Eurasian Economic Union Member States Research Articles

Analysis of the Legislation of the EEU Countries in the Field of Combating Cybercrime

The article presents an analysis of cybersecurity legislation in the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), focusing on Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus. In four parts of the article, the main aspects of the legal regulation of cybercrime in each of these countries are considered, as well as problems and shortcomings in legislation are identified. Outdated norms and ambiguities in legislation that are unable to adequately respond to modern challenges of cybercrime are discussed. The importance of an integrated approach to cybersecurity is emphasized, which includes not only legal regulation, but also technical, organizational and educational measures. It is proposed to conduct a more in-depth analysis and comparison of legislation to identify common trends, differences and the effectiveness of measures taken in the fight against cybercrime.Aim. Analysis of the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states in the field of cybersecurity and cybercrime prevention, identification of common trends and differences, evaluation of the effectiveness of measures taken, and determination of directions for further improvement of cybersecurity in the region.Tasks. Analysis of the legislation of the EAEU member states in the field of cybersecurity, evaluation of measures taken to counter cyber threats, identification of common trends and differences in regulatory approaches, determination of directions for improving the legal framework and practical measures in combating cybercrime.Methods. Analysis of the legal acts of the EAEU member states on cybersecurity and cybercrime, comparative analysis to identify common trends and differences, evaluation of the effectiveness of legislation in countering cyber threats, identification of problems, and proposal of directions for improving the legal framework considering modern challenges in cybersecurity.Results. Expected improvement in information exchange and experience sharing, development of common strategies and standards in cybersecurity, reduction in the number of successful cyberattacks through joint efforts, and enhancement of the security level of information systems and data through joint technical and organizational measures.Conclusions. Cooperation among the EAEU member states in cybersecurity can lead to a reduction in the number of cybercrimes, enhancement of the security level of information systems and data, stimulation of innovative development in the digital sphere, and strengthening trust in electronic services and the development of the digital economy in the region, which are key aspects in the modern information society.

Current regulatory requirements for stability studies of biological medicinal products: a review

INTRODUCTION. The stability assessment of biological medicinal products (BMPs) requires special approaches and regulatory requirements. Therefore, BMPs require relevant national guidelines, which are an important prerequisite for the assurance of the safe and effective use of BMPs.AIM. This study aimed to analyse national and international requirements for the stability assessment of BMPs in order to use the results to inform future development of a unified regulatory approach to estimating and confirming shelf-life periods for BMPs.DISCUSSION. Most biotechnological medicinal products (BTMPs) are proteins and are highly sensitive to environmental factors by nature. Therefore, the shelf life of a BTMP is established on the basis of real-time stability studies. Stability testing under accelerated and stress conditions is conducted to support shelf-life claims and to characterise the mechanism of protein structure degradation. The results of accelerated and stress studies can be used to select the most sensitive stability-indicating parameters and testing methods. National and international regulatory authorities have developed specialised guidelines for stability studies of BMPs of various origins, and the stability assessment approaches in the regulatory system of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are harmonised with international standards. Special considerations associated with the stability of vaccines imply that stability studies of vaccines should not only establish shelf life but also investigate stability after reconstitution and after short-term temperature excursions from the recommended cold-chain conditions.CONCLUSIONS. Special stability testing considerations for various groups of BMPs (including BTMPs and immunobiologicals) indicate the need to develop and improve the system of requirements for BMP stability assessment. This will facilitate the optimisation of the life cycle of BMPs in the Russian Federation and the other EAEU member states.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of investment projects projects of the eaeu regions

Relevance. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is the most important instrument of cooperation between Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as the most important strategic entity in the context of modern geopolitical realities. It is in such an unstable period that joint cooperation is an integral feature of the long-term development of the member states of the union. The article examines the processes of development and implementation of the largest construction projects within the EAEU, as well as examines the issues of financing these projects, and evaluates the effectiveness of their implementation for each participating country.The purpose of the work is to identify the role of the EAEU in the development of the participating countries, their points of contact and cooperation.Objectives: to analyze the volume of completed construction works of the EAEU member states, the number of housing squares commissioned on the territory of the EAEU; to estimate the amount of investments invested in the largest investment projects of the EAEU in the participating countries.Methodology. The basis of the study is the database of the official portal of the Eurasian Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The materials of Russian and foreign experts published in the official publication of the Eurasian Union "Bulletin of the EEA" were also used in this study. Methods of comparison, synthesis and analysis of information resources were used in the study. Results. The unified strategy for the economic development of the EAEU member states, taking into account internal and external challenges, is implemented mainly through the active development and development of the largest investment programs throughout the Union.Conclusions. The active work of the EAEU brings tangible benefits and advantages to each member country of the union through the exchange of technologies, production experience and resources, as well as through the development of transport infrastructure. At the same time, questions remain about the sufficiency of the contribution of specific States to joint development, since some of them do not have a sufficient level of development and a sufficient amount of natural resources.

