Euphorbia Prostrata Research Articles

The Prostrate Spurge-isolated PGPB Endophytes, EP1-AS, and EP1-BM That Can Tolerate High Levels of Salinity and Heavy Metals and Allow Wheat Growth Under These Stressors

This research investigates the potential of two Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) strains, EP1-AS and EP1-BM, isolated from the halophyte Euphorbia prostrata, to enhance plant growth and provide abiotic stress resilience. The study addresses the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices in the face of challenges like soil salinization and heavy metal contamination. The investigation comprehensively analyzes the heavy metal and salt tolerance of the PGPB strains, revealing their potential applications in promoting plant growth under adverse environmental conditions. The research further explores the impact of these PGPB strains on wheat plants subjected to varying concentrations of heavy metals and salts. Results indicate that both PGPB strains, especially EP1-BM, exhibit significant tolerance to heavy metals and salt stress. EP1-BM demonstrates remarkable resilience even under high concentrations of these stressors. The study extends its findings to in vitro testing on wheat plants, revealing the positive influence of PGPB strains on germination, shoot length, and root length in the presence of salt and heavy metals. This research underscores the significance of understanding plant-microbe interactions, particularly in the context of promoting sustainable agriculture in challenging environments. The identified resilience of PGPB strains, especially EP1-BM, suggests their potential application as bio-remediators and plant growth promoters in soils affected by salinity and heavy metal stress. The promising results observed will be followed-up field trials. They will highlight the translational potential of these PGPB strains, offering a novel avenue for developing biofertilizer formulations with a cautious approach to safety concerns. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into harnessing the untapped potential of resilient plants and their associated microbial communities for sustainable agriculture. It addresses key global challenges outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Folk Knowledge and Perceptions about the Use of Wild Fruits and Vegetables-Cross-Cultural Knowledge in the Pipli Pahar Reserved Forest of Okara, Pakistan.

Wild fruits and vegetables (WFVs) have been vital to local communities for centuries and make an important contribution to daily life and income. However, traditional knowledge of the use of wild fruits is at risk of being lost due to inadequate documentation. This study aimed to secure this knowledge through intermittent field visits and a semi-structured questionnaire. Using various ethnobotanical data analysis tools and SPSS (IBM 25), this study identified 65 WFV species (52 genera and 29 families). These species, mostly consumed as vegetables (49%) or fruits (43%), were predominantly herbaceous (48%) in wild and semi-wild habitats (67%). 20 WFVs were known to local communities (highest RFC), Phoenix sylvestris stood out as the most utilized species (highest UV). Surprisingly, only 23% of the WFVs were sold at markets. The survey identified 21 unique WFVs that are rarely documented for human consumption in Pakistan (e.g., Ehretia obtusifolia, Euploca strigosa, Brassica juncea, Cleome brachycarpa, Gymnosporia royleana, Cucumis maderaspatanus, Croton bonplandianus, Euphorbia prostrata, Vachellia nilotica, Pongamia pinnata, Grewia asiatica, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Morus serrata, Argemone mexicana, Bambusa vulgaris, Echinochloa colonum, Solanum virginianum, Physalis angulata, Withania somnifera, Zygophyllum creticum, and Peganum harmala), as well as 14 novel uses and five novel edible parts. Despite their ecological importance, the use of WFVs has declined because local people are unaware of their cultural and economic value. Preservation of traditional knowledge through education on conservation and utilization could boost economies and livelihoods in this and similar areas worldwide.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and analgesic potential of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia prostrata ait. and Crotalaria burhia Buch–Ham

