European Atomic Energy Community Research Articles

The degree of freedom of the designer of the industrial design

The article is devoted to the study of the essence of the concept of the degree of freedom of the designer of an industrial design in the context of such a criterion of the protectionability of an industrial design as an individual character. The Law of Ukraine «On Protection of Rights to Industrial Designs» has been analyzed for the purpose of defining the concept of «designer’s degree of freedom». It has been established that the domestic law does not contain a broad explanation of the mentioned concept. It has been found that some additional information regarding the understanding of the concept of «designer’s degree of freedom» is contained in such a secondary legal act as the recently approved Rules for drawing up and submitting an application for an industrial design and conducting an examination of an application for an industrial design and international registration of an industrial design. It has been analysed the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, as well as Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of October 13, 1998 on legal protection industrial designs and Council Regulation (EC) No. 6/2002 of December 12, 2001 on Community industrial designs, the provisions of which were implemented in 2020 into the Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Industrial Design Rights». It has been established that the above-mentioned international legal acts do not provide a deep interpretation of the concept of the designer’s degree of freedom. Separate foreign and international court cases have been considered, in which the designer’s degree of freedom in specific practical cases has been analyzed in detail. It has been clarified and illustrated with real examples the specific importance of the degree of freedom of the designer for the individual character of an industrial design. On the basis of domestic legislation, international legal acts, foreign and international judicial practice, own conclusions have been drawn regarding the understanding of the concept of the degree of freedom of the author of an industrial design. It has been established under which circumstances the degree of freedom of the designer cannot be limited. It has been concluded that the requirements for the differences of the designed product from others, which make an impression on the informed user, depend on the lower or higher degree of freedom of the designer.

Public management in the conditions of European integration and globalization: challenges and prospects

The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of public management in Ukraine in the conditions of European integration and globalization. It has been established that public management is a complex and multifaceted entity as an object of scientific knowledge, the basis of which is a concept based on the close relationship between politics and law, management and power, the political system and society in general, as well as the interaction of society with various elements of social systems. It is noted that there is No. stable, comprehensive and universally recognized formulation of public management in the literature. The definition of public management is approached rather from the standpoint of the actual content of the activity or the forms it can take. It was revealed that the main characteristics of the public management system in each state depend on the state structure, political regime and political culture, functioning of political institutions, electoral system, relations between politicians and civil servants, between authorities and institutions of civil society. It was established that the processes of globalization and integration are especially relevant for the development of the modern period of public management. It is emphasized that an important problem for the domestic management system is the search for effective concepts of public management and their implementation in the modern state-building practice.This issue becomes particularly relevant in view of the fact that, having ratified the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, Ukraine has defined the state policy as such, aimed at bringing the standard of living of Ukrainian citizens closer to European standards, instilling European values in all spheres of functioning of the Ukrainian state and society. It was concluded that European integration and globalization make their own corrections in state management, and now the focus is on ensuring the effective work of public management in the face of European integration and globalization challenges. One of the main options for the effectiveness of public management in those conditions is the full consolidation of efforts and mutual understanding at all its levels, which is now extremely important, the establishment of close cooperation with society.

Вимоги до клінічного оцінювання медичних виробів у законодавстві Європейського Союзу та України

ABSTRACT. Within the framework of the association agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, Ukraine has committed itself to gradually achieve compliance with EU technical regulations and systems of Standardization, Metrology, accreditation, conformity assessment work and market surveillance of the EU and has committed itself to adhere to the principles and practices set out in current EU decisions and regulations. Aim. To carry out a comparative analysis of approaches to the technical regulation of medical devices and their clinical evaluation. Materials and methods. An analysis of EU and Ukrainian regulatory acts in the field of technical regulation of medical devices and their clinical evaluation was carried out. Results. The provisions of the EU regulation governing the issue of clinical evaluation of medical devices are considered. Attention is focused on the approaches and requirements of the EU in the field of regulation of medical devices regarding their clinical evaluation, as well as on regulatory and legal aspects of the regulation of clinical evaluation of medical devices in Ukraine. The authors made proposals for improving the legal regulation of clinical evaluation of medical devices in Ukraine in accordance with EU requirements, in particular, the requirements for the clinical evaluation plan and the report on its results. Conclusions. The regulatory framework for conducting clinical evaluation of medical devices needs to be improved. When developing and implementing it, it is necessary to take into account the following aspects: new definitions of terms, improvement of the procedure for conducting clinical evaluation of medical devices, mandatory and requirements for post-monitoring clinical observation and postmonitoring supervision. Keywords: medical devices, clinical assessment, clinical data, post-monitoring clinical observation, post-monitoring supervision.

