Euphoria Longana Research Articles

Studies on morpho-biochemical changes of longan [Euphoria longana (Lour) Steud.] fruit during fruit growth and development for determination of maturity

Studies on morpho-biochemical changes of longan [Euphoria longana (Lour) Steud.] fruit during fruit growth and development for determination of maturity

Effect of Particle Size and Mass of Longan Peel (Euphoria Longan L.) as Adsorbent on The Adsorption of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue Dyes Using the Column Method

Dyes are a mixture of organic compounds that are synthesized in complex forms and are often used in the process of coloring products in various types of industries, so that this complex structure will be difficult to decompose naturally. Therefore, this dye will accumulate in the liquid waste. The accumulation of these dyes will cause harm to living things and the surrounding environment. Therefore, an effective method is needed to overcome this problem, a method that can be used to reduce the dye content in a simple and environmentally friendly way such as the adsorption method. In this study, the adsorption method using a column was used to absorb dyes from the cationic group, namely methylene blue and rhodamine B with adsorben derived from longan peel waste. In this study, the results obtained were the identification of longan peel containing several functional groups, namely O-H, C-H, C=O, -C-NO2, C=C, C-O-C, and C-N derived from alcohol, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, aromatic nitro compounds, and amines. By using a adsorbent particle size of 106 µm, it can absorb methylene blue and rhodamine B at 30.31 mg/g and 28.28 mg/g, respectively. The absorption of methylene blue with 0.1 gram of adsorbent resulted in an absorption capacity of 59.97 mg/g while 0.2 gram of adsorbent could absorb rhodamine B of 32.40 mg/g.

Formulation, Physical Quality, and Microbial Contamination Tests of Anti-Acne Cream from Longan (Euphoria longan [Lour. Steud.]) Seed Extract

Formulation, Physical Quality, and Microbial Contamination Tests of Anti-Acne Cream from Longan (Euphoria longan [Lour. Steud.]) Seed Extract

Evidence for the Participation of Chemosensory Proteins in Response to Insecticide Challenge in Conopomorpha sinensis

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a type of efficient transporters that can bind various hydrophobic compounds. Previous research has shown that the expression levels of some insect CSPs were significantly increased after insecticide treatment. However, the role of CSPs in response to insecticide challenge is unclear. Conopomorpha sinensis is the most destructive borer pest of litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Euphoria longan) in the Asia-Pacific region. Here, we studied the expression patterns and potential functions of 12 CSP genes (CsCSPs) from C. sinensis in response to λ-cyhalothrin exposure. The spatiotemporal distribution of CsCSPs suggested that they were predominantly expressed in the female abdomen, female legs, and male legs. The expression levels of CsCSPs were affected in a time-dependent manner after λ-cyhalothrin treatment in both sexes of C. sinensis adults. Compared to the control group, the expression levels of CsCSP1, CsCSP2, CsCSP9, and CsCSP12 in females were significantly increased by 2-4 times, while only one CsCSP, three CsCSPs, and two CsCSPs were significantly upregulated in males at three time points post-treatment. The sex-biased variance of CSP expression may be related to sex-specific detoxification enzymatic activities and survival rates of C. sinensis in response to insecticide challenge. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed that the binding energy value of CsCSP1-12 to λ-cyhalothrin was negative and the binding energy between CsCSP9 and λ-cyhalothrin was the lowest (-11.35 kJ/mol). Combined with expression alterations of CsCSP1-12, the results indicate that CsCSP1, CsCSP2, CsCSP9, and CsCSP12 were involved in binding and ferrying of λ-cyhalothrin in C. sinensis.

Antitumor effects of polyphenol-rich extract of Euphoria longana seed by vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta signaling inhibition in experimentally induced oral cancer in rats.