Euphorbia prostrata (E. prostrata) and Crotalaria burhia (C. burhia) are widely found in flora of the Cholistan Desert of Bahawalpur, Pakistan and are traditionally used to treat pain and chronic disease. The current study aimed to evaluate their phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, in-vivo phagocytic activity, and analgesic activity. Both the plant extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, in-vitro antioxidant by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, in-vivo immunomodulatory activity by macrophages phagocytosis using carbon clearance rate assay and analgesic activity by acetic acid produced writhing method. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols, quinines, proteins, terpenes, glycosides, and alkaloids. FTIR analysis revealed the existence of different functional groups in both extracts. The DPPH method showed that E. prostrata exhibited a high antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 62.5 μg/ml whereas C. burhia showed a lower antioxidant potential. At the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), both the extracts showed a significant increase in the phagocytic index by 5.2 ± 0.2, and, 4.8 ± 0.1 (p < 0.001) respectively which was close to the 100 mg/kg b. wt of the standard drug (Levamisole) 5.4 ± 0.2. Both the extracts at the dose of 200 mg/kg b. wt also significantly reduced the writhing (abdominal contractions) count by 13.7 ± 0.3 and, 25.3 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001), showing 71.8% and 47.6% of reduced analgesic activity compared to the standard drug dicloran (diclofenac sodium), respectively. In conclusion, extracts of both plants indicate their role in the management of various disorders to relieve pain and modulate the immune system.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Euphorbia prostrata Tablet and Topical Cream in the Management of Hemorrhoids During Pregnancy: Results From a Prospective Multicenter Study.

This is a non-randomized, open-label, prospective single-arm interventional multicentric study conducted between 2021 and2022 at three different centers situated in Pune, India. It was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Sitcom® tablet (Euphorbia prostrata 100 mg) once daily and Sitcom® cream (Euphorbia prostrata 1%w/w) for 14 days in hemorrhoids during pregnancy. The endpoints were to assess hemorrhoidal symptoms relief during the follow-up periods (one, two, four, and eight weeksand 30 days postpartum), relapse of symptoms, improvement in the disease condition at week two and 30 days postpartum, and adverse events. A total of 100 patients (mean age 24.1 years) were included; the majority (71.0%) had mild per-rectal bleeding, 69.0% with mild itching and 46.0% with moderate pain during defecation. The mean score of per-rectal bleeding and pain at defecation showed a significant reduction at each visit (86.6% and 49.3% (two weeks), 95.3% and 59.9% (four weeks), and 100% and 77.6% (eight weeks)). The mean pain score at defecation, itching, exudates, and swelling showed a significant reduction of 77.6%, 96.9%, 100%, and 84.5% at eight weeks (p<0.001). After two weeks and post postpartum follow-up, >90% and 100% good to excellent overall improvement in the disease condition were noted, respectively. Noadverse events in the mother or newborn were noted. This pivotal study underscores the potential of a combination therapy with Euphorbia prostrate 100 mg tablet and cream 1% as a potentialsolution for managing the distressing burden of hemorrhoids in pregnant women. Furthermore, these observations will empower clinicians in the judicious selection of the most suitable course of action for hemorrhoidmanagement during pregnancy.

Two Novel Plant-Growth-Promoting Lelliottia amnigena Isolates from Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Enhance the Overall Productivity of Wheat and Tomato.

Euphorbiaceae is a highly diverse family of plants ranging from trees to ground-dwelling minute plants. Many of these have multi-faceted attributes like ornamental, medicinal, industrial, and food-relevant values. In addition, they have been regarded as keystone resources for investigating plant-specific resilience mechanisms that grant them the dexterity to withstand harsh climates. In the present study, we isolated two co-culturable bacterial endophytes, EP1-AS and EP1-BM, from the stem internodal segments of the prostate spurge, Euphorbia prostrata, a plant member of the succulent family Euphorbiaceae. We characterized them using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques which revealed them as novel strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Lelliotia amnigena. Both the isolates significantly were qualified during the assaying of their plant growth promotion potentials. BM formed fast-growing swarms while AS showed growth as rounded colonies over nutrient agar. We validated the PGP effects of AS and BM isolates through in vitro and ex vitro seed-priming treatments with wheat and tomato, both of which resulted in significantly enhanced seed germination and morphometric and physiological plant growth profiles. In extended field trials, both AS and BM could remarkably also exhibit productive yields in wheat grain and tomato fruit harvests. This is probably the first-ever study in the context of PGPB endophytes in Euphorbia prostrata. We discuss our results in the context of promising agribiotechnology translations of the endophyte community associated with the otherwise neglected ground-dwelling spurges of Euphorbiaceae.