Special Aspects of Legal Regulation of a State Order in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Member States

Special Aspects of Legal Regulation of a State Order in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Member States

International Legal Regulation of Pension Provision of Workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States

Introduction. The present article examines the conditions of the formation and functioning of the pension protection system for member states’ workers of the Eurasian Economic Union. The study of pension issues in the EAEU is based, inter alia, on the review of a number of international treaties as the legal framework of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. In the context of this work the author has also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the provisions of the Agreement on pension provision of workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States dated December 20, 2019 as well as the relevant practice of the EAEU Court.Materials and methods. In the course of preparing the article, international treaties included in the legal framework of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space in the field of pension provision for migrant workers, as well as the relevant norms of the Union law and the practice of the EAEU Court, have been studied. The theoretical basis of this work consists of the research of domestic specialists in the field of international law, dedicated to the common labor market of the EAEU. The methodological basis of the study is the following general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena: methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and analogy. The special scientific methods that the author has also used in his research include formal legal, comparative legal and historical legal methods of cognition.Research results. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the development and signing in 2019 of the Agreement on pension provision of workers of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States is a key step in building a pension system for workers in the EAEU countries. Despite the fact that this international treaty, which entered into force on January 1, 2021, is still standing the test of time, there is no doubt that its implementation is one of the important conditions for the successful functioning of the Union’s common labor market.Discussion and conclusion. Ensuring the free movement of labor within the framework of modern regional integration organizations is inextricably linked with providing workers with equal guarantees in the field of pension provision, as well as the protection of their acquired pension rights. It is possible that the positive dynamics of labor migration in the EAEU is due, among other things, to the transition to a qualitatively new level of legal regulation of pension provision for workers in its member states. At the same time, as follows from the analysis of the practice of the EAEU Court, the interest of states in clarifying certain norms of the Union law in the relevant area remains quite high.

Current State and Prospects for Developing Carbon Integration in the Eurasian Space

The processes of decarbonisation of the world economy, expressed among other things in the increasing use by states of carbon pricing mechanisms and the strengthening of the role of green protectionism in international trade, create certain challenges for the competitiveness of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries, setting them the task of harmonizing national approaches within the framework of the climate agenda and subsequent carbon integration. This article, based on a comprehensive analysis of the economic and legal aspects of national and supranational climate regulation, examines factors that can contribute to the development of such integration in the Eurasian space, and identifies existing and potential challenges that could have an impact on it. We propose a definition of carbon integration as one of the areas of climate integration, analyzed the current conditions for its development, and identified potential measures for its further improvement and regulation in the EAEU. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite such factors as the initial stage of climate integration in the Eurasian space, the existing differences in the climate regulation regimes of the countries of the association (manifested among other things in the heterogeneity of the development of institutional and legal frameworks for the application of carbon pricing mechanisms), the scale of the consequences of introducing the European CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) for the national economies of the countries under consideration, opportunities and conditions for investing in green projects and greening of production, carbon integration remains one of the necessary conditions for the successful development of trade and economic relations of the EAEU member states at both regional and global levels.

Concept for improving customs and tariff mechanisms for regulating international trade

The purpose of the study is to develop main provisions of the concept of improving customs tariff mechanisms for regulating international trade. As the subject of the study, the fundamental elements of the customs mechanisms development concept have been defined: principles, tasks, tools, etc. In order to develop competitiveness in the world economy and international trade, it is relevant to adapt to the changing conditions of international business and identify the area where it is necessary to take measures to support it. The necessity of improving customs mechanisms for regulating international trade has been substantiated. The research methodology is based on the scientific literature analysis, comparative analysis, statistical data systematization and analysis. The main study result is the presentation of the concept of the processes of improving customs-tariff mechanisms of international trade and its elements regulation, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of customs-tariff measures for developing international trade in the Eurasian Economic Union member states. The concept proposes directions for systematization and improvement of supranational level customs regulation tools, which remains an important task for the near future, especially in view of changes in the foreign trade of Russian enterprises as a result of the trade conflicts aggravation caused by political and economic relations deterioration between the US, the European Union member states, and Russia. The study results application scope can be determined by a wide range of users, such as government executive authorities and customs service, logistics and commercial companies, as well as the scientific community. In the future, the proposed concept application in practical activities will ensure a business-friendly environment creation in accordance with the requirements of the general trade and customs policy and investments promotion related to the international trade development.

