Eucalyptus Extract Research Articles

A sustainable strategy to improve photocatalytic degradation properties of CuO and CuO-rGO nanocomposite using Eucalyptus leaf extract

In this study, Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sustainable approach. The process comprised Eucalyptus leaf extract as both a biological capping agent and a reducing agent. The synthesis process used a one-pot hydrothermal technique to efficiently combine CuO nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Analytical methods were utilized to investigate the prepared nanocomposite's structural, crystalline, morphological, functional, optical, and thermal characteristics. The prepared sample was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, which revealed that CuO nanoparticles have a monoclinic crystal structure, and no impurity peaks were observed. Field emission scanning microscopes displayed the uniform dispersion of spherical CuO nanoparticles with layered and non-agglomerated, resembling a sponge-like structure of rGO. The microstructural analysis also confirmed the dispersion of copper inside reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. The optical properties, including light absorption and bandgap width, were investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy using bandgap energies of 2.5 and 2.8 eV. In addition, the nanocomposite's ability to degrade cationic Rhodamine 6G and anionic Rose Bengal dyes by photocatalysis was evaluated. The degradation of RB and Rh6G dyes was characterized by nanocatalysis using UV–visible spectroscopy and a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The pseudo-first-order degradation kinetic rate of Rhodamine 6G was determined to be 2.55 x 10−2 min−1, indicating that the nanocomposite effectively initiates this dye's degradation. The results showed that dye degradation was effective even at reduced catalyst concentrations.

Aqueous dispersions of ‘green’ silver nanoparticles for eco-applications: Synthesis, structure and biosafety

Sustainable agriculture requires the use of intelligent compounds with multifaceted effect on soil and plants. Such conditioners can be hydrogels enriched with nanoparticles, but only those synthesized using ‘green chemistry’ methods. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize innovative ‘green’ silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for agricultural applications. AgNPs were created using water or alcohol extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus viminalisLabill) and aloe (Aloë arborescens Mill) as well as tannin to reduce silver ions (Ag+) to zero valent form (Ag0). The synthesis was conducted under autoclave conditions or at room temperature, in the presence of potassium carbonate. The AgNPs characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, whereas stability of the AgNPs suspensions under various conditions was estimated using turbidimetry. Biosafety of the formed species was determined based on genotoxicity (comet test) and cytotoxicity (study with crystal violet and MTT) assays. The obtained results confirmed the presence of zero valent silver phase in the nanoparticles and showed that their crystallite size was 14–24 nm, with different degrees of polydispersity depending on the synthesis conditions. Hydrodynamic diameter of AgNPs and their aggregates in the aqueous dispersions varied from 6 nm to 103 nm, and the smallest aggregation degree was noted for the nanoparticles synthesized using tannin. All synthesized nanoparticles were biosafe. Thus, they can be applied in agro-industrial processes without damaging the environment.

In Vitro Antimycotic Activity of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Extract Against Trichophyton Rubrum

Surface mycosis of the nails, hair, and skin ia a prevalent ailment worldwide. They are caused by several yeast and molds.The primary cause of these illnesses is the dermatophytes, which are filamentous fungi that rely on the keratin in the skin, the corneal layer, and the superficial growths on both human and animal skin. The distribution of these fungi varies between country and within a single country depending on the climate and other variables that promote their growth. the dermatophytes are a major health risk. The current study aim to assess the antifungal activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extracts against dermatophytosis-causing Trichophyton rubrum. Three species of dermatophyte (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Microsporum canis) were isolated from patients; Trichophyton rubrum was the most common type of fungus. The acquired results demonstrated that, in comparison to the controls, Trichophyton rubrumś mycelium growth was impacted by both aqueous and ethanolic extract. Additionally, it was discovered that when tested against Trichophyton rubrum, ethanolic extracts exhibited the greatest growth suppression.