Flora of Singapore precursors, 38: Additional new records of Euphorbiaceae for Singaporee

Three species of Euphorbiaceae are newly recorded for Singapore, two of which (Euphorbia prostrata Aiton and Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Griseb.) are non-native, and one (Croton erythrostachys Hook.f.) is presumed native but nationally extinct. The record of Microstachys corniculata is supposedly new for the continent. A lectotype is designated for Microstachys corniculata.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous knowledge holders to manage healthcare needs in children.

Childhood diseases remain an increasing health problem in many developing countries and also associated with an enormous financial burden. In South Africa, many people still rely on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare. However, inadequate documentation of medicinal plants used to manage childhood diseases remain a prominent gap. Hence, the current study explored the importance of medicinal plants to treat and manage childhood diseases in the North West Province, South Africa. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted with 101 participants using semi-structured interviews (face-to-face). Ethnobotanical indices such as Frequency of citation (FC), Use-value (UV) and Informed Consensus Factor (ICF) were used for data analysis. A total of 61 plants from 34 families were recorded as medicine used for managing seven (7) categories of diseases resulting from 29 sub-categories. Skin-related and gastro-intestinal diseases were the most prevalent childhood health conditions encountered by the study participants. Based on their FC values that ranged from approximately 0.9-75%, the most popular medicinal plants used by the participants were Aptosinum elongatum (75.2%), Commelina diffusa (45.5%), Euphorbia prostrata (31.6%) and Bulbine frutescens (31.7%). In terms of the UV, A. elongatum (0.75), C. diffusa (0.45), E. prostrata (0.31), H. hemerocallidea (0.19) and E. elephantina (0.19) were the dominant plants used for treating and managing childhood diseases. Based on ICF, skin-related diseases dominated with the highest ICF value of 0.99. This category had 381 use-reports, comprising 34 plants (55.7% of total plants) used for childhood-related diseases. Particularly, B. frutescens and E. elephantina were the most-cited plants for the aforementioned category. Leaves (23%) and roots (23%) were the most frequently used plant parts. Decoctions and maceration were the main preparation methods, and the plant remedies were mainly administered orally (60%) and topically (39%). The current study revealed the continuous dependence on the plant for primary health care relating to childhood diseases in the study area. We generated a valuable inventory of medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge for child healthcare needs. However, investigating the biological efficacies, phytochemical profiles and the safety of these identified plants in relevant test systems remain essential in future research.

Bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and As by Euphorbia prostrata growing in sites having different contamination levels

ABSTRACT Many rural people in developing countries rely on herbal remedies, but these derive from plants which may be subject to heavy metal pollutants. Lead, cadmium and arsenic are confirmed carcinogens and may produce toxic effects if present above the recommended levels in medicinal herbs. The study assessed the uptake and associated health risk of Pb, Cd and As by Euphorbia prostrata exposed to different contaminating sources. The levels of Pb were within safe limits of the World Health Organization both in soil (200 mg/kg) and plant (10 mg/kg). Cadmium concentration in soil from all sites exceeded the allowable range (0.6 mg/kg), exceeding the safe permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg in plants growing in contaminated sites. E. prostrata and other medicinal herbs growing in polluted sites should not be used therapeutically.

