European Countries Research Articles

Prediction of Intraday Electricity Supply Curves

The electricity market in Spain, as in many European countries, is organized into daily, intraday, and reserve markets. This project aims to predict the supply curves in the Spanish intraday market that have six sessions with different horizons of application, using information from the market itself. To achieve this, we approximate these curves using a non-uniform grid of points and evaluate the quality of these approximations with a weighted distance, both based on empirical market data. We employ neural network models, including multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), and a Transformer network alongside a naive model for benchmarking. The MLP and CNN models demonstrated significant improvements in predicting these supply curves for the six market sessions.

Toward a data-informed framework for the assessment of digital readiness of higher education institutions

AbstractThis paper aims to address Digital Readiness in Higher Education Institutions from the perspective of data-informed and evidence-based assessment of Digital Readiness. Related research suggests that existing instruments for assessing digitalization aspects are limited to self-assessment, and there is a need for data-informed frameworks that will allow automated assessments based on data that Higher Education Institutions already collect. To bridge this gap, we propose a conceptual, data-informed framework for assessing Digital Readiness in Higher Education Institutions. We followed a participatory approach informed by related theory and practice to design, together with stakeholders from three academic institutions in three European countries, a Digital Readiness assessment framework on seven dimensions accompanied by 72 data-informed indicators. Digitalization of Higher Education is a priority in political agendas, and educational institutions have acknowledged it as an opportunity to promote digitalization of teaching and learning, organizational structures, and technical services, enabling innovation and internationalization. We envision that this work contributes towards supporting educational institutions in self-reflecting upon their digitalization policies and practices.

МЕХАНІЗМ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article identifies that as of today, Ukraine's construction industry is operating under challenging conditions during the period of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. It was found that in 2022, the construction sector lost its position in the structure of the country's GDP by 1.6%, compared to 2020-2021, where it accounted for 2.8%. It is determined that the share of the construction industry in the GDP throughout the examined period did not exceed 3%, which is significantly lower than the corresponding period in European countries. Additionally, the article examines the mechanism for forming a strategy of innovative development for construction enterprises, which enhances their competitiveness and adaptability to market changes. The key aspects of developing an innovation strategy for construction enterprises are described: improving production efficiency; enhancing the quality and durability of structures; adapting to market conditions; ensuring competitiveness; promoting sustainable development; improving working conditions and safety on-site; attracting investment and business growth. Key steps at the main stages of developing an innovation strategy are proposed, including an analysis of the external and internal environment, the determination of strategic goals, the development of innovative solutions, investment in resources and personnel, as well as strategy monitoring and adaptation. The importance of applying various methods and tools to optimize, increase productivity, and improve enterprise adaptability was emphasized. The proposed approach allows construction companies to enhance production efficiency and achieve sustainable development in the face of modern challenges and technological changes. Keywords: innovations, innovative development, competitiveness, construction enterprise, 3D printing, modular construction.

Integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer care: a multinational mixed method study

Abstract Background Incurable cancer is a major contributor to societal suffering and disability, and palliative rehabilitation is recommended to be integrated within and between cancer services at all healthcare levels. However, little knowledge exists on how integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer is understood and achieved in clinical practice. INSPIRE (Integrated short-term palliative rehabilitation to improve quality of life and equitable care access in incurable cancer) is a large European-funded project that aims to promote quality of life through a novel rehabilitation model for people disabled by advanced cancer. Aim To compare the existing integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer within official documents and in clinical practice across five European countries including United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Norway, and Italy. Methods Mixed methods study with a concurrent research design, comprising a document analysis (N = 23), stakeholder interviews (N = 22), and an online survey (N = 225). Data from each sub-study were analysed separately before results were merged. Results There was limited integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer in official documents and in clinical practice, though some indicators of integration, including participation in multidisciplinary teams and adherence to standardised pathways, were identified in the survey. Notably, integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer in clinical practice was observed within limited organisations in secondary healthcare systems, without widespread adoption. Although palliative rehabilitation in cancer as a concept was sparingly used by stakeholders, they recognised the need for a comprehensive approach including multidisciplinary teams that aligns with the individual patient’s needs and goals. Moreover, the ambiguous distinction between the terms ‘palliative rehabilitation’ and ‘palliative care’, insufficient funding, lack of well-defined care pathways and competence gaps among healthcare professionals represented barriers to integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer into clinical practice. Conclusion Integration of palliative rehabilitation in cancer was limited in the five EU partnership countries investigated. Clarifying the concept of palliative rehabilitation, including adoption of the concept into official documents and delineating it from palliative care, is essential for more successful integration. This can possibly be achieved by addressing the barriers identified and fostering close collaboration across disciplines.

