominant power structure and system. Their feminist stands unbox the exploitation of female and their feeble resistance in the commonwealth countries that this research critically analyzes Rhys’s novel. Imbibing their arguments it further, argues that Wide Sargasso Sea not only revisits the lacuna prevalent in colonial historiography by depicting the colonized people but also clearly points out the marginal representation of female under the ambit of imperial power.

A post-colonial reading of Alexis de Tocqueville’s writings on slavery and its aftermaths

This article develops a postcolonial and comparative reading of Tocqueville’s writings on slavery. It argues, first, that Tocqueville analyzed the ending of slavery as a revolutionary social transformation involving changes in laws, social relations and mores, and second, that he employed the same analytical framework consistently to discuss processes of abolition in the United States and in the French Caribbean Islands. In the United States the process of abolition of slavery was deepening rather than ending racist prejudices, racial segregation and hatred between the black and the white populations. This would, so Tocqueville predicted, undermine democracy in America. In the plantation colonies he believed the French could draw lessons from the English experiences when organizing the abolition process. Only when legal changes and changes in mores developed in tandem there could be economic and political stability in the aftermath of slavery. This would allow the French to end slavery peacefully, which he deemed necessary if they intended to continue exploiting the colonies. The article argues that Tocqueville demonstrated a deep and critical understanding of the reprehensible, long-lasting role of anti-black racism and slavery in barring the emergence of democratic cultures based on equal standing and integration across racial difference. Yet, he combined this critical perspective on racist slavery with an accepted defense of European supremacy and with a sense of pessimism about the possibilities for Africans to ever become capable of self-government.

Kafka’s Ape Meets the Natyashastra

To the Academy is a multi-media performance work that makes poignant and humorous commentary about education, common paradigms of diversity, and the oppressive nature of institutional labor. Created through a dialogue between myself, an Indian American with training in various forms of physical theatre and Indian dance, and Guyanese-Canadian actor Marc Gomes, it has been performed at several universities and arts centers since 2015. In this essay, I will interrogate the ways in which we place select elements of “Indian tradition” at the service of the piece’s overarching theme of histories of European domination, asking whether making these cultural materials subservient to our political agenda constitutes a form of appropriation. I examine three components of the work: the character of the classical Indian dancer who appears in the first section of the show, the explicit references to the ancient Sanskrit treatise on performance, the Natyashastra, and the framing of both these elements within our adaptation of Franz Kafka’s story, “Report to an Academy,” about an ape who learns to impersonate humans. In so doing, I explore the ethical responsibilities artists of color have in working with intercultural aesthetics. Furthermore, I assert the inevitably ambivalent nature of activist performance, even if artists aim to resist hegemonic structures.

Donna Awatere on Whiteness in New Zealand: Theoretical Contributions and Contemporary Relevance

In June 2022, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern designated the US-based neo-fascist groups The Base and the Proud Boys as terrorist organisations. This designation marks one of the few times white supremacy entered the national political discourse in New Zealand. Discourses of whiteness are mostly theorised in the North American context. However, Donna Awatere’s 1984 examination of White Cultural Imperialism (WCI) in her book Māori Sovereignty advanced an analysis of whiteness in New Zealand that has received limited scholarly attention and is essentially unexplored. This paper reintroduces Awatere’s conceptualisation of WCI. It offers core tenets of WCI and theoretical insights into contemporary discussions of white supremacy that move beyond the focus of individuals and groups to a broader national framework of New Zealand. Two interrelated features of WCI, as defined by Awatere, are the minimisation and normalisation of whiteness and white racial hostility – inherent features that maintain, protect, and reproduce the white institutionalised body as the primary beneficiary of Western European domination that will always thwart Indigenous sovereignty and equality. This paper concludes that Awatere’s articulation of WCI links whiteness in the New Zealand context to the broader network of global white supremacy that offers insight into contemporary criminal justice scholarship.

From Borderlands to the Sea: Recent Studies of Indigenous Atlantic Travellers

AbstractThe dominions, political strategies, and diverse lifeways of Indigenous peoples in the early modern Atlantic world have been treated generally as rural and terrestrial—ending at the shore—while European supremacy over the high seas has been taken for granted. These conceptual assumptions have extended into methodological approaches to encounters between Indigenous polities and European empires that emphasize borderlands, frontiers, and middle (or native) grounds. Four recent monographs depart from such framings by focusing on Indigenous actions in cities such as Lima, Madrid, and London, travel across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and exertions of naval supremacy on the sea. In doing so, they provide new vantage points for reconsidering the meanings of freedom and slavery, diplomacy, trans-oceanic legal networks, and piracy.

The History of Dictatorship: Custom, Authority, and Power in Precolonial and Colonial Uganda

Intervening in the enduring debate on the origins of the African state, this article examines the processes of producing custom in the Ugandan societies of precolonial Bunyoro and colonial Toro to trace the development of despotism. The participatory nature of generating customary truth in Bunyoro before European domination reflects the diffusion of power in a manner that hindered absolute rule. On the contrary, in colonial Toro, the inclusive mechanisms for making custom gave way to customary law produced by the colonial government and its native chiefs. This monopoly to determine customary law disguised as custom constituted the heart of the despotism of Toro Native Authority. Derivatively, the Rwenzururu resistance against Toro domination equally assumed a despotic character because it organised itself along the logic of the authority it confronted. The study interrogates the resurgent literature that associates the contemporary African state with precolonial history.