Oral cancers are found to have high risk in South Central Asia due to exposure of various risk factors. Euphoria longana Lam. (EL) has been traditionally used to relieve insomnia, prevent amnesia, and treat palpitation. In addition, EL has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities. The investigation was aimed to evaluate the mechanism of action and antitumor activity of polyphenol-rich EL seeds extract against oral cancer induced by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO). Seven groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were formulated: normal animals, oral cancer induced with 4-NQO, EL-treated normal control, EL-treated disease control from 0-day, EL-treated disease control from 60 days, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated disease control from day 60, and combined EL- and 5-FU-treated disease control animals from day 60. The animal tongue was smeared with 0.5% 4-NQO at frequency of thrice a week for 12 weeks to induce oral cancer. At the end of treatment, excised tongues were used for biochemical and tumour-specific parameters along with histopathology assessment. Treatment with EL, 5-FU, and combination of both in diseased animals exhibited significant improvement in interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels, antioxidant status together with histoarchitecture of the tongue tissue. In addition, the combination of both was slightly more effective than EL and 5-FU alone. Our data suggest antitumor activity of Euphoria longana Lam. Extract against 4-NQO induced oral cancer in rats, which could be attributed to alteration in the VEGF and TGF-β signaling axis.

FORMULATION OF TABLETS OF LONGAN (Euphoria Longana Lam) LEAVE EXTRACT WITH VARIATIONS OF POLYVYNY PIROLIDONE (PVP K-30) AS BINDER

Background: Longan leaf (Euphoria longana Lam) is one of the plants that can be used by the community as an antipyretic or fever reducer with phytochemical content of saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids, tannins, and glycosides. The tablet preparation was chosen in the formulation because it has an accurate dosage per tablet or per unit of use. This study aims to determine the concentration of PVP K-30 can produce tablet preparations from longan leaf extract as a binder that has good physical stability.Methods: Longan leaf extract was obtained by extraction by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. Tablet preparations were made with ethanol extract of longan leaves with varying concentrations of PVP K-30 2%,3%, and 4%. The granule physical stability test includes: water content test, angle of repose test, flow time test, and determination test. The results of the physical stability test of the granules all met the requirements. The tablet physical stability test was carried out on days 0, 7, 14, 21 including: organoleptic test (shape, color, smell, and taste), weight uniformity test, size uniformity test, hardness test, friability test and disintegration time test.
 
 Results: The best concentration of PVP K-30 as a binder in longan leaf extract tablets (Euphoria longana Lam) was formula I with a concentration of 2% PVP K-30 binder with a weight uniformity test value (1.611±0.056) size uniformity test ( 1.036±0.046) friability test (0.545±0.090) hardness test (5.494±0.080) disintegration time test (10:22±0.055).
 
 Conclusion: Higher levels of PVP K-30 increase hardness, reduce friability and increase tablet disintegration time

Chebulinic Acid Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Inhibiting PPP1CB Activity.

Depletion of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB), a serine/threonine protein phosphatase and potent adipogenic activator, suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Therefore, PPP1CB is considered as a potential therapeutic target for obesity. We screened 1033 natural products for PPP1CB inhibitors and identified chebulinic acid, which is abundantly present in the seeds of Euphoria longana and fruits of Terminalia chebula. Chebulinic acid strongly inhibited the hydrolysis of 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate by PPP1CB (IC50 = 300 nM) and demonstrated potent antiadipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional studies have demonstrated that chebulinic acid suppresses early differentiation by downregulating key transcription factors that control adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggested that chebulinic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating obesity by inhibiting PPP1CB activity.

Effect of diflubenzuron on the chitin biosynthesis pathway in Conopomorpha sinensis eggs.

