European Contributors Research Articles

ECOTOURISM, SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND NATURE BASED TOURISM: AN ANALYSIS OF EMERGING FIELDS IN TOURISM SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

The emergence and rapid growth of tourism paradigms such as ecotourism, sustainable tourism, and nature-based tourism signify a shift towards more environmentally and culturally conscious forms of tourism. We conduct a comparative analysis of these emerging fields with the aim of providing insights to the field and inform future research directions in this dynamic area of study. Our investigation spans diverse geographical regions over an extended period (1986-2022) to provide a comprehensive understanding of the global landscape of alternative tourism. The study utilizes descriptive bibliometrics and scientific mapping techniques using data derived from Scopus to depict changes and contributions over time and identify thematic structures and their evolution. Along with more established regional actors such as the US and European contributors, China and Latin America appear as emergent participants. The analyzed fields seem more prone to interdisciplinary approaches and more impactful than the average Tourism research. Also, international collaboration seems to have played a crucial role in advancing research in these topics. Overall, the study reveals a vibrant field with outstanding features in the context of general Tourism scientific area.

The Brilliance of Indian Astronomers and Mathematicians of Kerala School during Medieval Period

This paper is an effort to assemble in a synchronized manner, the brilliant contribution of the illustrious Keralian Mathematician and Astronomers, since Vararuchi (fourteenth century C.E) to Medieval Periods Madhava (C.1340- 1425), Paramesvara (C.1360- 1455), Nilakantha Somayaji (C. 1444 -1545) and his followers. It would entail that Indian Mathematics was well ahead by 350 to 400 years in comparison to European contributors Newton, Leibnitz, Taylor and others.

Nothing New under the Sun? George Perkins Marsh and Roots of U.S. Physical Geography

U.S. geomorphologists and biogeographers often cite early theoretical roots dating back to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century exemplars such as Powell, Gilbert, Cowles, and Clements, or earlier European contributors like Hutton, Lyell, von Humboldt, and, of course, Darwin. Yet reviews of our intellectual roots often overlook an early and important U.S. contributor: George Perkins Marsh. Marsh’s work on Man and Nature is more often cited in the field of environmental history, where it is appropriately noted as a prescient review of human impacts on the landscape. We suggest, however, that his significance extends beyond early environmental activism and that in fact Marsh describes many concepts and analytical approaches that continue to underlie modern geomorphology and biogeography. Moreover, Marsh’s ideas and approach presaged fundamental concepts central to our current study of the Anthropocene and coupled human–environment systems, as he emphasized interconnections among biotic, geomorphic and human elements, perhaps most notably with regard to impacts of deforestation on flood regimes. There is, therefore, much to learn from Marsh—both about early thinking in physical geography and about the depth of scientific analysis underlying our discipline’s early interest in human impacts.

A landscape review of the published research output relating to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in North & Central America and Europe between 2011-2015

BackgroundThe high disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and renewed focus on developing a vaccine has led to sustained interest in published RSV-related research. The majority of this research comes from Europe and North/Central America and this landscape review aimed to identify and characterize RSV-related research published during 2011-2015 in these geographical areas.MethodsWe conducted a literature review on electronic databases Scopus and Web of Science to identify published studies investigating RSV throughout Europe and North/Central America. We stratified RSV-related publications between 2011-2015 by study type, country, research institution and funding body.ResultsThe annual published output of RSV-related research has increased by 29% over the period 2011-2015. Eighty seven percent (13/15) of the most highly cited papers on RSV during this period were from North America. US universities with the highest number of RSV-related publications included Emory (n = 23), Vanderbilt (n = 23), University of Michigan (n = 21) and Ohio State (n = 20). The UK (n = 125), Netherlands (n = 97) and Spain (n = 76) were major European contributors to RSV-related publications. University Medical Centre Utrecht (n = 40) and Imperial College London (n = 28) were the European universities with the largest number of RSV-related publications. The National Institutes of Health provided funding for one quarter of all RSV-related publications. However, few countries in Eastern Europe, Central America and the Caribbean published RSV-related research. Few epidemiological studies focused on adult populations over 18 years old (n = 28, 7%) with only five publications specifically investigating elderly populations over 65.ConclusionsThis review identifies key regions and research institutions which contributed to RSV-related research during 2011-2015 as well as the donor agencies which supported this research. Further research investment is required in a number of countries. More research in the elderly and in high-risk adults is required given the lack of studies pertaining to these populations. Researchers and those commissioning research can use the data from this review to identify productive research institutions and geographical gaps in RSV research.