Crude extract from Euphorbia prostrata extendedcurative period of glibenclemide inalloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Euphorbia prostrata is traditionally used alongside antidiabetic agents to manage diabetes. Bioactive ingredients of medicinal herbs may alter the overall pharmacokinetics of antidiabetic agents. We assessed hypoglycemic activities of ethanolic plant extract (EPE) singly and its effects on antidiabetic properties of gliclazide, glibenclemide and metformin in allaxonized rats. Varying concentrations of EPE (250 and 500mg/kg) with or without metformin (10mg/kg), glibenclemide (2mg/kg) and gliclazide (5mg/kg) were orally administered to evaluate herb-drug interaction. The levels of blood glucose declined significantly after treatment with metformin, glibenclemide and gliclazide singly (p<0.01) or concomitantly with EPE (p<0.001). Concentration dependent mild to moderate reduction (5.2and 10.0%) was registered in blood glucose for 250 and500mg/kg of EPE respectively. The overall reduction in blood glucose due to combined treatment with EPE and standard agents was additive. On the other hand, synergistic herb-drug interaction was registered for insulin levels in rats that received glibenclamide and gliclazide alongside EPE. Extract with metformin had antagonistic insulin outcome. Regarding the duration of hypoglycemic activities, periodical changes were similar in case of glibenclamide and gliclazide separately or in combination with EPE. However, in case of metformin with extract, the blood glucose continued to decline for 14h and retained at 15.0% below the baseline values even after 24h of treatment. In conclusion, the extract itself had weak hypoglycemic effects but prolonged the therapeutic duration of metformin to more than 24h when administered combinedly.

Medicinal Effects, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology of Euphorbia prostrata and Promising Molecular Mechanisms.

Euphorbiaceae is a large family of dicotyledonous angiosperms with diverse genera including Euphorbia prostrata (E. prostrata). Current research has provided scientific evidence for traditional uses of E. prostrata against diverse pathological conditions such as anti-hemorrhoidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, leishmanicidal, antitumor activity, and so on. The phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and anthraquinones with chemical structures elucidation of their respective compounds. The uniqueness of such multifactorial compounds present in this species endorses it as the potent therapeutic or prophylactic choice for several fatal diseases. Although ethnomedical applications served as a significant citation for pharmacology, the molecular mechanism has not been reviewed yet. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of research outcomes, pharmacology, toxicology, and molecular signaling of phytochemicals of E. prostrata species as a reference for relevant researchers. The study of bioactive compounds in crude extracts and fractions, the demonstration of primary mechanisms of pharmacology, along with the addition of toxicity, and clinical trials, should be conceded in depth. This review underlines the E. prostrata species that can be a promising phytomedicine since we are committed to excavating more intensely into their pharmacological role.

An alternative key for identifying three prostrate species of the genus Euphorbia

Plants are a valuable source of different folk and modern medicines. Therefore, correctly identifying the plant species is a prerequisite for using them in the health care system. Euphorbia species are of great medicinal importance but are difficult to distinguish due to the occurrence of ecotypes and a high degree of polymorphism within the species. Therefore, the present study was planned to explore the extent of variations in morphological characters among three Euphorbia species, namely, Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Euphorbia serpens Kunth and Euphorbia thymifolia L. The edaphic ecotypes red and green forms of Euphorbia prostrata growing separately or adjacent to each other were reported during field surveys. To ensure identification accuracy, illustrated online key was prepared as a supportive tool for the traditional key.

Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats

Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats

The flora of three islets in the Korčula archipelago (southeastern Adriatic)

The flora of three small islets located in the Korčula Archipelago was investigated on several occasions during 2020. In all, 105 plant taxa were recorded, of which 101 are angiosperms, 3 gymnosperms and with 1 fern. The total flora of the islets is distributed in 48 families. The families with the highest number of taxa are Poaceae (12.38%) and Asteraceae (10.48%), followed by Lamiaceae (7.62%) and Fabaceae (5.71%). The most common life forms are therophytes (31.43%), hemicryptophytes (27.62%) and phanerophytes (19.05%). The largest number of plant taxa is accounted for by the Mediterranean floral element (60.95%), followed by the South European (20.00%) In all, three endemic, four endangered and seven strictly protected taxa were recorded. Endemics are Carduus micropterus (Borbás) Teyber ssp. micropterus, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ssp. adriaticum (Beck) Markgr and Limonium dictyophorum (Tausch) Degen. All recorded endemic taxa belong to the group Illyrian-Adriatic endemic plants. Endangered taxa are Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce, Elymus pycnathus (Godr.) Melderis and Narcissus tazetta L. Strictly protected taxa include Chenopodium murale L. and Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. The invasive species Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist and Euphorbia prostrata Aiton have been recorded in the flora of the islet of Majsan.