Conopomorpha sinensis is the dominant borer pest of Litchi chinensis (litchi) and Euphoria longan (longan) in China. Control of C. sinensis is difficult because of its cryptic life habit; thus, an effective ovicide could be beneficial. The larvicidal effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) have been documented in many insect pest species. Therefore, DFB might be a useful ovicide to control C. sinensis. However, the detailed mode of action of DFB interference with insect molting and egg hatching is unclear. Thus, we studied alterations in expression of all genes potentially affected by DFB treatment using a transcriptome approach in 2-d-old C. sinensis eggs. Clean reads were assembled to generate 203455 unigenes and 440558 transcripts. A total of 4625 differently expressed genes, which included 2670 up-regulated and 1955 down-regulated unigenes, were identified. Chitin binding and chitin metabolic processes were among the most significant enriched pathways according to Gene Ontology analyses. Most of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway were unaffected, whereas genes that presumably encode cuticle proteins were up-regulated. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of 10 genes involved in the chitin biosynthesis pathway of C. sinensis embryos were observed in response to DFB treatment at different time points by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also observed abnormal development; there was reduced chitin content and modulated chitin distribution of newly hatched larvae, and altered egg hatching. Our findings illustrate an ovicidal effect of DFB on C. sinensis, and reveal more molecular consequences of DFB treatment on insects.

Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle Protein (USP) Genes From Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley Eggs: Identification and Expression in Response to Insecticides.

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) is the dominant insect pest of litchi (chinensis Sonn.) and longan (Euphoria longan Lour.) fruit trees. Management of this pest species is a challenging task due to its cryptic borer behavior. Controlling C. sinensis at the egg stage is the best alternative strategy to chemical control of C. sinensis adults. However, thorough studies regarding the indirect and sublethal effects of chemicals on the different developmental stages of C. sinensis are insufficient. In this study, the effect of some insecticides was evaluated on C. sinensis eggs. The ovicidal activity of chlorbenzuron, abamectin, chlorantraniliprole, and λ-cyhalothrin was confirmed by morphological observation of the defects in C. sinensis eggs. Moreover, we characterized four essential ecdysone receptor proteins in insects [i.e., two isoform ecdysone receptors (EcR: CsEcRA. CsEcRB) and two isoform ultraspiracle proteins (USP: CsUSP1, CsUSP2)] from C. sinensis eggs. The CsEcRA, CsEcRB, CsUSP1, and CsUSP2 genes consisted of 1521-, 1614-, 1410-, and 1236-bp open reading frames which encoded proteins of 506, 527, 469, and 413 amino acid residues, respectively. Furthermore, the embryonic differential responses of CsEcRs, CsUSPs, and vitellogenin receptor (VgR: CsVgR) to insecticides were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Among the five tested genes, CsVgR and CsUSP1 were the most sensitive to all the tested insecticides, with fold change of the expression diminished by 4.27–8.70 times compared with untreated control insects. The data suggests that these insecticidal compounds regulate the expression of these specific proteins, which might eventually lead to reduced viability of C. sinensis eggs. We present here the first data providing molecular elucidation of ecdysone receptor genes and their differential responses to insecticides in C. sinensis eggs. Together with our previous report of insecticide sublethal effects on two reproduction-related genes in C. sinensis adults, CsVgR and CsUSP1 seem to be appropriate molecular parameters for the evaluation of insecticide impact on C. sinensis. This study exemplifies the potential utility of transcriptional measurement of nuclear receptors as the molecular biomarkers for ecotoxicological evaluations of ovicidal impact of insecticides.

Keanekeragaman Tumbuhan yang diperjual-belikan di Nurseri Kranggan, Bekasi, Jawa Barat

Nursery is a places for buying, selling transactions and plants care in the urban. This study aims to reveal the diversity of plants that are traded in the Kranggan nursery, Bekasi, West Java. This research was conducted by surveying and interviewing nursery owners and managers to find out the types of plants being traded. Reponden was determined by purvosif sampling with criteria namely having a nursery of at least 100 m2 or having worked at the nursery for at least 2 years. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively statistically. Plants that are traded in Kranggan nursery vary greatly between one trader and another, namely between 93-140 species of plants. A total of a total of 197 plants were traded in the Kranggan nursery which were included in 158 genera and 76 families. When viewed from the habitus, most of the traded plants (86 species) are herbs, followed by trees (69 species), shrubs (36 species) and lianas (6 species). Mango ( Mangifera indica ), klengkeng ( Euphoria longana ), guava ( Psidium guajava ), are plants very potential to be developed because its favored by buyer. Bonsai plants such as anting putri ( Wrightia religiosa ) and Korean banyan ( Ficus campanulata ) have great economic and conservation potential because it has a high selling price and high fruiting frequency.