Cinnamon and Eucalyptus Extracts: A Promising Natural Approach for Durable Mosquito-Repellent Fabrics with Multifunctionality.

Mosquitoes are highly important carriers of diseases, such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and various other life-threatening illnesses. Traditionally, many chemicals, such as plant extracts, oils, and smoke, have been employed for the purpose of repelling mosquitoes. Various plants possess essential oils and chemicals that have been proven to be good insect repellents and are commonly regarded as weeds. The present study focused on the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous mosquito-repellent fabrics using cinnamon and eucalyptus extracts. First, eucalyptus and cinnamon extracts were produced separately using ethanol and water as solvents with and without heating. Forty-eight different fabric samples were prepared by applying these extracts at three levels of process application temperature. A steam dye bath sampling machine was utilized to execute the extraction application process on fabric samples. The mosquito repellency performances of all of the samples were evaluated using the cage test method. The cage test revealed that all of the samples of eucalyptus and cinnamon extract-applied fabrics showed mosquito repellency performance at some level. However, the fabric samples treated with the heated extract of eucalyptus ethanol (EE-H) at 60 °C showed the best results in terms of mosquito repellency (85.56%) among all combinations. In addition to repellency, the impact of washing durability, UV shielding, and antibacterial performance was also evaluated. This research demonstrated a new method for creating a fabric that repels mosquitoes and has effective antibacterial properties as well as promising ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating. This fabric protects the wearer from the significant health risks posed by mosquitoes and harmful UV radiation while also maintaining its cleanliness. Moreover, the utilization and implementation of plant-derived coatings on textiles contribute to the advancement of sustainable methods (SDG 9 and SDG 12) in the chemical processing industry of textiles, ultimately leading to a reduction in their environmental footprint.

Eucalyptus Wood Smoke Extract Elicits a Dose-Dependent Effect in Brain Endothelial Cells

The frequency, duration, and size of wildfires have been increasing, and the inhalation of wildfire smoke particles poses a significant risk to human health. Epidemiological studies have shown that wildfire smoke exposure is positively associated with cognitive and neurological dysfunctions. However, there is a significant gap in knowledge on how wildfire smoke exposure can affect the blood–brain barrier and cause molecular and cellular changes in the brain. Our study aims to determine the acute effect of smoldering eucalyptus wood smoke extract (WSE) on brain endothelial cells for potential neurotoxicity in vitro. Primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and immortalized human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) were treated with different doses of WSE for 24 h. WSE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in IL-8 in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3. RNA-seq analyses showed a dose-dependent upregulation of genes involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathways and a decrease in tight junction markers in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3. When comparing untreated controls, RNA-seq analyses showed that HBMEC have a higher expression of tight junction markers compared to hCMEC/D3. In summary, our study found that 24 h WSE treatment increases IL-8 production dose-dependently and decreases tight junction markers in both HBMEC and hCMEC/D3 that may be mediated through the AhR and NRF2 pathways, and HBMEC could be a better in vitro model for studying the effect of wood smoke extract or particles on brain endothelial cells.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus leaf extract for effective calcium removal from groundwater

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus leaf extract for effective calcium removal from groundwater

An integrated methods to manage the corn ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) in wheat field

This study presents a series of experiments on control techniques in the open field trials to monitor and manage the corn ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The larval stage is particularly harmful, as it feeds on cereal roots and constructs tunnels that damage the wheat crop while residing in the soil. The primary goal of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of various control measures in managing Z. tenebrioides populations and improving wheat yields. Thus, in Qalanchughan village three wheat varieties, the local (Hawler2, Hwler4) and the imported one (Wafia) were tested in the underground (prevention measures) such as organic fertilizers, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides and aboveground (control measure) like biopesticides and conventional pesticides. Regarding the underground prevention measures the lowest population of insect was 0.48 larvae/M2 with the highest biological yield (7132.22 kg/ha) of the cereal found in combined soil and seed treatment (organic humic acid + seed mycorrhizal fungi). The lowest population was found in the local variety Hawler4 which was 0.61 larvae/M2 and the highest population was found in Wafia which was 1.04 larvae/ M2. On the other hand, the aboveground treatments also differ in their effectiveness against Z. tenebrioides thus the lowest population of the larvae in 1/M2 was found in the chemical pesticide, Alphacypermethrin 0.38 larvae/ M2 that was not significantly different from Eucalyptus globulus extract which was 0.60 larvae/ M2. Furthermore, maximum biological yield and treatment efficiency were found in Alphacypermethrin followed by eucalyptus extract which was (5581.11 kg/ha and 108.54). The biopesticides and plant extracts can be used as part of integrated pest management techniques to lower the beetle populations and encourage sustainable farming.