Report from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database 2017: patterns of care and perioperative outcomes of surgery for malignant lung neoplasm.

The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) registry was created 10 years ago and represents an international database collecting thoracic surgery procedures from European contributors. The purpose of the present report was to offer an overview of baseline and surgical characteristics and outcomes of patients submitted to lung resections for malignant lung disease as derived from the ESTS registry. We retrieved data about all lung resections from 2007 to 2016 performed for primary and metastatic (secondary) lung cancer. We evaluated the baseline characteristics and the surgical management of this population. Within the subgroup of patients affected by primary lung cancer, we described the preoperative mediastinal staging management and the final pathological stage of disease. Finally, we analysed the morbidity and mortality rates for the cohort of patients submitted to anatomic lung resections for primary or secondary lung cancer. Outcomes were also evaluated in relation to several risk factors: type of resection, age, comorbidity, predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s and surgical approach. We selected 62 774 patients submitted to lung resections (male 66.5%, median age 64 years). For the entire population, median predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 73.3% (interquartile range: 59, 87.6), 33.8% of patients had cardiac comorbidities and 17.3% had other comorbidities. Among the patients with primary lung cancer (51 931 patients), 50.8% had Stage I disease and 23.2% Stage II disease; preoperative invasive mediastinal staging was performed in 70.3% of patients with computed tomography scan nodal enlargement and positron emission tomography scan nodal uptake. After anatomical lung resection (51 756 patients), overall morbidity was 18.5% and mortality (30 days or in-hospital) was 2.6%. Extent of resection, age ≥75 years, presence of cardiac comorbidity, predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s <70% and open approach instead of video-assisted thoracic surgery were associated with worse outcomes. The results of the present report represent reliable European benchmarks for comparing the activities and outcomes of single institutions and surgeons at an international level.

Arctic Law and Governance: The Role of China and Finland (2017)

This book review considers Arctic Law and Governance: The Role of China and Finland, a new volume edited by Timo Koivurova, Tianbao Qin, Tapio Nykanen, and Sebastien Duyck. The book represents the culmination of a joint project between researchers from the University of Lapland, Finland and Wuhan University, China. In the volume, the Arctic policies of China, Finland, and the European Union are compared. Special attention is given to maritime sovereignty, science, marine conservation and management, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Svalbard Treaty, and the Arctic Council. Overall, the volume presents a rich, detailed account of China’s activities in the Arctic, though the chapters by the Chinese authors tend to be somewhat less analytical than those by the European contributors. The case for comparing China with Finland and the European Union is not always wholly convincing, but the reader is ultimately left with an understanding of how cooperation could arise in the Arctic between these three unlikely partners in two shared areas of interest: development of Arctic resources and transportation. Such work is valuable, for it demonstrates that the aims of Arctic and non-Arctic stakeholders are not necessarily at odds simply due to differences in geography.

Portugal: An Instrumental Approach to Peace Support Operations

Until recently, in per capita terms, Portugal was one of the most significant European contributors to international United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations around the world. In the last few years, European Union and NATO missions and operations have topped deployment to UN operations. One can thus state that participation in peace support operations (PSO) has become a lodestar of Portuguese defence and foreign policies. The range of forces deployed, as well as the geographical diversity of deployment attest to the ambition and effort made by the Portuguese governments in becoming relevant in international affairs through PSO in the last 30 years. Given the limitations of a small power as Portugal, specialisation in the field of PSO is an asset for its positioning on the international scene, endowing it with a more active voice in matters of collective security and access to leadership positions.