Effect of Biosorbent Particle Size on Biosorption of Lead (II) from Lengkeng Seeds and Shell (Euphoria logan Lour)

A study about the effect of biosorbent particle size on adsorption Pb ions from seeds and shell lengkeng ( Euphoria longan lour) has been conducted. Shell and seeds lengkeng were activated with HNO 3 and characterized by FTIR to analyze the mayor functional groups in biosorbent. The effect of seed and shell lengkeng ( Euphoria longan lour) on the adsorption capacity of Pb (II) metal ions was carried out with variation 106 μm, 150 μm, 250 μm, and 300 μm. The results obtained from the particle size 106 μm of seed and shell lengkeng have a greater adsorpsition of 25,626 mg/g dan 30,095 mg/g respectively. This study shows that the biosorbent particle size afffects the amount of adsorption of metal ions.

The preference choices of Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) for litchi based on its host surface characteristics and volatiles

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley is a host-specific pest of Litchi chinensis and Euphoria longan. Here, we demonstrated that C. sinensis has evolved special physical and chemical mechanisms for host plant location that enable it to survive and reproduce. Females favored laying their eggs on the convex surface of litchi fruit that had particular volatile characteristics. Experiments using a H-type olfactometer showed that female C. sinensis were attracted to litchi flowers, tender shoots, immature fruits, and mature fruits, with the highest attraction rate to mature fruits (74.67 ± 2.31%). There were no significant differences in the attraction of male C. sinensis to different litchi tissues. Further oviposition preference tests using the pericarp, pulp, and seeds of mature litchi fruits revealed that female C. sinensis prefer to lay their eggs on the pericarp. Litchi volatiles were found to be important in attracting C. sinensis to fruits for oviposition. Analysis of volatiles from different litchi tissues by HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 31 similar volatiles, some of which may be important in the oviposition preference choices of C. sinensis on litchi fruit.

Rapid and sensitive determination of major polyphenolic components in Euphoria longana Lam. seeds using matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and UHPLC with hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

A rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and determination of four major polyphenolic components in Euphoria longana Lam. seeds is presented for the first time based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Matrix solid-phase dispersion method was designed for the extraction of Euphoria longana seed constituents and compared with microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods. An Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion-trap mass spectrometry method was developed for quantitative analysis in multiple-reaction monitoring mode in negative electrospray ionization. The chromatographic separation was accomplished using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column with gradient elution of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The developed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r2 > 0.999), precision (RSD ≤ 2.22%) and recovery (RSD ≤ 2.35%). The results indicated that matrix solid-phase dispersion produced comparable extraction efficiency compared with other methods nevertheless was more convenient and time-saving with reduced requirements on sample and solvent volumes. The proposed method is rapid and sensitive in providing a promising alternative for extraction and comprehensive determination of active components for quality control of Euphoria longana products.

Characterization of the LP28 strain-specific exopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster found in the whole circular genome of Pediococcus pentosaceus