Higher education in the Eurasian Economic Union: Potential and problems of cooperation

To solve the integration tasks of forming a common labor market, interpenetration of values and ideas, ensuring mutual understanding and trust between peoples, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) needs a single educational space, similar educational and professional standards, mutual recognition of diplomas, academic degrees and titles. The article considers academic mobility within the EAEU and current practices of cooperation between its member-states and observer countries in the field of higher education based on the data of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (to assess the efficiency of promoting the ideas of Eurasian integration) and on the results of the authors’ empirical research (to identify potential for the development of cooperation between the EAEU member-states and observer countries in the field of education). The authors show a decrease in student exchange between universities of member-states and an increase in the number of students from non-CIS countries; Russia still accepts more students than its EAEU partners, which proves the inequality of student and teachers’ academic mobility and the need for changes in legislation and funding under the growing competition with Turkey, Europe and China in the field of education. The article considers the development of the structure and programs of educational cooperation, the expansion of branches of leading universities in other countries, the creation by leading universities of the Consortium, Eurasian Network University and Slavic Universities, and so on. The development of cooperation between the EAEU member-states and observer countries in the field of higher education requires an agreement between participants of integration at the highest level, classification of the higher education issues as a separate area of cooperation, expansion of legal regulation of cooperation issues and creation of an institutional form for the EAEU management in the sphere of higher education.

ИНТЕГРАЦИОННЫЕ НОРМЫ В СФЕРЕ МИГРАЦИИ: ПОНЯТИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ МИГРАЦИОННОГО ПРАВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The purpose of this study is to study the concept and significance of integration norms in the field of migration and their impact on the development of Russian migration law as a sub-branch of administrative law, there is a lack of development of the concept of integration norms and forms of their objectification.As a result of the study, it was revealed that integration norms have a set of specific features that distinguish them from the norms of international and national law, which is due to the very legal nature of their occurrence and the role that they play in achieving the goals of the integration association, which is the Eurasian Economic Union. Conclusion: as a result of the study, a definition of the integration norm was formulated, integration norms in the field of external labor migration of workers of the Eurasian Economic Union member states were considered, their subinstitutional place in the system of Russian migration law was recognized.

РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ КАК ЦЕНТР НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ СТРАН-ЧЛЕНОВ ЕАЭС: АНАЛИЗ ПУБЛИКАЦИОННОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The study examines the representation of scientific research outcomes from member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) within the Russian scientific database eLIBRARY.RU in the field of economics and economic sciences. Methods of scientometric and bibliometric analysis were employed to analyze metadata from over 12 publications available in the scientific databases eLIBRARY.RU, Scopus, and Crossref. Recommendations have been formulated for the overall development of the Russian Federation and, specifically, for the eLIBRARY.RU platform as a center for scientific and technical cooperation among EAEU member countries. The results show that among the authors registered on the platform from the EAEU countries (other than the Russian Federation), the share of authors-economists from Belarus is higher than from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Armenia, however, it is generally small. The authors from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia have a similar distribution of average values in terms of published materials, however, unlike Belarus, there are almost no registered economic authors with a significant number of publications in these countries. A significant absence of previously published works, archival data and an extremely small number of indexed economic scientific peer-reviewed publications from the EAEU member states were also revealed on the platform. None of the journals of Russia’s EAEU counterpart countries presented on the eLIBRARY.RU, is not included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission, the core of the RSCI, Web of Science or Scopus. In addition, it was determined that in the EAEU countries there is a wide range of thematic areas of economic and interdisciplinary research covering education, digital technologies, agriculture and other areas. Among them there are general thematic areas that unite science in the EAEU countries, including globalization, digital transformation, agriculture, sustainable development, innovation, education and others. Based on the results obtained, the team of authors formed recommendations for the development of the Russian Federation as a whole, and the eLIBRARY. RU, in particular, as a center for scientific and technical cooperation of the EAEU member states.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING AND POTENTIAL RISKS AND THREATS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONNECTION OF THE EAEU AND THE BRI