Main treaties of the European Union

The article summarizes the main treaties of the European Union, which in one way or another had a significant impact on its development. It was found that after the end of the Second World War, European leaders decided to protect themselves by uniting into a community. Thus, the first treaty where six states united to create a common coal and steel market was Paris Treaty, which was signed in 1951. Its purpose was to create interdependence of states in coal and steel, so that one state could no longer mobilize its armed forces without the knowledge of the others. This is one of the few treaties that has expired. The following treaties, which became the basis of the European integration movement in Europe, became the Rome Treaties concluded in 1957. As a result, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were created. Later, in 1965, the Merger Treaty was signed, the main purpose of which was to streamline the work of European institutions. This agreement has also expired. It was also found that the Single European Act of 1986 reformed the work of the EU institutions in the framework of the Alliance’s preparation for the accession of Portugal and Spain, as well as to speed up the decision-making process in preparation for the creation of the single market. In addition, it was analysed that the Maastricht Treaty was concluded in 1992, which established the modern structure of the EU. In addition, the main purpose of this Treaty is to prepare the European Union for the creation of a monetary union, as well as to introduce the elements of a political union (citizenship, common foreign and domestic policy). Another no less important treaty was concluded in 1997, which was called the Amsterdam Treaty. This Treaty was intended to prepare the EU institutions for future enlargement. It was revealed that in 2001, during the signing of the Nice Treaty, the EU member states determined the need to reform the institutions of the European Union for the purpose of their effective functioning after the expansion to 25 states, to review the system of chairmanship in the Council of the EU. In addition, the last treaty, the main goal of which was to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and capable of solving global problems, was the Lisbon Treaty signed in 2007.

Implementation of the Association Agreement with the EU by adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU law

Ukraine’s integration into the European Union (EU) is one of the most important areas of the State’s development, and therefore one of the conditions for rapprochement between Ukraine and the European Community, as well as a condition for accession to the EU, is the adaptation of Ukrainian domestic legislation to the EU acquis. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities and problematic aspects of the implementation of EU law in national legislation. The research methods used were: historical, periodisation, formal legal and problem analysis methods. The study examined the peculiarities and problems of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU law. The study found that the legislation is being adapted on the basis of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, which includes the European Atomic Energy Community and its member states. The implementation process involves the transposition of EU norms into national legislation, while adaptation is the alignment of national law with EU legislation. The current legislation provides for three stages of adaptation of legislative norms, which aim to harmonize with EU law as much as possible. As implementation is a rule-making process, it involves a certain sequence of actions. In particular, it includes the establishment of the acquis communautaire, the creation of a list of legislative acts to be adopted and their preparation for adoption, monitoring of implementation and other sequential actions. In addition, the process of adaptation should be based on the principles of compliance with EU directives, the principle of voluntariness, clarity of terminology and completeness. Among the factors that are obstacles to implementation are the following: Russian aggression, institutional failure of state bodies, high level of corruption, numerous conflicts in legislation

Ecosystem approaches in the practice of national enforcement

The article is devoted to current problems of ecology and enforcement. Ukraine is not a member of the EU, which makes it impossible to directly apply EU norms in national enforcement practice. However, having been ratified the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part is a full-fledged part of the national legal order, which outlines a range of key issues, in particular, the standards that appear before national legislation as a challenge to cooperation on environmental protection issues, and adaptation to EU legislation. The agreement envisages the strengthening of environmental protection activities through the improvement of the health care system, the preservation of natural resources, the improvement of economic and environmental protection efficiency, the integration of environmental policy into other areas of state policy, as well as the increase of the level of production thanks to modern technologies, which will have positive consequences for citizens and enterprises in Ukraine and the EU. As well as the issue of harmonization of legislation on environmental protection, including the implementation of the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), which provides for the involvement of the public in the decision-making process on environmental issues and guarantees access to justice for person and public organizations when environmental legislation and/or provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights are violate.
 The need to analyze domestic judicial practice on environmental legal relations in various jurisdictions is extremely urgent. The application of international ratified documents, in particular the Aarhus Convention, is precisely the source of law that, firstly, opens wide public access to appeal procedures; secondly, it is the legal basis for resolving disputes about compensation for damage to the environment; thirdly, it makes impossible the limited interpretation of the current national legislation of Ukraine, regarding the right to appeal to the court for the protection of an interest protected by law in the sphere of guaranteeing environmental safety; fourthly, guarantees the right to appeal to the court of an unlimited number of persons (can be exercised by citizens personally or jointly through the association of citizens), and the resolution of disputed environmental-legal relations, i.e. those are public; fifth, guarantees the subject of the law access to the court without discrimination based on his actual location or actual center of activity; sixth, it affects the formation of established legal practice in environmental disputes.