Among the Very Best: A Brief Selection of European Contributors and Contributions to IR Theory

Bibliography: Mansbach, Richard W.: Among the Very Best: A Brief Selection of European Contributors and Contributions to IR Theory, ERIS, 1-2014, pp. 80-87. https://doi.org/10.3224/eris.v1i1.19608

Les arrière-boutiques de la littérature: auteurs et imprimeurslibraires aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles ed. by Edwige Keller-Rahbé

of her work was wrongly credited as author of her poetry. Dominique Rabaté adds a broad-brushed overview repeating literary history as hagiography and its desacralization by subversive writers while Christine Baron, recalling the Barthes-Picard debates as symptomatic of the Ancients-Moderns confrontation, looks at cross-cultural writings representative of the stance toward a history not belonging to the writers sensing themselves trapped by it. Likewise, four essays compose the division on critical fictions. Mathilde Bombart focuses on Furetière’s case for allegory as social commentary, Larry Norman on how the English imported and varied the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in Swift’s Battle of the Books, Marielle Macé on Sartre’s arguments against the social existence of literature , and Claude Coste on how Chevillard’s novel L’œuvre posthume de Thomas Pilaster reminds us of Nabokov’s Pale Fire, Borges, and Henry James. The essays that most convincingly articulate the arguments of this book appear in the chapter entitled “Microfictions.” Mélanie Leroy-Terquem introduces the case of Octave Uzanne and “bibliophile fiction.” This category in the margins of literature contains plagiarism, false texts, and assorted hoaxes then exposed by Martine Lavaud for their potential as subversive writing. In fine form Jeannelle explicates Georges Perec’s Le voyage d’hiver wherein Hugo Vernier exemplifies the prototype of “une allégorie critique” (189) in a pastiche that can “garantir l’authenticité de faux” (174) with Vernier as a plagiarist whose works have a date of publication indicating his own writing as originating plagiarism by others. Perec’s example of the literary mise-en-abyme sets up the model for a desynchronized literary space that Aude Préta-De Beaufort separately reveals in Pascal Quignard’s Albucius. Four other contributions make up a chapter on variations within literary genres. Stéphane Zékian shows how theater during the Parnasse revolts against the drama from the Thermidor while Sylvie Triaire has fun with Flaubert’s characters Bouvard and Pécuchet, Suzanne Lafont clearly shows the complex undermining of the anti-Semitism by Céline and Brasillach in Patrick Modiano’s La place de l’Étoile, and Denis Labouret explicates the pastiche by Jean-Louis Curtis in La Chine m’inquiète. A single definition of literary history would have been helpful as a common point of reference. In this collection, literary history refers alternately to a manual, a fiction, Lanson, and too many other meanings for the term to be a helpful common denominator for the reader. Nevertheless, we do have Michel Murat’s final essay showing how fiction, especially the novel, modifies and adapts the tradition that comes before it. If the reader looks at this essay first, then the other contributions give us variations on the subversion that the writing of literary fiction can accomplish. Trinity University (TX) Roland A. Champagne KELLER-RAHBÉ, EDWIGE, éd. Les arrière-boutiques de la littérature: auteurs et imprimeurslibraires aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Toulouse: PU du Mirail, 2010. ISBN 978-2-81070118 -6. Pp. 262. 24 a. Research on the material book and the printer who produced it is no longer the purview of historians alone. Edwige Keller-Rahbé has edited a welcome and cohesive collection of essays exploring the relationships between sixteenth- and 952 FRENCH REVIEW 85.5 seventeenth-century printers and authors from a literary perspective. In her informative introduction, she contends that a focus on these multi-faceted relationships contributes significantly to our understanding of French literary history during the ancien régime. Keller-Rahbé uses primarily seventeenth-century examples in her introduction, deliberately compensating for a dearth in studies on seventeenth -century printers. The essays also include four valuable analyses of sixteenth-century authors and “printer-booksellers” (“imprimeurs-libraires”). Not all eleven European contributors are familiar names on this side of the Atlantic, but the consistently thoughtful and well-researched essays provide an excellent introduction to these scholars. The contributors propose compelling hypotheses about the interdependence of printers and authors, relying on patterns of publications , conventional and often fictionalized paratext, and typographical characteristics . The thematic organization of the collection divides the essays into four complementary, and equally intriguing, sections. In the first...