Electropolymerized methylene blue on graphene oxide framework for the direct voltammetric detection of gallic acid

Electropolymerized materials are cost efficient, sensitive and durable for sensor applications. Herein, the cationic dye, methylene blue, electropolymerized on graphene oxide framework using cyclic voltammetry and processed for voltammetric sensor platform. The surface chemistry, topology and wettability of the prepared electrode material was comprehensively studied with Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron/atomic force microscopes and contact angle measurement. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis was done to quantify the mass adsorbed on the graphene oxide framework. Cyclic voltammetric study of the prepared methylene blue-graphene oxide framework electrode exhibits a reversible redox behavior at the electrode-electrolyte interface, following surface confined process with a coefficient determination of 0.99. Electrochemical sensing ability of the prepared electrode material was tested against the clinically important phytomedicine, gallic acid. Linear sweep voltammetric analysis enabled that methylene blue-graphene oxide framework is highly sensitive and selective toward electrooxidation of gallic acid, exerting a detection limit of 49.2 μM in the studied experimental concentration range from 50 μM to 1 mM. Real sample validation with commercial herbal tablet extracts of Euphorbia prostrata containing spiked gallic acid suggest that the prepared sensor platform could be a potential analytical probe for herbaceutical testing.

Euphorbia prostrata as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel: electrochemical and DFT studies

Euphorbia prostrata as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel: electrochemical and DFT studies

Impacts of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Vegetation Dynamics: A Case Study of Wadi Hagul, Eastern Desert, Egypt.

Irresponsible human interventions, encroachment of natural habitats, and climate change negatively affect wildlife. In this study, the effects of human influence on Wadi Hagul, an unprotected area in the north of the Egyptian Eastern Desert that has recently been subjected to blatant encroachments of vegetation, were studied. The most important of these threats is the construction of the new road Al-Galala–Wadi Hagul–Zafarana. In Wadi Hagul, 80 species are reported in this study; the most represented plant families are Asteraceae (15 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species). Perennial, chamaephyte and Saharo-Arabian species were recorded in the highest percentage. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis showed that latitude, longitude, altitude, silt, sand contents, pH, and CO32− content are the factors that have the highest effect on vegetation distribution in the studied stands. Several invasive and alien species such as Euphorbia prostrata have been listed; these species typically have a negative effect on native species. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) indicated a decrease in plant cover during the study period, as compared to previous years. In 2013 and 2020, SAVI ranged from −0.02 to 0.42 and from −0.18 to 0.28, respectively. Recently, the violation and destruction of wildlife have increased, therefore, preserving it along with general biodiversity has become an urgent necessity.

New records from Anatolia: a new rust fungus and two new hosts

Uromyces coronillae Viennot-Bourgin has been reported on Securigera parviflora (Desv.) Lassen for the first time from Anatolia (Turkey). Additionaly, Euphorbia prostrata Aiton infected by Uromyces tuberculatus Fuckel and Anemone coronaria L. infected by Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb. have been recorded as new hosts in the region. Macro and microscopic features of these microfungi and their distribution are given.

Micro-morphological response of some native dicotyledonous species to particulate pollutants emitted from stone crushing activities.

Stone crushing processes release particulates and associated noxious substances in our surroundings that are continuously destructing environmental conditions and ecosystem health. Morpho-anatomical changes in some medicinally important native species (Aerva javanica, Calotropis procera, Digera muricata, Euphorbia prostrata, Euploca strigosa, and Peganum harmala) exposed to heavy dust pollution were evaluated. These species selected on the basis of their ubiquitous distribution in the area. Two sites were selected in the Kirana Hills, Sargodha, one near stone crushers within 500-m radius (polluted) and the other 4km away from the crushers (control) varying significantly in amount of dust particles received. A decrease in plant height of all species from dust-polluted sites was observed. Reduction in height was more prominent in species like C. procera and D. muricata. Stem sclerification increased in C. procera and E. prostrata from the polluted site that is an indication of better tolerance to dust pollution. C. procera showed increased stem and leaf epidermis, stem sclerenchyma, and stem vascular bundles, which can increase resistance to dust pollution. E. strigosa was the most sensitive species in which all morpho-anatomical factors decreased. Survival of plant species depended on specific structural modifications in dermal, mechanical, parenchymatous, and vascular tissue. Overall, dust pollution severely affected plant morphological and micro-morphological traits, but the response of selected species to dust pollution was variable. It is concluded that stem and leaf anatomical traits like size of dermal and storage tissue thickness and stomatal density are good indicators for biomonitoring of dust pollution.