Legal regulation of the international transport sphere in the conditions of European integration

The article conducts a scientific and practical study of the organizational and legal issues of the integration of the transport system of Ukraine into both European and world transport systems with the aim of forming and further developing a single trans-European transport network.
 The international documents of the European Union and the national legislation of Ukraine in the international transport sphere were analyzed in order to identify problematic issues, search for effective organizational and legal mechanisms for their solution and priority forms of cooperation in this sphere.
 It was revealed that the main concepts, ways to achieve the goal and even specific actions regarding the creation of a modern transport network are outlined in the strategy of the European Commission "Transport - 2050: road map for the formation of the Single European transport space - on the way to a competitive and resource-efficient transport system” - " White book - 2011”.
 One of the main goals of cooperation in accordance with the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, was specified, and its content was formed.
 It was emphasized that the situation with European integration in the international transport sphere remains difficult and this is a negative phenomenon and a joint responsibility of the Government and the Parliament regarding the obligations of Ukraine's implementation of mandatory and directly related regulations and directives of the European Union.
 The necessary steps for the implementation of the organizational and legal mechanism of European integration processes regarding the liberalization of international transportation and the development of the international transport sphere with the European Union and its member states are proposed, which can be the conclusion of bilateral agreements between Ukraine and the European Union on the simplification of the permit system between Ukraine and the member states of the European Union. of the Union for transit transportation by transport, making appropriate changes to already existing bilateral agreements regarding the conditions of transit transportation of goods between Ukraine and the member states of the European Union, in general, resolving issues regarding the obligations of implementing the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union , the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, in the field of infrastructure, acceleration of the stages of reform in Ukraine within the framework of the implementation of the Association Agreement, in particular, the approval by the parliament of European integration bills in the field of transport infrastructure.

Formation and development of the idea of freedom as a principle of law

It is indicated that the extraordinary importance of the researched issue is also confirmed by the content of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, which enshrines the importance of joint management of freedom of movement (migration flows) between territories and a comprehensive dialogue on all issues in the field of migration, in particular illegal migration, legal migration, illegal transportation of persons across the state border and human trafficking, as well as the inclusion of problematic issues in the field of migration in the national strategies of economic and social development of the regions where migrants come from. The special importance of the problems of freedom of movement within the framework of migration control is also reflected in national legislation by the fact that, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the principles of regulation of demographic and migration processes, as well as the procedure for the formation and functioning of free and other special zones with economic or a migration regime different from the general one.
 The authors note that the formation and development of the ideas of freedom as a principle of law is a constant process that reflects the challenges of different eras. The modern world requires not only the maintenance of these ideas, but also their active improvement in accordance with the new realities and progress of society. Ensuring freedom remains the main task for human rights defenders, legislators and citizens. Paying attention to new challenges, such as global problems, technological progress, socio-cultural transformations, allows improving existing concepts of freedom and adapting them to new conditions.
 Joint efforts, effective international cooperation and mutual respect for human rights are key elements for the development of ideas of freedom. The global community should actively work on creating inclusive and effective human rights protection mechanisms at all levels.
 In the light of the new challenges facing humanity, the preservation and development of the ideas of freedom become not only the task of legislators, but also a matter of public consciousness and the active participation of every member of society. Only a joint effort and a constant willingness to improve our understanding of freedom can ensure the permanence of this important principle of law in the present and future world.

Challenges in Harmonising the Tax Legislation of the Republic of Moldova with that of the European Union

In July 2014, the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova ratified the Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, of the one part, (hereinafter – the AA RM-UE). According to the AA, the Republic of Moldova is to harmonise its national legislation to the acquis communautaire and the respective actions and deadlines are set. Harmonization of national legislation, including tax legislation, is a prerequisite for achieving the objective of the Republic of Moldova’s accession to the European Union. Our study highlights the main challenges in the field of tax legislation that public authorities are to manage during the harmonization process.