The Evolution of Family Process: Contexts and Transformations1,2

The Evolution of Family Process: Contexts and Transformations1,2

Savic Perovic, 1947–2010

The Editorial Board of the Journal of Pediatric Urology learned with great sadness of the death of Professor Sava Perovic, aged 63 on April 4th 2010. He was head of the Department of Urology of the University of Belgrade and was one of the great European contributors to our specialty. He was particularly well known for his expertise in penile and genital surgery with numerous publications in peer reviewed journals. We will all miss a very good friend and colleague. Our Journal, on behalf of all Pediatric Urologists, send our condolences to Sava’s family and friends.

Measurements of organic trace gases including oxygenated volatile organic compounds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations

At the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) mixing ratios of 21 oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and selected nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been measured by a newly developed two‐stage double adsorbent system coupled to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). In addition, formaldehyde was measured by the Hantzsch technique. Four measurement campaigns were performed once every season in 2005, providing for the first time a unique data set of OVOCs in the free troposphere of central Europe. The dominating OVOCs measured were acetone, methanol, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with mean mixing ratios of 622–867 ppt, 362–790 ppt, 303–505 ppt and 310–392 ppt, respectively. These compounds explained 95% of the measured organic compounds in summer and 83% in fall. Elevated mixing ratios in summer were observed for compounds with strong biogenic sources (e.g., methanol and acetone), whereas mainly anthropogenic compounds (e.g., ethanol and benzene) had higher mixing ratios during winter. Potential European source regions were estimated for the organic trace gases by combining the measured data with a statistical trajectory model. Northern Italy, southern France and southern and eastern Germany were identified as the main European contributors to the measured organic compounds at Jungfraujoch.

Reconstructing Hybridity: Post-Colonial Studies in Transition by Joel Kuortti, Jopi Nyman

MLR, I03.3, 2oo8 8I5 work ratherextensively,while equally innovative contemporaries such asHemingway, Musil, andGertrude Stein arementioned rarely throughout thebook. However, given the tendency in recent literaryhistory to cover an ever increasing number ofwriters and to avoid evaluating their importance, Lewis's unconventional structuringmight be just the right choice. His book certainly bridges a gap for students and teachers who have been looking foran up-to-date, comprehensive, yet accessible introduction to literary modernism. UNIVERSITY OF AUGSBURG TIMO MULLER ReconstructingHybridity: Post-Colonial Studies inTransition. Ed. by JOELKUORTTI and JopiNYMAN. (Studies inComparative Literature, 5 I)Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2007. x+330 pp. ?70; $95. ISBN 978-90-420-2I4I-9. This collection of critical articles reconsiders the concept of hybridity within the fieldsof postcolonial theory and literature.The volume isdivided into two sections, the firstoffering challenges to and reinterpretations of hybridity theory, the second consisting of textual readings evaluating theories of hybridity in relation to novels and short fiction. While the editors issue an optimistic assessment ofhybridity's continued relevance as a site of 'ongoing struggle, a continual emergence' (p. i6), themost significant contributions problematize notions of hybridity in relation to transnational migra tion and the inequities of economic and cultural globalization. Articles throughout address previous criticisms that hybridity politics based on Bhabha's theorizations have excluded material realities in theirpreference for the cultural and acknowledge that a 'merely celebratory' (p. 3) or metropolitan approach to hybridity obscures the real pains that diaspora, forcedmigration, and exile generate. Thus JopiNyman reads Cynthia Kadohata's The Floating World as haunted by ghosts, the experience of unhomeliness as rupture, danger, and traumatic ambivalence, while Sheng-mei Ma finds a disjunction between theoretical discourses of fluid categories ofmixed-race subjectivity and theactual representation of race as polarized identifications inAsian American fiction,where in-betweennessis seen as not only painful but impossible to sustain. Andrew Hammond's excellent article re-evaluates Hanif Kureishi's I980s fictions in the light of thematerial conditions of poverty, race riots,unemployment, and property speculation inThatcher's Britain, revealing Kureishi not as a utopian chronicler of hybridity-as he has so often been celebrated-but rather as demon strating the very absence of syncretism within a ruthless enterprise culture whose capitalist imperative isassimilation rather than integration. However, the volume ismost interestingwhen itmoves beyond the texts and authors favoured by theAmerican academy (Rushdie, Kureishi, and so on) to the in clusion of literatures outside America, Britain, or India. Elleke Boehmer has argued that thewriting embraced in theFirstWorld as 'hybrid' is most usually thatwhich has most successfully established itselfat themetropolitan centre. A trulycomparativist approach tohybriditywould need to analyse the combined and uneven development ofmaterial conditions in theperipheries and semi-peripheries of capitalism inorder tounderstand how these result inmixed cultural and linguistic traditions and liter ary formswhich are coeval with but different from those produced in the capitalist centres.Articles by JeroenDewulf and Paul Sharrad, on Brazilian and Pacific texts re spectively,gesture towards a theorization of how incommensurable material, cultural, social, and existential conditions might have an impact on literaryhybridity.Sharrad argues thatPacific textswork against themodel of agonistic struggle, suggesting that they insteadmake use of a 'strategic hybridity'which answers to theneeds of itsdif ferentusers and takes different forms according to their socio-political contexts. For 8i6 Reviews Sharrad, thisutilitarian appropriation of qualities-rather than outright imitation or subversive abrogation-is lacking in the postmodern irony or knowing self-parody which distinguishes cosmopolitan fictions such as Rushdie's. The collection occasionally lacks academic rigour in its editing, as when distract ing typographical and syntactical errors threaten toobscure the sense of arguments, and some of the textual readings are rather too pat. Given Dewulf's emphasis on the anthropophagical or hybrid nature of all languages-both European and non European-and the large number of European contributors, itwould have been in teresting toexamine thecase fornon-Anglo hybridities in textsfromEastern orNorth Europe, although Mita Banerjee does touch on the fetishization of 'off-white'Eastern European subjectivities inwhat she labels (p. 309) the 'postethnic postcommunist' texts arising after I I September 200I. As awhole, however, thevolume isneatly structured, pairing essays provocatively inorder tohighlight both thepromises and flawsofhybridity theory.Concluding as it does with Banerjee's pessimistic recognition...