In the modern multipolar world, regional organizations and associations are changing the existing world order. Each of these associations has its own goals and influence, which determine their place and role in the geopolitical world. The relevance of the conjunction between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Chinese Belt and Road Project (BRI) is expressed in identifying the main goals of the conjunction. This article identifies existing threats and risks, benefits and prospects as a result of the combination of two projects. The methodological research is based on system analysis, as well as a comparative analysis of the dynamics of GDP, exports and other economic indicators of the EAEU countries and China. Currently, the competitiveness of the EAEU countries with China, as well as the observance of the national interests of the EAEU member states remains an issue requiring attention. Based on the results of the analysis, a conclusion is drawn both about the benefits of building a new type of relationship, and about the remaining challenges.

Economic crime in the new Kazakhstan – a comparative analysis of the criminal legislation of EAEU member states

Relevance. Economic criminal offences are a factor in slowing a country's development. The number of such crimes is growing rapidly around the world, and the methods of committing them are becoming increasingly sophisticated, which determines the relevance of establishing new methods of countering economic crime and reforming legislation in this area, including in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore the essence, characteristics and features of economic crime, as well as the grounds for criminal liability for economic crimes in the Eurasian Economic Union countries. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was dialectical and comparative methods, case study, abstraction, methods of system-structural and logical analysis, methods of registration and ranking, method of generalisation, which allowed to clarify the concepts and characteristics of economic crime; to consider available definitions of economic crime and individual provisions of the regulatory framework of Eurasian Economic Union member states on the regulation of economic crime; to characterise the legal nature of economic crime; to analyse the main scientific and methodological developments in this area. Results. The types of economic crimes in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union were compared; to compare types of economic crime in the Eurasian Economic Union member states; to identify current trends in economic crime within the Eurasian Economic Union; to find out the main advantages of each Eurasian Economic Union member state's national legislation to combat economic crime; to classify possible economic crimes; and to determine the number of economic crimes committed and record their rates in each Eurasian Economic Union state; to characterise the specifics of countering economic crime in the Eurasian Economic Union. Conclusions. The significance of the research results is to provide practical recommendations for improving the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of economic crime, as well as in the process of implementing policies and taking public management decisions in the field of countering economic crime in the Eurasian Economic Union states.

Digital Economy as a Driver of Regional Integration to Achieve Esg Principles: the Case of the Eurasian Economic Union

Objective: Analyzing digitalization as an innovation in the government policy of Eurasian Economic Union member states, the authors attempt to establish its further impact on the supranational level of management of the integration association. The researchers also point out the effect of e-government development on the digitalization of integration processes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of digitalization in the EAEU and its contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods: The study employs a comprehensive review of EAEU policies, digitalization projects, and the national strategies of member states related to digital transformation. It also examines data on the economic and social effects of these initiatives. Results: The article reveals that the EAEU's digitalization efforts have significantly enhanced economic integration, trade efficiency, and the quality of public services. These digital initiatives have also shown promise in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable economic growth. The results underscore the importance of digital infrastructure and cross-sectoral cooperation in achieving these outcomes. Conclusion: In conclusion, digitalization within the EAEU is proving to be a transformative force, shaping the region's economic landscape and contributing to sustainable development. By embracing digital technologies and fostering collaboration among member states, the EAEU is well-positioned to harness the full potential of the digital economy while addressing critical sustainability issues. To maximize the benefits and mitigate challenges, continued coordination and investment in digital skills and infrastructure are essential for the EAEU's long-term success in the digital era.