The failure of Euratom to harmonize the EU nuclear safety and environmental regulation. Can a recent ECJ judgment become a breakthrough, beneficial for EU’s quest for a sustainable, renewable-driver future?

The Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (known as the Euratom Treaty), which was signed on 25 March 1957, contained commitments to promote nuclear energy technology and to integrate financial and technical efforts to develop that technology in the six signatory countries, in order to enhance wealth creation and the wellbeing of their citizens. The 66 year history of the Euratom Treaty undoubtedly shows that it didn’t fulfil its promises and worse, it became completely obsolete in the light of the European integration efforts contained in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article examines its fundamental shortcomings, whereby national interests in nuclear energy were at the forefront and whereby the harmonization of Nuclear Safety Standards and the protection of the environment and the health of the EU citizens became secondary, when confronted with industrial interests and the promotion of nuclear technologies (promotion which still continues for an industrial nuclear sector which is fully mature). This provoked a painful discord between nuclear counties and non-nuclear EU Member States, still the Achilles’ heel of Euratom as can be concluded from the discussion regarding nuclear energy as part of the EU Green Taxonomy. Euratom can be seen as the flagship of the pro-nuclear countries, albeit that the content of the Treaty is obsolete, as will be explained below from a legal angle. Because the EU Commission is the executive body of the Euratom Community, it is to blame for the failure to harmonize the safety standards as foreseen in the Euratom Treaty and for the unwillingness to integrate the EU legal environmental principles into nuclear law. It will be argued that the Nuclear Basic Safety Standards, as foreseen by the Euratom Treaty and the secondary Euratom Directives, are ‘empty shells’ and should no longer stand in isolation from the EU environmental acquis. The Justification and the ALARA principles should be informed by the Precautionary Principle and the Polluter Pays Principle. This entails that with the risks of global warming (such as heat waves, floodings, cooling water, wildfires, terrorism etc.) and the many caveats on nuclear decommissioning and disposal of high-level nuclear waste, the equation between the advantages of nuclear power (e.g., minor CO2 emissions) and its major risks should be reconsidered, not leaving this justification process to the nuclear industry, as in Belgium. The EU national governments should undertake this justification process at every stage of their political decisions regarding nuclear energy (e.g., life time extension), in full transparency and giving access to justice, as foreseen in the AARHUS Convention. A specialized EU Nuclear Safety Agency should receive a mandate by the EU Commission to harmonize such a justification process in the EU Member States and to harmonize the Nuclear Basic Safety Standards. The elementary decisions on the future of (nuclear) energy should be taken in a democratic way and not based on the promotional Euratom Treaty, in the light of the EU Green Deal and the energy transition towards renewable energy sources.

Reform of competition legislation in Ukraine

The scientific article is devoted to determining the specifics of the reform of competition legislation in Ukraine. On the path of European integration, Ukraine faces the need to reform certain spheres of state power, in particular in the area of regulation of competition law, following the example of the countries of the European Union. By signing the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, Ukraine undertook to fulfill a number of provisions on bringing national legislation into line with the legislation of European countries. One of the directions of bringing national legislation to the legislation of European countries is the need for compliance with national legislation, in particular Article 256 of the Association Agreement, the provisions of which will be analyzed in this scientific article. In addition, the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Improving the Activities of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine” dated August 9, 2023 3295­IX, adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, will be analyzed. The article will also note that the reform of competition legislation in Ukraine consists in the implementation of this law, the provisions of which will enter into force in 2024. The article will point out the shortcomings and advantages of this Law and determine the main provisions that will ensure compliance of national competition legislation with the provisions of the Association Agreement. The specifics of the changes that will take place in the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine in the process of implementing the norms of the above-mentioned Law, as well as the specifics of the changes in economic procedural legal relations, will also be considered. In addition, the scientific article will reveal how the relevant law will affect the activities of the notary and the National Police in Ukraine.