Cancer of the Skin

Cancer of the Skin

Advances in the Management and Treatment of Depression

Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.Potokar and Thase have edited a very nice paperback book of 208 pages concerning treatment of depression, comprising 8 chapters and an index. The editors have assembled an excellent group of contributors from both the United States and Europe, with the majority of the U.S. contributors being from the Pittsburgh area and the majority of the European contributors being from the United Kingdom.

Poland, trying to punch above its weight class in NATO

Poland has both the potential and desire to become a significant military contributor to NATO. The Polish military, however, is unlikely to become a major player in NATO in the next 15 years because financial constraints will impede progress in two key areas: contributing to NATO air operations and building a Western‐style military. At the same time, however, Poland seems poised to meet two other important benchmarks shared by NATO's top European contributors: contributing to Alliance ground or peacekeeping operations and building a political power base at NATO. Given this progress, Poland will seek to become an active and powerful Alliance member, suggesting that Polish membership has important implications for NATO's future, as well as Polish relations with the US and European Union.

Soft canons: American women writers and masculine tradition

In spite of the recovery of numerous women writers and the reconceptualizations of American literature since the 1980s, literary criticism has been slow to bring 19th-century male and female writers, so-called masculine and feminine traditions, together in dialogue. Addressing these separate spheres of criticism, the 16 essays establish and complicate literary genealogies as they explore connections, discuss mutual influences, and propose theories of difference and alliance to create an account of the period. Rather than conceiving of men's and women's writing in opposition, this text expands one's understanding of direct relationships between male and female authors and outlines the poignant absence of such relationships where they might have been most expected. The European contributors consider ways in which race, gender, sexuality and region inflect authorship and reading; gender, politics and economics, especially the economics and politics of authorship, form another important matrix of concerns. At the same time, the book investigates the relationship between gender and aesthetics, and it challenges the traditional view that women writers often create merely political texts.