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Eucalyptus extract in-ovo inoculation on post hatch Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in broiler chickens

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Eucalyptus extract in-ovo inoculation on post hatch Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in broiler chickens

Antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria

Bacteria, including those causing hospital-acquired infections, have become a significant concern for human health due to their resistance to common antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles possess highly antimicrobial properties and can be applied in various medical and healthcare contexts. The purpose of this research is to produce silver nanoparticles through a bio-based (green synthesis) method using extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants and to investigate their antibacterial activity. Extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants were prepared and added to a silver nitrate solution in the process of synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The production of silver nanoparticles in the solution was investigated by recording the color changes during the experiment and measuring the absorption levels across different wavelengths using a spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial effects exhibited by the silver nanoparticle solution were investigated and confirmed targeting both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains using the agar well diffusion method. Nanoparticles with diameters approximately ranging from 18 to 80 nanometers were successfully synthesized, exhibiting a varied assortment of spherical geometries and a notable purity level of 88% silver. Furthermore, nanoparticles synthesized from rosemary plant extract exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to those from other plant extracts.

Elemental, phytochemical analysis and determination of antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of leaves extracts of eleven Eucalyptus species

The genus Eucalyptus has attracted considerable attention from natural product specialists exploring new phytochemicals for therapeutic purposes due to their possible biological activities. This was stimulated by current findings that Eucalyptus species interrupt the propagation of the recently tormenting COVID-19 virus. Eleven Eucalyptus leaf extracts were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial studies against four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Staphylococcus epidermis using the broth serial dilution assay. The potential of the extracts to inhibit free radicals 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was investigated, indicating antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity test was performed against the human embryonic kidney (HEK293-T) cell line using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Phytochemicals were identified and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and one-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Moreover, the microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) coupled with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to evaluate the multielemental composition of the extracts. The MP-AES and ICP-OES techniques in this work displayed accuracy and sensitivity for multielement determination by identifying P, B, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, and K as major constituents in Eucalyptus extracts. The extracts generally had strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties, with E. viminalis (IC50 = 2.91 ± 0.22 µg/mL) demonstrating strong action against the ABTS radical. E. nitens and E. dunnii also showed highest activity against DPPH and ABTS, with IC50 values < 10 µg/mL. Additionally, with IC50 values greater than 20 µg/mL, the extracts demonstrated relative non-toxicity against HEK293-T cells. The existence of the bioactive chemicals found by FTIR and GC–MS may be the cause of the observed biological activity. Because Eucalyptus plant species have the highest antioxidant activity and the most inhibitory action against the majority of Streptococcus bacterial strains, they can be employed as a therapeutic treatment to treat infections caused by Streptococcus.

