ETS System Research Articles

Looking for winning policies to address the climate issue in EU-aviation

This paper analyzes the different climate policies that are used by the EU in the aviation sector. Using a simple model, we study their effects on welfare as well as on their acceptability. The efficiency and acceptability depend on the strength of the international agreements (Paris, 2015; CORSIA, 2020) and on the implementation of the policy within the EU. Four different policies are discussed: carbon taxes, tradeable emission permits, Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) blending mandates and fuel efficiency standards for new aircrafts. The Paris and the CORSIA agreements are both weak agreements where, in the absence of sanctions, the implementation depends on the will of the political majority of the moment. In terms of implementation, it is shown that for intra EU aviation, the insertion of aviation in the EU-ETS with partially auctioned emission permits is probably the most robust and efficient implementation of the Paris agreement as it can result in net zero emissions in 2040–2050. Subsidies for R&D in fuel efficiency and new fuels would be good complements to the ETS system as they also have a positive spillover for the non-EU aviation via better aircrafts and better fuels. SAF mandates are likely to be inefficient implementations of climate policies, they exist because they are more acceptable for the airlines and intensive air transport users.

A Review of On-Board Carbon Capture and Storage Techniques: Solutions to the 2030 IMO Regulations

The maritime sector is among the most polluting industrial sectors in the world. To oppose this and following the global trend towards carbon neutrality, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the objective to reduce the CO2 emission of vessels by the year 2030 of 40% and at the same time the European Union will introduce the maritime sector into the ETS system. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the emissions of the working vessels, and this can be accomplished through the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). There are many possible CCS technologies that can be applied to vessels: the one that has already been studied the most is the ammine scrubbing of the exhaust gasses. In parallel, other technologies have been proposed to reduce volume and energy needs, which are the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs), membrane technologies, fixed bed absorption processes and limestone. The review shows how, depending on the used vessel type, the technology to be used may vary, and proposes some preferential options for different applications. The obtained results can be of relevant importance in the present context of energy transition promoting immediate retrofitting to respond to the urgent request for intervention.

EU green steel deal: maneuvers on the decarbonization track

The subject of the analysis is the problems of ferrous metallurgy in the EU countries in the situation of a sharp increase in costs due to the energy crisis of 2021 and 2022 and with the EU initiative to introduce the so–called Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), developed within the framework of the "European Green Deal" adopted in 2019. The author analyzes the prospects for the abolition of free emission permits for the ferrous metallurgy industry in the EU within the framework of the CBAM mechanism and the transition of companies to carbon payments in the ETS system. The influence of these factors on the prospects for the implementation of decarbonization programs announced by companies in the industry, including the development and commercialization of low-carbon technologies, is analyzed. An assessment of the positions and interests of the European ferrous metallurgy industry in relation to CBAM and the actions of the industry lobby in the course of promoting this initiative is given. The latest initiative of the "Green Steel Deal", proposed by the industry to the EU leadership on the eve of the vote in the European Parliament on the details of the CBAM mechanism, is analyzed. It is concluded that the combination of increased costs due to the increase in fuel and energy prices and due to the increase in the cost of paying for emission permits within the framework of the introduction of CBAM makes it possible for European ferrous metallurgy products to lose competitiveness in world markets.The article was prepared based on the results of research carried out at the expense of budgetary funds under the state assignment to the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Development of a novel low-background noise blood loop model for testing blood-contacting biomaterials and medical devices in fresh human blood.