The Strategy of Russia in the Trans-Eurasian Connectivity

It was observed in the recent period that strategic initiatives enhancing connectivity in the Eurasian continent. Since 2014, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been promoted by China, and some CIS countries, including Russia, established the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in 2015. Several East–West routes exist, in contrast to which the INSTC is the only one meridional transcontinental corridor in the EAEU. The rapidly growing economy of India, on the other hand, for which the INSTC could be the land-based corridor of choice for efficient trade with Russia and Central Asia. Ongoing challenges, bureaucratic delays, and inter-regional disputes are the challenges likely to be faced by the project as competition for influence across Eurasia continues to heat up. INSTC may become a major game-changer in global trade as well as in the broader region provided it tackles all the obstacles in its way. The northwestern part of Europe and the Nordic countries, along with Central Asia and the Persian Gulf, are connected through this multimodal INSTC. Passing through the Suez Canal and Gibraltar, multimodal routes are to be facilitated for the shift of freight that flows from these sea routes. The INSTC has not gained as much traction as the existing Eurasian corridors and TRACECA, given sanctions imposed on Iran and bottlenecks in the transport infrastructure. The active interaction of the EAEU member states with India and Iran, over the last several years, as well as a better regulatory environment around the Caspian Sea, drove its development. To form the framework for a strong connectivity network from the Indian Ocean to the Baltic States and Scandinavia, for which the INSTC has much potential. Besides its significance economically and its capacity to improve the bilateral relations of member states, INSTC also has the potential to act as a major counterbalance to Chinese influence in the region of Central Asia where the interests of Russia, Iran, and India, the leading INSTC states, also align. Ongoing challenges, bureaucratic delays, and inter-regional disputes are the challenges likely to be faced by the project as competition for influence across Eurasia continues to heat up. INSTC may become a major game-changer in global trade as well as in the broader region provided it tackles all the obstacles in its way.

Non-recognizing the Other? Discursive deligitimation of the EAEU by the EU

ABSTRACT The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), despite being regarded as the most developed integration project in the post-Soviet area, has faced different hurdles in acquiring international recognition. Especially, the EU, the EAEU’s Significant Other, has been reluctant to formally recognize it, in spite of close ties with EAEU member states as well as of its own self-image as a supporter of regional integrations. This paper focuses on this puzzle and examines how the EU has been discursively explaining its non-recognition of the EAEU at the institutional level. Based on the analysis of EU-articulated narratives since 2010, the paper reveals three dominant representations of the EAEU in the EU discourse: (1) Russia’s geopolitical project; (2) a protectionist union; and (3) a dysfunctional union. These narratives have been used by Brussels to create the EAEU’s image as a threatening Other, thus justifying why the EU cannot formally recognize the EAEU and officially engage with it. The paper also identifies five different stages of the EU’s discursive representation of the EAEU since 2010, when its tone and content varied. The paper concludes that such non-recognition from the Significant Other still limits the EAEU’s international agency despite its increasing interest in cooperation with non-Western actors.

EAEU and China: Partnership in the Self-sufficiency Interests

This study is aimed at understanding the current state of trade and economic cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union member states and China and developing a progressive course towards its further intensification through integration advantages of the EAEU.Aim. Offer a new format for deeper economic cooperation between the EAEU and the PRK in accordance with the current global and regional development situation.Tasks. Assess the current state of cooperation between the EAEU member states and the PRC, with an emphasis on the trade and economic sphere, and highlight its strengths and weaknesses. Analyze practical examples of the implementation of bilateral and multilateral projects. Formulate the most promising areas for deepening partnership between the EAEU and China, structure and summarize them. Offer an effective way of comprehensive legal regulation of ãhe new format of cooperation.Methods. Various general scientific and special methods are used, among which are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, as well as descriptive research, system-functional and institutional methods. The comparative legal method was of particular importance.Results. Based on the analysis, a comprehensive understanding of the existing directions of cooperation between the EAEU member states and the PRC is submitted. Conclusions are drawn regarding the current model of conjugation of the Eurasian integration and the “One Belt — One Road” initiative. The most promising areas for joint efforts of the parties have been identified: investment partnership, cooperation in the financial and transport and logistics spheres, cooperation projects in the field of high tech. A mechanism of legal regulation (two-level conjugation model) for transferring cooperation between the EAEU and China to a new institutional level is presented.Conclusions. Transformation of the model of conjugation of the Eurasian integration and the “One Belt — One Road” initiative from the «5+1» format to the «1+1» format will contribute to the formation of a new dimension of cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC: Partnership in the Self-sufficiency Interests.