We have previously isolated a lactic acid bacterium (LAB), Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28, from the longan fruit Euphoria longana. Since the plant-derived LAB strain produces an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), in this study, we analyzed the chemical structure and the biosynthesizing genes for the EPS.The EPS, which was purified from the LP28 culture broth, was classified into acidic and neutral EPSs with a molecular mass of about 50kDa and 40kDa, respectively. The acidic EPS consisted of glucose, galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine moieties. Interestingly, since pyruvate residue was detected in the hydrolyzed acidic EPS, one of the four sugars may be modified with pyruvate. On the other hand, the neutral EPS consisted of glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine; pyruvate was scarcely detected in the polysaccharide molecule.As a first step to deduce the probiotic function of the EPS together with the biosynthesis, we determined the whole genome sequence of the LP28 strain, demonstrating that the genome is a circular DNA, which is composed of 1,774,865bp (1683 ORFs) with a GC content of 37.1%. We also found that the LP28 strain harbors a plasmid carrying 6 ORFs composed of 5366bp with a GC content of 36.5%. By comparing all of the genome sequences among the LP28 strain and four strains of P. pentosaceus reported previously, we found that 53 proteins in the LP28 strain display a similarity of less than 50% with those in the four P. pentosaceus strains. Significantly, 4 of the 53 proteins, which may be enzymes necessary for the EPS production on the LP28 strain, were absent in the other four P. pentosaceus strains and displayed less than 50% similarity with other LAB species. The EPS-biosynthetic gene cluster detected only in the LP28 genome consisted of 12 ORFs containing a priming enzyme, five glycosyltransferases, and a putative polysaccharide pyruvyltransferase.

Determination of Major Polyphenolic Components in Euphoria longana Lam. by Validated High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method and Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry

In the current study, a simple, sensitive, precise, and specific method has been developed and validated for the determination of four major polyphenolic compounds in Euphoria longana Lam. seeds based on high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and confirmed by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). The chromatographic separation was accomplished on Merck HPTLC aluminum plates precoated with silica gel G60 F254 (20 cm × 10 cm) with 250 μm thickness as stationary phase using a mobile phase composed of n-butanol: water: methanol: formic acid (7.59: 1.27: 0.13: 1.01, v/v/v/v). Densitometric measurement was performed in the absorbance mode at 280 nm. The compounds were resolved satisfactorily with Rf values of 0.40 ± 0.01, 0.57 ± 0.02, 0.69 ± 0.01, and 0.79 ± 0.01 for corilagin, ellagic acid, epicatechin, and gallic acid, respectively. The method developed was validated with acceptable linearity (r2>0.995), sensitivity, precision (RSD ≤ 1.60%), robustness, and recovery (RSD ≤ 1.77%). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of active components for comprehensive quality control of E. longana products. Furthermore, peak identities of compounds from each band were confirmed by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.

Alteration in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after treatment of mice with herbal mixture containing Euphoria longana, Houttuynia cordata and Dioscorea japonica.

BackgroundLiterature data indicate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and phospho-CREB (pCREB) may have a place in depression. BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family that plays an important role in proliferation, survival and differentiation of different cell populations in the mammalian nervous system. The herbal mixture used in the present study consists of Euphoria longana, Houttuynia cordata and Dioscorea japonica. The purpose of the present study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of herbal mixture. We also tested the hypothesis that administration of herbs reverses memory deficits and promotes the protein expression of BDNF in the mouse brain.MethodsMice were randomized into four different treatment groups (n = 10/group). Normal and stress groups received regular lab chow without stress and under stress conditions, respectively, for 3 weeks. The animals in the stress group were immobilized for 4 hours a day for 2 weeks. Different doses of herbal mixture (206 and 618 mg/kg) were administered for 3 weeks to those mice under stress conditions. Mice were analyzed by behavioral tests and immunoblotting examination in the hippocampus and cortex. An additional in vitro investigation was performed to examine whether herbs induce neurotoxicity in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y cells.ResultsNo significant toxicity of herbs on human neuroblastoma cells was observed. These herbs demonstrated an inductive effect on the expression of BDNF, pCREB and pAkt. For spatial working memory test, herbal mixture fed mice exhibited an increased level of spontaneous alternation (p < 0.01) compared to those in stress conditions. Moreover, herbal mixture produced highly significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the immobility time in the tail suspension test. Mice in the herbal mixture groups demonstrated lower serum corticosterone concentration than mice in the stress group (p < 0.05). Effects of the oral administration of herbal mixture on protein levels of BDNF in the hippocampi and cortices were significant.ConclusionsOur study showed that herbal mixture administration has antidepressant effects in mice. It is proposed that adverse events such as stress and depression can modulate the expression of molecular players of cellular plasticity in the brain.