A novel low volume blood loop model (Ension Triad System [ETS]) incorporating pulsatile flow and a proprietary low-activation blood-contacting surface (Ension bioactive surface [EBS]) enabling high signal-to-noise performance is described. The ETS system incorporates a test chamber that allows direct comparison of material samples or finished medical devices such as catheters with varying compositions and/or surface treatments. ETS performance is presented from two independent organizations (Medtronic and MLM Labs) and includes results for hemolysis (pfHgb), platelet count, platelet activation (βTG), coagulation (TAT), inflammation (PMN Elastase, PMN CD112b, and monocyte CD112b) and immune response (SC5b-9) were made on: (1) the EBS-treated system itself without a test material (No Material, NM); (2) the EBS-treated system with an idealized untreated catheter (UC); and (3) the EBS-treated system with the prototype catheter treated with the EBS surface treatment (CC). The untreated catheter (UC) was associated with significant elevation of all activation marker levels (pfHgb excluded). The EBS-treated catheter, in direct comparison to the UC and NM catheters, appeared invisible with respect to the activation markers (all markers statistically different than the UC and equivalent to the NM control). Based on these data, we conclude that using a relatively small surface area test sample and a small volume of fresh human blood, the high signal-to-noise performance of the ETS system demonstrates comprehensive and statistically significant material differences in the major ISO 10993-4 categories of blood interaction. These data underscore the important benefit of minimal confounding of test/device responses with non-test-material/model-related responses. ETS offers a practical alternative to the common one-test-category-at-a-time approach when assessing blood/medical device interactions.

The Impact Of China – Emission Trading System Policy Effectiveness on Economic and Future Forecast: Evidence From Pilot City

China ETS is a system that is implemented in 7 regions in China which called pilot areas, including Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangdong and Shenzhen, which aiming at reducing GHG emissions or, more specifically, CO2 gas by limiting the production of carbon gas from each emitter (cap) the difference between the emission level and the value of the cap is called a trade (trade). By using panel data and Linear Regression we analyze the impact of China-ETS policy on China Economic growth (GDP) while at the same time analyze the carbon price trend which is one of the factor of the ETS system succeed. The result showing that ETS policy effectively impacts on reducing carbon emission, and there have corelation between carbon price and the carbon amount, Lastly, using ARIMA model on forecasting the carbon amount within 10 years.

The Impact Of China – Emission Trading System Policy Effectiveness on Economic and Future Forecast: Evidence From Pilot City

China ETS is a system that is implemented in 7 regions in China which called pilot areas, including Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangdong and Shenzhen, which aiming at reducing GHG emissions or, more specifically, CO2 gas by limiting the production of carbon gas from each emitter (cap) the difference between the emission level and the value of the cap is called a trade (trade). By using panel data and Linear Regression we analyze the impact of China-ETS policy on China Economic growth (GDP) while at the same time analyze the carbon price trend which is one of the factor of the ETS system succeed. The result showing that ETS policy effectively impacts on reducing carbon emission, and there have corelation between carbon price and the carbon amount, Lastly, using ARIMA model on forecasting the carbon amount within 10 years.

Internalizing CO2-Equivalent Emissions Issued From Agricultural Activities

The aim of this article is to consider the market-based instruments, such as the ETS system, for the internalization of the CO2-equivalent emissions issued from the agricultural sector. We use a hypothetical market valuation of the emissions and we extend the analysis to the optional pricing with double barriers. According to our results, the purpose of attaining the levels of carbon emissions recommended by the French public authorities, with a level of reductions down by 50.00% in 2030, could be successful would the terminal range of optional prices stand between 76.35 and 89.56 Eur.

An evolutionary approach to modeling and control of space heating and thermal storage systems

Home Energy Management systems are in a rapid development curve, supported by the advancements in computational intelligence, smart appliances, and new smart-grid frameworks. These systems are a fundamental part to implement demand-side management strategies and to shift local energy demand to periods of lower consumption effectively. In this paper, we explore the application of distributed co-evolutionary optimization algorithms and an agent-based architecture to reduce the consumption profile signature of the heating system during the critical peak demand periods, by reducing costs and respecting the comfort constraints of the occupants. The proposed control architecture targets the typical baseboard space heating systems and electrical thermal storage systems, as these represent a large portion of the energy usage in Nordic countries and are commonly controlled by room independent thermostats, which could be easily replaced by smart devices running an algorithm as the one presented in this work. Results prove the strategy proposed getting a cost reduction of up to 23% and a peak-to-average ratio decrease of up to 25% for reference scenarios. Also, an emulation Simulink model is developed to recreate a house and the different heating loads studied in this paper and an experimental test bed is built to model a real ETS system, two different complexity degree RC models are proposed to describe such systems.

Can Finance Help Save the Planet? The Case of Emission Allowances and MiFID II.