The german «model» of criminal-legal protection of the circulation of medicines and the circulation of medical products: concepts and structure

The article examines the German «model» of criminal law protection of circulation of medicines and circulation of medical products. A number of obligations assumed by Ukraine after the conclusion of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, are analyzed. In particular, obligations related to the legal protection of medicines and medical products.
 The subject of the authors’ consideration is the European standards of the «model» of criminal law protection of circulation of medicines and circulation of medical products against their counterfeiting (falsification), which Ukraine is obliged to take into account (according to the Medicrime convention).
 The criminal legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany is studied, as it provides the most complete protection of the circulation of medicines and the circulation of medical products. The German Medicines Act (1976) and the German Medical Products Act (2002) were developed by the authors.
 The German approach in defining the concept of medicinal products in the Law on Circulation of Medicinal Products is presented, which, according to the authors, is important because it «contradicts» the approach laid down in the Medicrime Convention.
 The article pays attention to the types of German criminal offenses that encroach on the established order of circulation of medicinal products and the types of criminal offenses that encroach on the established order of circulation of medical products.
 The authors find that the main advantages of the German «model» are the detailed inclusion of the provisions of the regulatory legislation, which ensures the circulation of medicinal products and the circulation of medical products, in the content of the structural elements of a specific type of criminal offense: a) in the content of objective and subjective signs of the corresponding composition of the act (on one «level» of the structure of the criminal offense), as well as b) the illegality of these criminal offenses (on another «level» of the structure).
 The content of “the circulation of medicines” and “the circulation of medical products”, provided for in the relevant provisions of the German Law on the circulation of medicines and the Law on medical products, is analyzed.

МАЛОМОБІЛЬНІ ГРУПИ НАСЕЛЕННЯ: МІЖНАРОДНІ ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

The article examines the essence of the category of population groups with low mobility in terms of legal regulation at the international and national level. It was noted that depending on age and health status, any person at different periods of his/her life can be classified as a low-mobility population group. Therefore, one of the urgent problems of today is the problem of creating equal opportunities for all members of society in all spheres of social life. The main problems with regard to the population groups with low mobility are emphasized as the imperfection of the legislative and normative regulation of issues of providing an accessible environment for the population groups with low mobility; the issue of creating conditions for the formation of an accessible living environment for such groups; lack or ineffectiveness of coordination and interaction of state authorities, local self-government bodies, businesses and public organizations in the field of creating an accessible environment. International standards do not contain the concept of “population groups with low mobility” and the list of persons belonging to this category. However, the creation of a real barrier-free space for groups with limited mobility is one of the primary requirements in connection with the ratification of the European Social Charter (revised), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other. In Ukraine, the legal basis for the definition of the concept of “population groups with low mobility” and the list of persons belonging to them is the Law of Ukraine “On Regulation of Urban Development Activities”, the National Strategy for the Creation of a Barrier-Free Space in Ukraine for the Period up to 2030, State Building Regulations and other normative and legal acts. Key words: population groups with low mobility, international standards, barrier-free space, normative and legal acts.

Legal aspects of deep tech innovations in ukraine in the context of european integration processes

Problem setting. In the conditions of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the destroyed infrastructure, the loss of a large part of the raw material bases, the littering of agricultural lands, our state especially needs the implementation of progressive solutions with the aim of rebuilding the economy based on innovation and creating products with high added value. On the other hand, in the context of European integration processes, a comprehensive and rapid adaptation of legal, state, economic, scientific and other elements to the realities of EU functioning is necessary. Thus, there is a need to study the content of deep tech innovations, as a new wave of innovations, defined in the New European Innovation Agenda dated 07.05.2022, as well as the main legal aspects of its practical implementation in Ukraine. analysis of recent researches and publications. Some separate aspects of the issue of deep tech innovations received attention, both by foreign authors, in particular, in the works of O. B. Apodaca, L. Frolund, F. Murray, S. Pamela, A.Swain, and in the works domestic scientists I. Podorychyva, M. Haustov, P. Kartashov and others. At the same time, the issue of deep tech innovations requires a more detailed study as a separate phenomenon, including with the aim of introducing its legal regulation in Ukraine. Purpose of the research is to determine the essence and content of deep tech innovations as a «new wave» of innovations in the European Union, taking into account the scientific approaches proposed by foreign and domestic scientists. In addition, an important goal of the article is to determine the expediency and ways of adapting the main legal aspects of the development and support of such innovations in Ukraine, including in the context of European integration processes in our country. article’s main body. The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of deep tech innovations, as a new wave of innovations in the world and in the European Union, in particular. The main provisions of the legal regulation of the specified innovations in the EU have been defined. Some scientific approaches of foreign and Ukrainian scientists to understanding the essence, content, and definition of the concept of deep tech innovations are given. An attempt was made to characterize deep tech innovation as a new wave of innovations that are based on advanced science, technology and engineering, are mostly physical products, often combine achievements in the physical, biological and digital spheres and have the potential to provide transformative solutions to global challenges of humanity. The issue of legal regulation of the specified concept in Ukrainian legislative acts has been studied. The main features of innovative processes in Ukraine related to the full-scale invasion of our country are given. The need to implement the main aspects of the legal regulation of the development of deep tech innovations in Ukraine is substantiated, including on the basis of the analysis of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, as well as practical expediency. conclusions and prospects for the development. According to the results of the analysis of innovation processes taking place recently, it was established that the surface aspects of deep tech innovations, despite the lack of definition in legislation, are applied in practice, in particular, at the initiative of foreign partners, including the European Union. At the same time, the mentioned concept is relatively new for Ukrainian legal science and not sufficiently studied. At the same time, in our opinion, in order to adapt the provisions of Ukrainian legislation to the EU Acquis, it is advisable to pay attention to the legal regulation of the main aspects of the specified concept.