Effect of Eucalyptus Extract on Bleach Hair

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of eucalyptus oil on damaged hair. Methods: Eucalyptus formulations were prepared by adding 0, 3, 6, or 9 g of eucalyptus extract, and these formulations were applied to level 8 bleached hair samples. Various parameters were then measured and compared in the treated bleached hair. The impact of eucalyptus extract on hair brightness was assessed by measuring L * values using a color difference meter. Additionally, tensile strength, absorbance (determined using methylene blue), and gloss of the bleached hair were measured. Results: Measurement analysis showed that L * values increased as the content of eucalyptus extract applied to bleached hair increased. A statistically significant difference in brightness was observed among 8L(3), 8L(6), and 8L(9) samples. Furthermore, average tensile strength of the hair increased as extract content increased, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Absorbance analysis revealed a significant difference between the average value and statistical analysis value for each sample, indicating that eucalyptus extract affects the absorbance of bleached hair. Gloss analysis also revealed differences in average values as extract content increased, with a significant difference observed at 8L(6) and 8L(9) but not 8L(3), suggesting that eucalyptus extract affects hair gloss in a content-dependent manner. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of average values revealed that eucalyptus extract affected bleached hair in terms of brightness, absorbance, and gloss, with different eucalyptus extract contents having different effects on the hair. Future studies should investigate the effects of various other natural extracts on bleached hair.

Colorimetric pH-sensitive hydrogel film based on kappa-carrageenan containing quercetin or eucalyptus leaf extract for freshness monitoring of chicken meat

In this study, we created new pH-sensitive hydrogel films using κ-carrageenan (CG) and either quercetin (QUE) or eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) to monitor the spoilage of chicken meat. The ability to monitor and control freshness was confirmed by observing the dependence of color on pH changes and measuring total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels for CG-QUE (26.5) and CG-ELE (29.75). After conducting a UV–Vis analysis, it was established that films containing 0.3 % of QUE or ELE, with transparency levels above 90 %, have the potential for further research. We found that CG-ELE was more effective in preventing bacterial growth and reducing spoilage compared to CG-QUE. The CG-ELE film also had superior mechanical behavior with higher tensile strength (13.2 ± 0.6 MPa) and lower elongation at break of (5 ± 0.1). Our findings confirmed the preference and superiority of ELE over QUE based on colorimetric response and antibacterial properties.

Efficacy of Topical Application of a Skin Moisturizer Containing Pseudo-Ceramide and a Eucalyptus Leaf Extract on Atopic Dermatitis: A Review.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with pruritus, an impaired cutaneous barrier function and a disrupted water holding capacity. Levels of ceramides, which are major components of intercellular lipids and are crucial for their functions, are decreased in the stratum corneum of patients with AD. Treatments to increase ceramide levels are effective for AD care. Synthetic pseudo-ceramide (cetyl PG hydroxyethyl palmitamide (SLE66)), which has a structure developed via molecular designs, and a eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) enhance ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. The topical application of a skin moisturizer containing SLE66 and ELE improves the barrier functions and water holding capacity of AD skin accompanied by an improvement in skin symptoms. This is a multifaceted review that summarizes the efficacy of the topical application of a skin moisturizer containing SLE66 and ELE on atopic dermatitis.

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by eucalyptus leaves in acidic media: An overview

This paper concerns the overview of previous studies on the corrosion and inhibition of carbon steel that is allowed to degrade in a corrosive medium by the extract of the eucalyptus plant, with an emphasis on the extract's adsorption behaviour. Many researchers have largely employed eucalyptus plant bark, oil, and leaf extracts to prevent the corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments under various temperature settings. According to the results, when the bark extract of the eucalyptus plant was added to HCl (5%) at a concentration of 900 ppm, the inhibitor's maximum efficiency was 98.2 %. The leaf extract, on the other hand, had the maximum inhibitory efficacy of 93.09 % at 600 mg/L extract concentration in the H2SO4 (0.5 M) medium. The extracts' potency was shown to diminish with increasing temperature. The mechanism for eucalyptus extract's protection of carbon steel from corrosion in diverse corrosive situations was largely associated with the adsorption of the extract's inhibitive components on the steel's surface to reduce the interaction between the metal and the corrosive surroundings. The majority of the reported inhibitive behaviour of the eucalyptus extract was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.