While the structure and the mechanisms that underpin the functioning of the EU ETS system are, by now, well known, discussions on the protection of the environment, and the development of secondary markets for emission allowances have stimulated a process of gradual inclusion of CO2 allowances in the perimeter of financial markets regulation. A first, significant step in this direction was taken by MiFID I: building on the definition of commodity derivatives introduced by the Investment Services Directive of 1993, MiFID I enlarged and amplified the catalogue of derivatives that would be considered as falling into its scope. The catalogue included then derivatives on emission allowances. The landscape set by MiFID I was, however, just a first step towards the inclusion of emissions trading in the scope of financial markets legislation. A second step has been taken by MiFID II, as the latter directly classifies rights on emissions allowances falling in the EU regime, as financial instruments. The reasons that led to the qualification of emissions allowances as financial instruments in MiFID II are basically a consequence of the tremendous evolution that secondary markets of allowances have seen in the last few years. The growing amount of transactions and the need to preserve and ensure the transparency and integrity of secondary markets convinced the Commission of the opportunity to include emissions allowances in the scope of MiFID II and, therefore, in the scope of the Market Abuse Directive (now, Market Abuse Regulation). Looking at the positive effects that, on environmental protection, may derive from the inclusion of emission allowances in the scope of capital markets legislation, these are basically linked to the fact that - as a consequence of the approach stemming from MiFID II - secondary markets should effectively become more transparent, efficient and secure. There are, however, some potential drawbacks to be considered. Trading in emission allowances becomes more expensive after MiFID II, and transaction costs might impact negatively on the liquidity of the market. The application of CRD IV (now, CRD V) prudential requirements might also require the absorption of important level of capitals, that would be distracted from direct investments in the industry: the effect that this might have on the system is, at the moment, unclear. The landscape introduced by MiFID II is also quite complex: there are at least two, if not three different sets of comprehensive legislation that may potentially be relevant for trading emission allowances, either on the spot, or on the derivatives market: the “old” EU-ETS; MiFID II-MAR; more tangentially, REMIT. The paper discusses the implications of each of them. Opting in and out of each of these systems, through a complicated system of exemptions and exclusions, does not benefit the overall coherence of the regulatory approach.

Particle-in-cell simulation feasibility test for analysis of non-collective Thomson scattering as a diagnostic method in ITER

Abstract The feasibility of the particle-in-cell (PIC) method is assessed to simulate the non-collective phenomena like non-collective Thomson scattering (TS). The non-collective TS in the laser-plasma interaction, which is related to the single-particle behavior, is simulated through a 2D relativistic PIC code (XOOPIC). For this simulation, a non-collective TS is emitted from a 50-50 DT plasma with electron density and temperature of n e = 3.00 × 1 0 13 cm − 3 and T e = 1000 eV , typical for the edge plasma at ITER measured by ETS system, respectively. The wavelength, intensity, and FWHM of the laser applied in the ETS system are λ i , 0 = 1.064 × 10 − 4 cm , I i = 2.24 × 10 17 erg / s ⋅ cm 2 , and 12.00 ns , respectively. The electron density and temperature predicted by the PIC simulation, obtained from the TS scattered wave, are n e , TS = 2.91 × 10 13 cm − 3 and T e , TS = 1089 eV , respectively, which are in accordance with the input values of the simulated plasma. The obtained results indicate that the ambiguities rising due to the contradiction between the PIC statistical collective mechanism caused by the super-particle concept and the non-collective nature of TS are resolved. The ability and validity to use PIC method to study the non-collective regimes are verified.

Biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training in patients with urinary incontinence after laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

Background. Pelvic floor muscle exercises are used as a first-line treatment for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Their efficacy is still being investigated. The use of biofeedback when teaching pelvic floor muscle exercises to patients increases the effectiveness of therapy.Objective: to assess the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training in patients with urinary incontinence after laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and to compare the results of teaching.Materials and methods. A total of 64 patients with urinary incontinence after nerve sparing prostatectomy underwent biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation. Radical laparoscopic surgery was performed in 48 (75 %) patients, whereas robot-assisted surgery was performed in 16 (25 %) patients. The patients started their training 2 months postoperatively. We used two-channel electromyography with the Neurotrack ETS system (United Kingdom) to teach the patients isolated pelvic floor muscle contractions. After achieving a minimum activity of abdominal muscles during pelvic floor muscle contractions, the patients started exercises.Results. There was no significant difference in age between patients who underwent laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (р = 0.79). Fifty-five patients (85.9%) acquired the skill of isolated pelvic floor muscle contractions and could perform training on their own. The remaining 9 patients (14.1 %) required regular support from healthcare professionals at an outpatient unit (1–2 biofeedback-assisted trainings per month). Thus, the type of surgery did not affect the process of training. The type of radical prostatectomy had no impact on the acquisition of the pelvic floor muscle contraction skill.Conclusion. The time for restoration of urinary continence by biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training did not vary between patients after laparoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