The transnational archival memory of European integration

The European Coal and Steel Community established in 1951, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Economic Community, both established in 1957, built the roots of the European single market and are direct forerunners of today’s European Union. The vision of a united post-War (Western) Europe went far beyond economic considerations, as can be seen in the preamble of the Rome Treaties with its concept of “ever closer union”. It made the European Union a unique transnational political and cultural phenomenon based on common values and supranational decision-making processes. Archives hold the memory of the multi-levelled European integration process. European integration produced a new model of transnational archives with specific privileges, immunities and working methods. These archives preserve the legal acts, negotiations, correspondence, and documents produced by intergovernmental or nongovernmental European institutions and organisations and make them available to the public. The Historical Archives of the European Union play a central role in transmitting the memory, informing the public and fostering research on these diverse types of archives.

Soviet Response to the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)

This article discusses the way the USSR reacted to the creation of the supranational European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The authors believe that the Soviet criticism of German and French nuclear programs was, at least, partially, objective and non-ideological. The study featured documents on Soviet foreign policy that described the initial reaction of the USSR to the Euratom plans, suggested alternative options for European cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear energy, and showed the evolution of the Soviet approach to European integration. Western Europe and the United States had their own goals in the development of the peaceful nuclear industry in Europe. The fears expressed by the USSR were related to the membership of the Federal Republic of Germany in Euratom and the role the United States intended to assume in this organization. Eventually, Moscow accepted a more neutral position in relation to the Euratom and other integration processes in Western Europe.

Property rights to others' property in the context of updating the civil legislation of Ukraine

Ukraine has constitutionally established its European integration aspirations, and therefore ensuring effective and proper legal regulation of property rights to other people's property in the context of updating the civil legislation of Ukraine are important issues. Carrying out reforms in the context of European integration processes is intended to change and improve approaches to both the grounds for acquisition and termination of real property rights. Therefore, it is appropriate to identify trends in their development, taking into account proposals for their reform, since any significant change in this area will inevitably lead to a new quality of legal regulation of the studied relations. Regulation of property rights to other people's property should be carried out taking into account the impact on this sphere of legal relations of the "normative content" of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand.
 It has been expressed in the article a position on certain aspects of the legal regulation of the acquisition of ownership by acquisitive prescription, servitude, emphyteussis, superficies, acquisition or preservation of property without sufficient legal grounds. The issue of proper legal regulation of forced termination of rem rights to property has become especially relevant in modern conditions. Therefore, special attention has been paid to requisition as a basis for terminating real property rights.
 The author concluded that the departure from the concept of the absoluteness of property rights was dictated by the change and expansion of the list of property rights, which in the modern period cannot be considered closed. The Civil Code of Ukraine emphasizes that other property rights to other people's property may be established by law. Interpreting this provision, one can come to the conclusion that the list of property rights defined in Art. 395 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is established by law, and not by agreement of the participants in property relations.

Estimated Radiation Dose to the Lens During Endourologic Procedures: The Role of Leaded Glasses and the ALARA Protocol-An ESU/ESUT-YAU Endourology Group Collaboration.