Comparative legal teaching in eighteenth-century Oxford: an analysis of Thomas Bever’s Appendix to his lectures

Abstract In the 1760s and 1770s, Thomas Bever, a once-eminent but today nearly-forgotten English civilian, was delivering a course of lectures devoted to civil law at Oxford. The final part of those lectures, known as the Appendix, was of a different character from the earlier parts. In the Appendix Bever discussed the development of the law and constitution of 15 European countries. His description was an attempt to compare different systems and to abstract general legal concepts common to different countries. Along with other issues, Bever was specifically interested in abstracting the common roots of medieval feudalism. The analysis offered in this article is the result of archival investigation comparing two different versions of Bever’s lecture notes. The main objective of the article is to reconstruct Bever’s narrative, together with analysing his methodology and the intellectual framework of his work. This investigation reveals the intricacies of the legal education offered at Oxford in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Connecting Variety Trialling Systems Across Two Countries

ABSTRACTIn Europe, before acceptance to a country's national list, crop variety candidates must undergo testing for value for cultivation and use (VCU) in multi‐environment trials. Once a variety is accepted to the national list of a country, it can be marketed in that county. Moreover, it may be marketed in other European countries as well, even if it has not been tested for VCU, and hence, there is no performance assessment in those other countries. This paper investigates how VCU trialling systems of two countries can be connected and integrated so that performance can be assessed for both countries without altering the capacity of the trialling systems. Our statistical calculations based on VCU trial data for maize from Germany and Poland highlight the benefit of a joint analysis of data from two countries. Moreover, we show how the efficiency of each country's VCU testing system can be improved—without altering the overall capacity of the systems in terms of the number of trials and the number of plots per trial—by ensuring that each variety is tested in both countries.

What happened to my time during the COVID-19 lockdown? Parents’ subversive temporal regime strategies and their potential beyond the pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted individuals to devise new temporal strategies in various spheres of their lives as a result of the spatial regulations imposed during the first lockdown. We apply Lisa Suckert’s theoretical model of ‘the capitalist time regime’ in the analysis of 68 interviews with parents of schoolchildren in seven European countries conducted during the first COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020. We examine actors’ agency and capability to govern time during the pandemic and the extent to which disruption enables subversion of the temporal regime and its five features: measurement and commodification of time, temporal expansionism, acceleration, appropriation of the future, with the special emphasis on unequal temporal autonomy of actors. Expanding on Dale Southerton’s analysis of the role of gender in temporal autonomy, we also look at the participants’ positions at the intersections of gender, age of children, profession, economic situation, and the use of the welfare system. Finally, we contextualise participants’ creative challenges to the unequal temporal autonomy within Barbara Hobson’s approach to capabilities and achievements. The results show that participants creatively negotiated time under lockdown spatial conditions, thus producing new socio-temporal conditions that suited them and their families. We identified shift work in family arrangements, time for oneself and increased efficiency due to enhanced autonomy as the key creative subversive strategies addressing unequal temporal autonomy of actors with regard to gender and also other axes of disadvantage.