New floristic records from Central Europe 8 (reports 109-121)

The presented eighth part of the series includes thirteen new chorological records of vascular plants, one from Hungary, six from Poland and six from Slovakia. In Hungary, Ventenata dubia is reported. In Poland, two native taxa Bolboschoenus planiculmis and Najas marina subsp. marina and four alien taxa Buddleja davidii, Lupinus ehrenbergii var. ehrenbergii, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Sedum sarmentosum are reported. In Slovakia, two native taxa Taraxacum paucilobum with distribution map and Cotoneaster integerrimus are reported as well as four alien taxa Azolla filiculoides, Eichhornia crassipes, Euphorbia prostrata and Pistia stratioites.

The PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF WEEDS IN AGRICULTURE FARM, THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE PESHAWAR- PAKISTAN

Weeds interference with crops and native useful plants, causing negative impacts on crop production and biodiversity. Weeds being more adaptable to changing climate establish easily into new areas becoming invasive over the native vegetation. To investigate further the adaptability of invasive weeds and their status among the native plant community a field survey was carried out from July – September, 2017 at New Developmental Farm (NDF), Malakandher, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar to record weeds species composition. Data was sampled from three different sites i.e. field crop area, non-field and orchards with a quadrate randomly thrown 50 times at different locations. A total of 39 weeds species from 16 families (14 dicot and two monocot) and 36 genera were identified. Dicots were dominant as compared to monocot. The major monocot family poaceae contributed 10 species while in dicots Asteraceae took the lead with 6 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae with 3 species. The rest of the plant families include Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oxidillaceae and Plantaginaceae. Among the weed species 27 were annual and the rest (12) were perennials. Annuals were reported from all the three sites, while perennials were found in non-field area i.e. irrigation canals, field ridges, orchards and undisturbed waste areas. Data regarding absolute and relative density, frequency, relative frequency and importance valve of weeds of the area were recorded by quadrate method. Cynodon dactylon had the highest relative density (27.21%), followed by Digiteria sanguinalis (14.87), Cyperus rotundus (12.96) and Euphorbia prostrata (5.12) relative density, respectively. Parthenium hysterophorus L. an invasive alien weed was recorded in almost all the localities with a weed density of 2.6 m-2 in non-field area especially, followed by 0.85 m-2 in field crop and 0.8 m-2 in orchards and with a mean density of 1.42 m-2 and a relative density % of 1.52 across all locations. Similarly another invasive weed Broussonetia papyrifera was recorded in non-field area only with lowest mean relative density of 0.07%. Mean distribution data showed highest relative frequency for C. dactylon (13.66 %) followed by D. sangunalis (10.22), C. rotundus (7.86) and S. halepense (7.23), respectively. Alhaji maurorum, Eclipta alba, Cucumis callosus, B. papyrifera, Withania somnifera and Boerhavia diffusa took the smallest relative frequency of 0.38 % at most of the locations studied thereby indicating them as insignificant among the weed flora of the study area. Importance value data revealed that C. dactylon, D. sangunalis, C. rotundus and S. halepense having IV % of 34.03, 19.99, 16.89 and 10.17, respectively. Looking at the overall distribution of weeds flora in NDF Malakandher during the summer season C. dactylon is distributed on road sides, field ridges, irrigation channels, agricultural fields, orchards and waste lands, while P. hysterophorus being an invasive weed showed increasing trend compared to its earlier status evident from previous study.