Biosynthesis of Doped Carbon Dots-Decorated MnO2 Nanocomposites Using Eucalyptus Extract: Evaluation of Catalytic Activity

Biosynthesis of Doped Carbon Dots-Decorated MnO2 Nanocomposites Using Eucalyptus Extract: Evaluation of Catalytic Activity

Assessing the Efficiency of Antimicrobial Plant Extracts from Artemisia afra and Eucalyptus globulus as Coatings for Textiles.

This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts from Artemisia afra and Eucalyptus globulus when used as coatings for textiles. A pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction method (PUAE) was employed to obtain methanolic and hexanoic extracts from both plants. Eucalyptus globulus methanol extraction exhibited the highest yield at 22.76% (±0.61%), while Artemisia afra demonstrated lower yields. Phytochemical screening identified various secondary metabolites in the extracts, including phenols, quinones, and steroids. Antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli revealed varying degrees of susceptibility, with Eucalyptus globulus hexanoic extracts showing the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus at an average percentage growth of 18.74% (±0.26%). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for the extracts, but complete inhibition did not occur at concentrations below 500 μg/mL. The extracts exhibited varying effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth, with some extracts promoting bacterial growth. Coating textiles with Eucalyptus globulus methanolic extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the highest zone of inhibition observed in cotton-coated samples (258.4 mm2). Polyester-coated samples exhibited smaller inhibition zones, with the lowest observed in Eucalyptus globulus methanolic extract coating (65.97 mm2). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed visible surface morphology changes in coated fabrics, depicting fine, cluster, lumpy, flaky, and fragment-like morphologies. Laundering effects on coated fabrics were investigated, showing a significant decrease in antimicrobial activity after washing. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups in the extracts associated with antimicrobial properties. The complexity of the bioactive compounds suggests potential antimicrobial efficacy, resting on factors such as geographical location, climate, and extraction methods. Notwithstanding the limitations, this study contributes valuable insights into the use of plant extracts as antimicrobial coatings for textiles.

Eucalyptus extract and its synergistic effect on bacteria causing urinary tract infections in Diyala province

To assess the impact of E. camaldulensis extract against bacteria that are isolated from urine sample from UTI patient in Baquba city Then mix this plant with antibiotics to see its effect. In addition to examine those pathogens bacteriologically. The sensitivity of the isolates to (13) antibiotics was tested, and the bacterial isolates showed a variation in the rates of their resistance to these antibiotics. The results showed that the antibiotic Imipenem had the most effect on the bacterial isolates under study, while the bacterial isolates showed high resistance to the rest of the antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 3 antibiotics, namely, Gentamycin, Amikacin and Amoxicillin. These values for the antibiotics ranged between &lt;4-1024, &lt;4-1024 &lt;&lt;512-1024) mcg/ml, respectively. The Ethanolic Extract of Eucalyptus Exhibit highest antibacterial effect on S.areus on (o.62 g/1.5 ml and 0.31g/750ml). Lower respectively antibacterial effect on Proteus and Pseudomonas but no antibacterial effect against Klebsiella. Bacterial isolates were selected on the basis of their most frequent urinary tract infections and their resistance to the effect of antibiotics (K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus). The amount of the mixed effect was determined by mixing Eucalyptus with three antibiotics, namely Amikacin and Gentamycin Amoxicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates under study was compared before and after mixing the antibiotics. The effect of mixing was a synergistic effect for all bacterial isolates. On the other hand, the synergistic effect was clear on the gram-positive isolates of S. aureus between eucalyptus and beta-lactams (and Amoxicillin).