For Spatial Planning and Land Consolidation Issue

Planning the rational use of land's potential capabilities is one of the most important functions in Georgia. When developing the state policy in this area, it is essential to take into account that the implemented policy directly affects the country's socio-economic development. The given article states that determining the land status is part of the country's territory planning and development plan, moreover, changing the status of the land is almost impossible without making changes to the spatial planning of the territory. The article states that in most European countries, changing the designation of land is within the competence of the government and describes the needs to be addressed by various European countries (permit of the relevant state institution, compliance with the spatial development plan, imposition of a tax on the change of category, with certain exceptions, a general ban on changing the category of land, etc.). It also discusses examples of various mechanisms for land consolidation in Eastern and Central European countries. At the end of the article, the conclusion is made that under the conditions of Georgia, the state should develop a plan for the privatization of the remaining agricultural land in its possession, the primary goal of which should not be the increase of budget revenues, but rather ensuring the effective use of land resources. This process should consider: registering the landownership for the actual owner, registering land ownership for municipalities, and the alienation of land remaining in state ownership, which should ultimately contribute to the consolidation of small farms. Keywords: land, land categories, land disposal, agricultural policy, spatial planning, land consolidation, land management, agrarian territories.

The rise of populist radical right parties in Europe

After World War II, radical right parties in Europe experienced a decline, but over the last three decades, they have regained strength, becoming significant players in European politics. Since the early twenty-first century, they have secured representation at various levels, from local governments to national parliaments and the European Parliament. Nowadays, populist radical right parties rank among the top three most powerful political forces in one-third of European countries. In Austria, the FPÖ ( Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs) emerged as the leading party in the 2024 elections, winning 28.9% of the vote. In Italy, the Fratelli d’Italia coalition came to power with 25.99% of the vote in 2022. In Hungary, Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz party won its fourth consecutive election. In France, Marine Le Pen’s National Rally (RN – Rassemblement National) achieved major victories in both the European Parliament and national elections, becoming the country’s largest party. Though initially considered marginal, populist radical right parties have become a lasting and serious force in European politics. This special issue features six carefully selected articles, each offering empirical and theoretical insights into different aspects of the rise of radical right and right-wing populist parties in Europe, contributing to a broader understanding of this phenomenon.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-BORDER CO-OPERATION OF UKRAINIAN REGIONS

The research highlights the objective need and the problems of assessing the development of cross-border co-operation in Ukraine, especially in the conditions of critical economic and social instability caused by a full-scale invasion and its consequences. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate methodological approaches to the assessment of cross-border territorial co-operation and the construction of a balanced and multi-level information and analysis system. In order to achieve this goal, the methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping of indicators, theoretical generalisation and content analysis were used. It has been established that there is no generally accepted methodology for evaluating these processes. Furthermore, the methodologies that do exist cover a range of spheres and mechanisms of interaction with European countries, with a particular focus on specific programmes and initiatives. Additionally, it was determined that Ukraine lacks a systematic approach to monitoring the aforementioned processes, despite the Ministry of Community and Territorial Development of Ukraine's obligation to regularly furnish data on the advancement of the goals set forth in the State Program for the Development of Cross-Border Co-operation of Ukraine for the 2021-2027 period. It is proposed to expand the system of indicators for relevant monitoring by adding a number of basic indicators (GRP, investment activity, international image of the territory). The findings of the study substantiate the issue of inadequate substantiation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of cross-border co-operation of Ukrainian territories in the context of war and the challenges posed by European integration. This proves the need to develop a multi-level system for monitoring cross-border co-operation at the level of the state, macro-raions, oblasts and hromadas (raions) with a list of clear criteria and evaluation indicators that would take into account the basic principles, main tasks and risks of such co-operation. It is of the utmost importance to acknowledge the invaluable experience of European countries in the assessment of cross-border relations, particularly in the construction of domestic methodology and the search for additional data sources. The foundation for future research in this area can be an evaluation of the extent to which the objectives set out by the Ukrainian state for the development of cross-border co-operation have been met, and an assessment of the potential for further progress.

ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN UKRAINE: EXPECTATIONS AND REALITY

Background: As digital interactions and transactions grow, people are more inclined to participate if they feel secure and assured of fair procedures. However, online dispute resolution is still rarely used in Ukraine due to a lack of regulations. This research article provides a legal analysis of online dispute resolution (ODR) in Ukraine, concentrating on defining the ODR landscape, as well as on considering its potential in e-commerce and traditional court proceedings. Besides, the article presents a vision and proposals for the future adoption of European laws in Ukraine while discussing the current challenges in the online justice system that hinder its successful implementation. As a result, the article emphasises the need for an adequate legal instrument to regulate ODR in Ukraine, particularly in the context of e-commerce. It highlights the importance of implementing EU legislation, developing ODR platforms and ADR institutions, and ensuring their decisions are binding. It also addresses the challenges related to remote hearings in the judiciary during different circumstances and suggests adopting cloud-based case management to improve efficiency and reduce the risk of document destruction. Methods: The research methodology for this study on online dispute resolution in Ukraine included a comprehensive literature review, a comparative analysis of ODR systems in European countries, and a systems analysis to forecast the future trajectory of ODR in Ukraine. This approach aimed to assess the current state of ODR in Ukraine, identify areas for improvement, and explore potential achievements and challenges in its implementation. Results and conclusions: The article concludes that Ukraine is in the process of establishing a legal framework for online dispute resolution, which is expected to progress further after the war. The implementation of EU legislation and the development of ODR platforms and ADR institutions are crucial, along with ensuring accessibility for all, including vulnerable groups without internet access. Related to online courts, it is necessary to address challenges such as judges' absence during remote hearings. It is also recommended that the process be expedited and the risk of document loss internally in the case management system minimised.

A case of penicillin-resistant group B Streptococcus isolated from a patient in the UK.

In England, group B streptococci (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) are considered universally susceptible to penicillin. Reports from Africa, Asia, North America and a few European countries have described GBS isolates with penicillin MICs above the epidemiological cut-off (0.125 mg/L). Our aim was to characterize a penicillin-resistant GBS (PRGBS) isolate recovered in 2016 from a patient treated with long-term antimicrobials in the UK. Antibiotic susceptibility of a referred isolate from a discharging sinus overlying a chronic prosthetic joint infection was determined using gradient strip testing for seven antibiotics. Illumina short read sequencing was carried out using a HiSeq 2500 platform to determine MLST, capsular type, to detect mutations in the pbp genes, and to compare the isolate with contemporaneous GBS isolates circulating in the UK. The GBS isolate belonged to capsular type Ia and MLST 144. We observed resistance to penicillin (MIC = 1 mg/L) and tetracycline (32 mg/L) with susceptibility to linezolid (1 mg/L), erythromycin (0.064 mg/L), clindamycin (0.064 mg/L), teicoplanin (0.064 mg/L) and vancomycin (0.25 mg/L). Deduced amino acid sequences revealed substitutions and non-synonymous changes in PBP2x and PBP2b. Genomic analysis of contemporaneous cases (n = 34) from across the UK identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation ranged from 153-6596 SNPs. We confirm the first identification of a PRGBS isolate amongst referrals to the UK's national reference laboratory. Substitutions in pbp1a, pbp2a, pbp2x and pbp2b were identified that likely developed in the face of long-term beta-lactam antibiotic use.

Cost Analysis of Penitentiary Systems and Comparison Between the Countries of the Council of Europe

Background: The objective was to analyze the budgets invested in prisons by the member states of the Council of Europe (CoE) and the relationships between the global cost, the cost incurred per single inmate, the number of inmates per 100,000 inhabitants (PPR), the gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP. Methods: The data relating to the variables considered for the year 2020 were obtained from the SPACE-I 2021 of the CoE, the World Bank/OECD, and Eurostat. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between the PPR and the GDP, the daily cost per prisoner and per capita GDP, and between the PPR and the per capita GDP. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to evaluate associations between the PPR, EU membership, cost per day, cost rate, geographical area, and inmate gender. Results: The daily expenditure per inmate in northern European countries reaches very high values, respectively: EUR 330.6 (Norway) and EUR 303 (Sweden), while, in the eastern countries, the values drop sharply (EUR 6.50 in Bulgaria and EUR 8.08 in Azerbaijani). The lowest PPR values are found in northern European countries, and the highest in the following countries: Russia, Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. Conclusions: Countries with a higher GDP per capita tend to have lower prison population rates and to invest larger amounts of funds for prison systems.

Stachys italica Mill.: synecology, functional compounds and potential use of an Italian endemic taxon.