Purpose: On February 6, 2018, the European Atomic Energy Community reduced the annual equivalent dose limit for the lens from 150 to 20 mSv/year, because of its association with cataracts at low radiation doses. Our aim was to estimate the radiation doses received by the lens during endourologic procedures that require fluoroscopy. Materials and Methods: Multicenter study including prospective data of annual eye dosimeters between 2017 and 2020. Four endourologists used an eye dosimeter in endourologic procedures that require fluoroscopy (ureteroscopy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy). Surgeons 1 and 2 wore leaded glasses; surgeon 1 also used the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) protocol. Descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS 25.0 was conducted. Results: Surgeons 1, 2, 3, and 4 performed a median of 159, 586, 102, and 129 endourologic procedures per year, respectively, for a total of 641, 2340, 413, and 350 procedures between 2017 and 2020. The median annual dose of lens radiation exposure was 0.16, 1.18, 3.79, and 1.42 mSv per year, respectively, which corresponds to 0.001, 0.009, 0.024, and 0.012 mSv per procedure. The two surgeons who used leaded glasses registered a lower radiation dose per procedure (0.001 vs 0.027). Similarly, the urologist who used the ALARA protocol registered the lowest lens radiation dose compared with the three surgeons who did not use it (0.001 vs 0.023). Conclusions: The endourologists who participated in this study effectively comply with current guidelines on radiation exposure to the lens. Registered eye lens radiation does not seem to be related to the number of procedures but rather to the use of leaded glasses and the ALARA protocol.

An Evaluation of Radon in Drinking Water Supplies in Major Cities of the Province of Chimborazo, Central Andes of Ecuador

The activity concentrations of 222Rn were measured in 53 public water supplies of underground (50) and surface (3) origin, and the relation of such with five geological units where these supplies are located, in the central Ecuadorian Andes, was also explored. These units supply drinking water to 10 cities, located between the 1500 and 3120 m.a.s.l. The experimental setup consisted of the RAD7 radon detector and the RAD H2O degassing system. The 222Rn levels measured in groundwater ranged from 0.53 to 14.78 Bq/L while surface waters did not indicate detectable radon levels. The radon concentrations were below the parametric value of 100 Bq/L for water intended for human consumption, recommended by the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) in its Directive 2013/51, and the alternative maximum contamination level (AMCL) of 150 Bq/L, proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Pisayambo Volcanic unit, mapped as intermediate volcaniclastic to felsic deposits, presented a mean radon concentration higher than the other geological units and lithologies (9.58 ± 3.04 Bq/L). The Cunupogyo well (11.36 ± 0.48 Bq/L) presented a radon concentration more than 70% higher than the neighboring springs, which may be explained by its proximity to the Pallatanga geological fault. The maximum annual effective doses, by cities, due to the ingestion and inhalation of radon, ranged from 0.010 to 0.108 mSv and from 0.008 to 0.091 mSv, respectively; therefore, these waters do not represent a risk to the health of the population. In addition, a correlation was observed between the activity concentration of 222Rn and the activity concentration of the parent 226Ra in samples collected from some springs.

CHOOSING A TURBOCOMPRESSOR MODEL FOR CONVERTING FREE INLET DIESELS TO TURBOCHARGED DIESELS

The use of supercharged diesel engines improves the combustion process, increases the efficiency of the engine and the overall efficiency of its operation. As a concomitant beneficial effect, there is an increase in the environmental performance of the engine. All of the above factors are particularly relevant for solving the problem of converting so-called "atmospheric" diesel engines into turbocharged engines, and the objects of conversion can be a fleet of old engine models that have not exhausted their resource. The results of the research of this article can be used for the implementation of the association agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, in particular, Chapter 6 and Chapter 17 of Chapter V. The purpose of the article is creation of a methodology for determining turbocharger parameters, based on engine intake process parameters and selection, based on these parameters, of a turbocharger model for conversion of "atmospheric" turbocharged diesels. The research methods are based on the thermal calculation of the Hrynevetsky-Mazing engine, the calculation of the regulatory characteristic of the engine according to the cubic trinomial equation, the determination of the characteristic modes of the engine according to the regulatory characteristic, the calculation of the air consumption by the engine depending on the speed of rotation of the crankshaft in different modes of operation of the engine and the superimposition of the obtained results of the air consumption on the "turbo card" of the turbocharger, which allows you to establish the correspondence of the turbocharger model to the engine brand. Calculations were carried out using the mathematical editor Mathcad and Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The results of the obtained calculations and the methodology can be the basis for the development of recommendations for the choice of a turbocharger when converting "atmospheric" diesel engines with turbocharging. Such recommendations will be useful to agricultural producers, in which the tractor fleet has old brands of tractors with non-supercharged engines that have not exhausted their resource.