Comparison of Ultrasonic Extraction with Conventional Extraction Methods of Phenolic Compounds in Longan (Euphoria longana Lamk.) Seed

Three different extraction methods – hot water (HWE), ethanol (EE) and ultrasonic-assisted water extraction (UAE) – were evaluated for extraction of phenolic compounds in longan (cultivar Edor) seed. The findings indicated that longan seed extracts contained three major phenolic compounds, analyzed by HPLC, including gallic acid, corilagin and ellagic acid. The content of total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activities was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay, respectively. Longan seed extraction by HWE contained the highest yield, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities (42.80%, 41.250mg gallic acid/g and IC50 = 0.017 mg/ ml, respectively). UAE produced a higher yield than EE, but lower than HWE, with the lowest extraction time. Moreover, gallic acid content (16.55 mg/g) and corilagin content (35.62 mg/g) extracted by UAE were higher than those of HWE and EE. Ellagic acid content obtained from UAE was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that from EE, but not significantly different from that of HWE. The application of UAE could provide an alternative method for extraction of photochemical from longan seeds.

Antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of some Indonesian fruit peels

The ethanolic extracts and their fractions of some Indonesian fruit peels were screened for their free radical scavenging properties using vitamin-E as standard antioxidant. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The strongest antioxidant activity was shown by the Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.), followed by Kelengkeng (Euphoria longan Lour. Steud) and Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) with IC50 values of 7.74, 11.85, and 28.83 μg/mL, respectively comparable to vitamin-E (IC50 = 8.48 ± 0.1 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction of these fruit peels extracts demonstrated the most active antioxidant activity compared with hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions. The chemical constituents of Rambutan and Durian were successfully isolated using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography technique, and these structures were characterizated based on the proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra. The isolated compounds were ethyl gallate (1) from Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) rind, 4, 4-dimethylporiferasta-18(19)-en-3-ol (2) and 3α-E-ferulyloxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (3) from Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peels. The results showed that prospective antioxidant contents in Rambutan's fruit peel extract was higher than Kelengkeng and Durian fruit peel extracts.

Inhibitory Effects of Dried Longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) Seed Extract on Invasion and Matrix Metalloproteinases of Colon Cancer Cells

The critical step in colorectal cancer progression and associated mortality is cancer invasion, which depends on two key gelatinase enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. Dried longan ( Euphoria longana Lam.) seed is a rich natural source of antioxidant polyphenols.This study evaluated the effect of dried longan seeds on colon cancer cell invasion via gelatinase function and expression. Three dried longan seed fractions were collected by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. They showed a potent inhibitor on colorectal cancer cell invasion and gelatinase activity. The antigelatinase activities of fractions 1 and 2 were a direct effect via Zn²⁺ chelation, whereas fraction 3 modulated indirectly through suppression of zymogen activators. Among the fractions, only fraction 3 reduced the gelatinase expression, which was correlated with the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and may as well involve the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. This primary research has manifested and encouraged the anticancer properties of dried longan seed extracts with potential inhibitory effects on cancer cell invasion as well as antigelatinase activity and expression in colon cancer cells.

Effects of dried longan seed (Euphoria longana Lam.) extract on VEGF secretion and expression in colon cancer cells and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Angiogenesis is a critical event in cancer metastasis, via delivery of needed oxygen and nutrients to tumor cells. Anti-angiogenesis is one strategy for controlling cancer progression. We herein report anti-angiogenesis activity of dried longan seeds using colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW480 cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was used for separate three dried longan seed fractions. We firstly evaluated vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) secretion, expression and colony formation of SW480 cells, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis and soft agar assays. Meanwhile cell proliferation, gelatinase activity and tube formation of HUVECs were determined via proliferation assay, gelatin zymography and in vitro tube formation assay, respectively. The results suggest that dried longan seed fractions could be potential angiogenic inhibitors not only interruption of VEGF secretion and expression in SW480 cells but also abrogation of cell proliferation, the activity of gelatinase and tube formation of HUVECs.