The metabolomic of the Italian endemic species Stachys italica was investigated and potential positive metabolites for human's health were detected, quantified and discussed in relation to its synecology. Stachys italica is a species endemic to central-southern Italy, traditionally used for human consumption. The present research reports the results of a phytosociological study of this species in two southern regions of Italy (Apulia and Calabria). The collected plant material was used to make two types of extracts: hot water infusion to evaluate the use of this plant as tea and hydroalcoholic extraction to evaluate the use of it in herbal liqueur preparation. The extracts obtained by the hot water infusion had a values of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity similar to values found in black tea. The analysis of non-volatiles compounds revealed the presence of biologically active substances like lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, and methoxyflavones. The analysis of volatiles fraction of metabolites demonstrated fifty-three volatiles compounds in the plant aerial part, 19 of which belonging to monoterpenoids, and 17 to the class of sesquiterpenoids. Among them, α-pinene, β-pinene, cis-ocimene, limonene and t-caryophyllene, were the most abundant compounds. The results were compared with already published results and referred to other similar species (such as Sideritis syriaca) which represent herbal mixtures usually collected and used as "mountain tea" in the Balkans and Eastern European countries.

DENIAL OF AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE OR OCCUPATION OF ITS TERRITORY: A NEW CASE AMONG THE DENIAL CRIMES

Background: Denial crimes are considered one of the most controversial topics in modern criminal law. The criminalisation of historical negationism is problematically balanced between two extremes: the need to protect historical memory, public order and the feelings of victims of terrible tragedies and their descendants, and the need to safeguard freedom of expression and academic debate. Despite this tension, the criminalisation of denial crimes has been gaining momentum on the European continent and is constantly expanding. For a long time, Ukraine has remained on the sidelines of this complex debate on the prohibition of denials. However, Russian aggression prompted the Ukrainian parliament to criminalise the denial of the aggression against Ukraine and the occupation of its territory. The wording of the law is not trivial and differs from classic European models. Two laws were adopted simultaneously, but they were not synchronised with each other, creating a collision. Despite this, both are widely used. This article, therefore, demonstrates Ukraine's thorny path to criminalising denials and the legal difficulties that arose from the extreme conditions under which the laws were adopted. Methods: In the initial stages of the research process, the authors present a concise overview of the evolution of criminal prohibition of denial across the globe, focusing on recent trends. This is achieved through the application of historical and comparative legal methods. The central section of the study is devoted to an examination of the Ukrainian experience, comprising two parts. The first section elucidates the evolution of the concept of criminalisation of these actions in Ukraine through an analysis of legislative initiatives and the outcomes of their assessment. The second section is dedicated to investigating the shortcomings of the legislative process, the challenges encountered in the implementation of adopted amendments, and the formulation of recommendations for the resolution of collision between legal norms, as well as suggestions for improving existing regulatory frameworks. In this endeavour, the authors employ a combination of formal legal and logical methods of cognition. Results and conclusions: Europe is at the heart of the movement to criminalise historical negationism. Most European countries criminalise some form of denial. Ukraine, as a candidate country for accession to the European Union, must harmonise its legislation with EU law. Over the past two decades, numerous draft legislation proposals have been submitted to the Ukrainian parliament with the intention of criminalising the denial of specific historical facts and their legal assessment. However, the Ukrainian experience differs significantly from that of its European counterparts, which mainly focus on liabilities for denying the Holocaust, other genocides, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. At present, the criminal law of Ukraine provides for the denial of Russian aggression and occupation in two distinct articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Both articles are applied in practice, resulting in legal uncertainty and a violation of the principle of equality. The article proposes an amendment to the Criminal Code of Ukraine to resolve this collision and, in the interim, to resolve the collision of norms by the principle of in dubio pro homine.