Nine years later: farewell and welcome

Over 9 years ago I was asked to become the fifth Editor-in-Chief of Stroke . Eight and a half years ago, the first issue with the new editorial board was published. In 1996, the original 5-year appointment was extended for the first time for 3 additional years. This later was extended for an additional year at the request of the Editor-in-Chief designee, Vladimir Hachinski. Although this will be the last issue, the 102nd, in which this editorial board will appear on the masthead, we will continue to handle manuscripts in process for the rest of 2000. From the beginning, we were blessed with an outstanding team. Amongst a number of evolutionary changes, two new associate editor categories were established to assure basic scientists and European contributors that they were represented. Hermes Kontos agreed to accept the position of Associate Editor for Basic Science and Marie-Germaine Bousser that of Foreign Associate Editor (Europe). When Jose Biller came to Indiana, he became the Clinical Associate Editor, and Askiel Bruno replaced him as Abstracts Editor. A distinguished group of Consulting Editors was appointed, including past editors and associate editors. Also, most critical to the nuts and bolts of running a journal, Marilyn Michael Yurk accepted the post of Managing Editor and has run the day-by-day operations from the beginning. …

Body Ascendant: Modernism and the Physical Imperative

Segel, Harold B. Body Ascendant: Modernism and the Physical Imperative. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1998. 282 pp. $35.95. In Body Ascendant Harold Segel proposes that we look at modernism as a disenchantment with intellectuality and the mind, and a fascination with the physical body. Segel finds evidence for this thesis in many realms, from the preoccupation with dance and pantomime to skeptical views on language and the popularity of sports and fitness. The time frame for modernism in this work is not entirely clear, but if we judge by the works and individuals cited, it falls loosely within the final three decades of the nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth century. The site of modernism is rather better defined: Segel's command of a number of different European traditions allows him to include material from various Slavic cultures, as well as from the English, American, German, and French heritage. Considering the momentous events that occurred in central Europe during the thirties and forties, it is appropriate that Segel also devotes some consideration to the political implications of the cult of the physical. The broadest and most pernicious ramification of the repudiation of intellectual culture and the advocacy of physicality is the anti-Semitic deprecation of the Jewish body and the adoption of a biologically based racism. Although Segel occasionally suggests that his own monograph contributes to the investigation of fascism and modernism that has been in progress since the 1970s, he makes it clear that his main purpose is not to explore the wayward political trajectory of modernism, but rather to sketch the multiple forms in which the modernist physical imperative insinuated itself into European culture. Segel's five central chapters-he also ineludes an introduction and a short conclusion, as chapters one and seven, respectively-most often focus on one particular aspect of modernist physicality. In chapter two Segel examines an array of modernist pantomimes written by Wedekind, Hofmannsthal, Schnitzler, Einstein, Kuzmin, and Kandinsky before turning to playwrights (Maeterlinck, Chekhov, Hofmannsthal, Schnitzler, Lev Lunts, and Gertrude Stein) who undercut dialogue and substitute instead the performance of the human body. Chapter three is devoted to dance. Segel explores innovations in modern dance, in particular the most influential American and European contributors during the modernist period, but his central concern is the impact that dance had on dramatic action among playwrights, and how it emerged as a theme among prose writers. In the fourth chapter, Segel writes directly about authors; he discusses the various writers who were simultaneously men of action, which includes a diverse group from the symbolist D'Annunzio and the futurist Marinetti to the adventurer Hemingway or the airplane enthusiast Saint-Exupery. …

Soft Canons: American Women Writers and Masculine Tradition (review)

Ralph Waldo Emerson reacts to the news of Margaret Fuller’s death in an often-quoted journal passage: “I have lost in her my audience.” Emerson positions Fuller as his private reader, yet as Lindsey Traub argues in an essay in Soft Canons: American Women Writers and Masculine Tradition, Emerson acknowledges Fuller’s role as a cultural critic and author elsewhere in his journals. Nonetheless, Emerson’s public work relegates Fuller to the private realm of confidant, for motives that Traub shows are more complex than a desire to force Fuller into the domestic sphere (302–03). Traub’s nuanced reading of the Fuller/Emerson relationship represents one goal of Karen L. Kilcup’s collection of fifteen sophisticated essays by European contributors designed to “create a more richly textured account of American literary history” (1). The essays, as Kilcup notes, “suggest that it may be more beneficial at this moment of cultural fragmentation in the United States to inquire into the conversations between, and even the meshing of, ‘traditions’—here principally masculine and feminine, but also black and white, straight and gay, Western and Eastern—while continuing to value the particularity of each” (3).