Eucalyptus torquata seeds: Investigation of phytochemicals profile via LC-MS and its potential cardiopreventive capacity in rats

Due to the side effects of chemical drugs, recent studies have targeted new therapeutic approach using natural bioactive molecules. The purpose of the current study was to explore, for the first time, the cardiopreventive capacity of Eucalyptus torquata seeds extract (ETS) against myocardial infarction induced by Isoproterenol (ISO) in rats. The phytochemical profile was also targeted. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 53 metabolites belonging to hydroxybenzoic acids, lignans, flavonoids, phloroglucinols, oxocins, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars. The in vivo findings showed that ETS supplementation for 28 days significantly attenuated the cardiotoxicity in adult rats by ameliorating the electrocardiographic pattern (ECG), and reducing the activity of LDH, AST, CK-MB, and troponin-T content compared to the infracted group. Furthermore, ETS reduced the cardiac oxidative stress generated by ISO injection via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ameliorating the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, and CAT). Additionally, ETS supplementation attenuated the DNA fragmentation and improved the ultrastructural changes in cardiac tissue. The amelioration of the lipid level (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C), highlighted the antihyperlipidemic action of ETS. The positive effect of the studied extract against ISO-induced cardiac damage could be related to the bioactive compounds, known as effective antioxidant molecules. The current study provides a preliminary pharmacological support for a potential medicinal application of ETS against cardiovascular pathology.

Evaluating the impact of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1753) and &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt; (L’ Heritier (1789) leave extract on &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; fingerlings’ growth

The need to improve quality of aquafeed that would bring about higher aquaculture yield hasattracted attention for the inclusion of Plant materials into fish feed. This study investigatedthe inclusion of Moringa oleifera and Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts into the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerings. A feeding trials of 56 -days duration was involved in this study. The feeding trial was made of eight isonitrogenous 40%CP diets comprising sixexp erimental diets, a control diet (ZSD) and a reference commercial diet (CRD). Three of the six diets had each with 2% inclusion level of any two out of the aqueous, ethanol and hexane extracts of Moringa leaf at 1:1 ratio. The remaining three diets had similar combination of Eucalyptus leaf extracts. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomise design (CRD) made of eight treatments. The experimental set-up was conductedin flow-through system made of 50 litres plastic basins and each treatment made in triplicates. Results of the feeding trials indicated significant differences (P&lt;0.05) among each of the growth and feed utilization parameters evaluated from the treatments. The control diets and the reference diets gave better growth of the fingerlings and feed utilization efficiency than the experimental diets. The control diet had 42.68% higher specific growth rate (SGR) than the top performing Eucalyptus-extract base diet (EHEA) and 43.81% than the top performing Moringa-extract base diet (MAME). Possible reason for the poor performance might be attributed to the inclusion level of the Eucalyptus extracts been higher than 1% established optimum level in an earlier study. Equally, poor performance of the Moringa extracts inclusion might be due to the relatively low level of its inclusion in the present study compared with better results recorded from some earlier studies with higher inclusion levels. Further study is hereby recommended into the possible impact of the extraction solvents used in this study on the poor growth recorded.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide marigold shaped clusters using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract as robust photocatalyst for dyes degradation under sunlight

This paper reports a facile route to synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles assembled into marigold shaped clusters utilizing the Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract. Synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were examined as catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of non-degradable organic dyes under the natural sunlight. The structural properties of as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were demonstrated by powder-X-ray diffraction confirming the high crystallinity with hexagonal phase. Moreover, detailed structural and crystallographic analyses for as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were analyzed through Rietveld refinement using FULLPROF software which further confirmed the wurtzite-type structure with P63mc space group. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was utilized to investigate the morphology of the synthesized ZnO, which revealed that nanoparticles assembled in clusters and eventually transformed into marigold shaped structures. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters consist of spherical and hexagonal nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 6 ± 2 nm. The role of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract for the formation of ZnO clusters was discussed in detail by the plausible reaction mechanism. As-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters exhibited the excellent photocatalytic behavior by observing almost 98 % photocatalytic performance towards organic dyes under open air sunlight condition. The aim of such investigation of the synthesized ZnO clusters has potential as solar based photocatalytic application towards efficient degradation of organic dyes.