A Quantitative Analysis of University Admission Results for Hungarian Ethnic Minority Students in the Carpathian Basin

This study analyses the higher education admission results of Hungarian ethnic minority students in Hungary originating from Central and Eastern European countries (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania) by secondary education background (national system vs. foreign system) and school-leaving qualification background (advanced and intermediate levels in Hungary and their native country). Students (n = 759) take (or have taken) part in undivided (5-year) and bachelor (3-year) programs at universities in Hungary and, for historical reasons, live as ethnic minorities in their home countries in the Carpathian Basin. There are significant differences in the number of students according to their secondary education background. Of the admitted students, 83.7% graduated from a national system secondary school and 16.3% from a foreign system secondary school before entering higher education. Using a Mann–Whitney U-test, we confirmed that the admission scores of students from the national secondary education system are significantly different from the scores of students who graduated from a foreign secondary education system (p < 0.001). The results of the Jonckheere–Terpstra test demonstrated that students with advanced-level exam results performed significantly better than those who entered higher education with intermediate-level or native country examination results (p < 0.001). However, there is no detectable difference (p > 0.05) between students who graduate at the intermediate level and students who graduate with a native country certificate. A regression model, based on the median admission scores, exhibited a trend of improving results for foreign students. The R2 quadratic determination coefficient is 0.705. This study provides insights into the educational pathways and decisions of Hungarian students residing abroad, underlining the influence of the national context and public education systems on their educational trajectories.

Social reproduction and contestation of racialized Roma exclusion: The role of civil society organizations in the Czech Republic

ABSTRACT Anti-Roma racism remains a persistent concern in numerous European countries. Despite sustained efforts by both the European Union and national governments over the past two decades to promote Roma inclusion, the effectiveness of these integration policies has largely been perceived as inadequate. This has been evident in the widespread exclusion experienced by Roma communities. Focusing on the Czech Republic, this article moves from examining state policies to the actions of civil society. In this context, the article explores the role played by Czech civil society organizations (CSOs) in both challenging and perpetuating racialized Roma exclusion. Building on Bourdieu’s concept of social habitus, this article expands it to a racialized social habitus framework. Through online interviews with CSOs and ethnographic fieldwork in four Czech cities, it explores the complex interplay between integration policies, civil society, and the racialized exclusion of the Czech Roma. The article illuminates how these organizations simultaneously contest and reinforce racialized perceptions of the Roma, thereby enriching scholarly dialogue on the complex dynamics of race and racism within civil society.

Should mathematicians worry with PISA and TIMSS math results?

Since the end of last century, international large-scale assessment studies have been providing systematic information about countries’ education results. The news they convey regarding European education are not at all reassuring and have worsened with school closures and the disruption due to the recent Covid-19 pandemic. The size of the education losses and the distance of most European countries to other areas of the world, namely South East Asia, are often overlooked. A simple statistical analysis shows most European students are about one to two school years behind their peers in most advanced countries and regions, and the gap is increasing. These facts will negatively impact European workforce, economic competitiveness, and development. They will most likely also negatively impact mathematics higher education and research in our continent. To recognise the problem is the first step to cope with it. [1]

The procedural legal status of migrants transported by smugglers in European jurisprudence

In this paper, we present the approach of criminology and criminal procedure law to migrant smuggling, a phenomenon that is also significant at the European level. The characteristics of migrant smuggling as defined by the UN Protocol are presented, followed by the responses at the European level and the most recent statistics. The procedural status of smuggled persons, their status as victims, witnesses or perpetrators (suspected or accused), and the approach taken by the different branches of law are also discussed. After that, we summarize the results of our research conducted in the spring of 2024 with the cooperation of EUROJUST and Legicoop members. The following research questions were formulated, concerning the procedural status of migrants transported by smugglers in their countries  In criminal cases of migrant smuggling, what is the procedural position of the person transported by the migrant smuggler? (victim, witness, instigator, abettor) Are there any individual criminal proceedings or other (i.e. administrative, misdemeanour) procedures against the person transported by the migrant smuggler?In most European countries, migrants are considered victims of migrant smuggling and in the criminal proceedings that have been initiated, they take the position of victims: at most they are questioned as witnesses. Due to illegal border crossing, no separate criminal proceedings are usually initiated against them, most of the time these cases are resolved within the framework of public administrative proceedings.

Evaluating strategic approaches to energy transition: leadership, policy, and innovation in European countries

Evaluating strategic approaches to energy transition: leadership, policy, and innovation in European countries