INVESTMENT COOPERATION OF THE EAEU COUNTRIES IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY

In the conditions of modern international political contradictions, the main task for any state is to strengthen trade, economic and investment cooperation with neighboring countries. On January 1, 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which unites the states of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, began its work. The purpose of this regional integration organization is the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor, as well as ensuring the implementation of a coordinated, coordinated and unified policy in the sectors of the economy.Despite numerous studies devoted to the consideration of the foundations of mutual investment cooperation of the EAEU countries, the peculiarities of the modern world economy require studying the structure of mutual investment cooperation within the framework of the main geopolitical and macroeconomic partnership. The article analyzes the main trends in the investment activity of the EAEU member states based on mathematical statistics methods, analyzes the features of the structure of mutual direct investment, the volume of investments in the fixed capital of the Union countries by type of economic activity. In the course of the study, the problems facing the Union states on the way to effective investment cooperation were identified, the investment intensity index was evaluated and the prospects for economic and financial integration of mutual cooperation were determined.

Industrial Policy in the EAEU Countries: Challenges and Solutions for Kazakhstan in the Competition and Intellectual Property Law

The paper describes and examines the industrial policies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states. It shows the need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, which relies on leading industries. The purpose of this article is to identify the main challenges for the industrial policy in Kazakhstan, taking into account its participation in the EAEU and the risks associated with distortion of competition as a result of hostile mergers and acquisitions, and to propose solutions intended to ensure a balance between competition protection and industrial policy. The paper’s objectives are to review the problems arising at the intersection of trade, innovation, and intellectual property in the EAEU countries and to develop recommendations for industrial and innovation policy. The article considers two main issues in accordance with the purpose: the industrial policy problems in the EAEU countries; the use of intellectual property and competition law for the development and protection of innovations. It is shown that the industrial policy of Kazakhstan and other EAEU countries remains insufficiently effective and has a contradictory nature. Since 2000, the economic complexity index decreased in most EAEU countries, the intensity of industrialization remained low, and the share of medium and high-tech manufacturing diminished. There is a need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy, to exclude selective advantages to specific firms, to focus on industry-wide industrial policy, the insufficient experience of EAEU member states in counteracting hostile and murderous takeovers, the complexity of innovation development system, protection of competition within the integration.

Assessment of Impact of Trade and Economic Cooperation of Kazakhstan with Russia, EAEU Countries and Third Countries on Development of Integration Processes of EAEU

The countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will strengthen cooperation despite external pressure. This is also confirmed by the issues discussed at the meeting of the Intergovernmental Council of the EAEU held in February 2022 in Nur-Sultan, where it was determined that the countries included in the Council will develop a common market for the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor. All the EAEU member states continue to make necessary decisions for the development of trade, economic and humanitarian relations, improving the quality of life and wellbeing of citizens of their citizens. The article contains the results of scientific and applied research carried out using the methods of logical, systematic, comparative, economic and statistical analysis. The most important directions of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan, the economies of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and third countries are revealed, which have a significant impact on the development of integration processes of the EAEU, and to identify promising areas of cooperation in key sectors of the two largest economies. The dynamics of the openness of the economy of Kazakhstan over the past 20 years is considered. The contribution of Eurasian integration to the economic growth of Russia and Kazakhstan is assessed. The authors suggest possible promising areas of cooperation in key industries that contribute to strengthening economic relations between Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Direct budget subsidizing as a factor of sustainable development of agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus

Currently, most of the world’s countries are pursuing an active agrarian policy in order to support national agricultural producers. At the same time, the ongoing changes in the global and domestic food markets, due to rising prices, reduction in the product range, and social tension in society require optimization of costs of the country’s budgets and development of proposals for the most effective measures. The paper presents an analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the efficiency of direct budget support for agricultural production used in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Taking into account the identified advantages and disadvantages of applying these approaches in practice in the Republic of Belarus, as well as using the experience of the EAEU member states, methodological approaches have been developed to assess the efficiency of state support measures aimed at subsidizing of: 1) compensation for the cost of production resources; 2) price support; 3) losses of banks related to issuing preferential loans to rural producers; 4) stimulating the volume of output and the efficiency of related types of economic activity by increasing the amount of resources produced by the agriculture. Based on the presented developments, the most rational level of production costs was determined, when each additional ruble (as well as according to types) invested in the production allows to get the maximum increase in performance indicators. In addition, a positive effect of stimulating the growth of agricultural production on the performance of manufacturing (food) industry entities has been determined. These developments can be used to justify the sources and volumes of financing the priority areas for development of agriculture in the Republic of Belarus in the mid- and long-term outlook.