The potential influence of the carbon market on clean technology innovation in China

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates the potential influence of China's future nationwide carbon market on clean technology innovation. To overcome data limitation issues, the energy price is adopted as a proxy for the carbon price to estimate its impact on clean innovation and R&D. Then, a counter-factual method is introduced in which the potential carbon price is mapped onto the equivalent percentage change of energy price by sector. According to our results, the carbon market shows both a redirection and a crowding-out effect on technology innovation, with the former overwhelming the latter. If the future nationwide carbon market yields a carbon price of 50 Yuan, our findings estimate that it would result in an increase in the quantity and proportion of clean invention patents in ETS-covered sectors of 2.2% and 3%, respectively, and in an increase in the quantity and proportion of clean utility patents of 3.6% and 1.4% respectively. However, the effect on overall R&D is negative, indicating that carbon costs might crowd out some R&D expenditures, but in a limited manner. Generally, the carbon market in China is expected to help redirect technology innovation onto a cleaner path.Key policy insightsChina's future ETS would help redirect technology innovation onto a cleaner path.Maintaining a reasonable carbon price is critical to promote clean innovation.A tightened cap on the ETS system would help to maintain such a reasonable carbon price.

Assessing the EU ETS with a bottom-up, multi-sector model

ABSTRACTThe European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the central pillar of the EU response against climate change. This trading mechanism is considered, from the theoretical point of view, as the most cost-effective method to reduce GHG. However, previous studies show that the agents who participate in these markets may behave in a way that may lead to inefficient CO2 prices, creating doubts about the static and dynamic efficiency of the system. This article analyses these possible anomalies by first trying to model the ETS in a more realistic way, addressing some of the limitations of previous models, and second, by comparing the results with real market transactions. For this, a bottom-up, multi-sector model has been built, which represents the EU ETS in an integrated, cross-sectoral way, paying particular attention to the interactions among the most emissions intensive industries. The results show the benefits of this modelling approach and how it better reflects real market conditions. Some preliminary conclusions regarding the behaviour of the agents in the ETS market are also presented.POLICY RELEVANCELow allowance prices in the EU ETS have put into question the dynamic efficiency of the EU ETS system, prompting various ideas for structural reform. However, determining the right reform also requires estimating correctly how agents will respond to it. This article proposes a tool to realistically simulate the EU ETS under the assumption of rational agents, and compare it to real market outcomes, in order to understand better the behaviour of agents in this carbon market, and therefore how to design better policies.

The EU ETS and corporate environmental abatement

ABSTRACTThis article studies the relationship between firm-level emissions-to-cap ratio (ETC) and environmental abatement, by using a unique and extensive data set of 10 762 installations covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) matched to 5931 firms. We find that a shortage of emissions allowances is related to more abatement in later years while a surplus of emissions allowances results in worse subsequent environmental performance. This finding underscores the importance of reducing the global amount of allowances in the ETS system. Our results also suggest that stakeholder pressure and the creation of transparency concerning corporate environmental performance are likely to support the effectiveness of the system.

Analysis of GPR Early-Time Signal Features for the Evaluation of Soil Permittivity Through Numerical and Experimental Surveys

Recently, various studies have been carried out in order to address the possible relationships between amplitude attributes of the “first-arrival direct wave” (the so-called “early-time signal,” ETS), propagating at the interface in bistatic ground-penetrating radar (GPR) configurations, and the relevant shallow-soil permittivity parameters (dielectric constant and conductivity). In this frame, ad hoc compared numerical analyses and experimental investigations are extensively developed and discussed here, with the aim of making clearer the distinctive features and the reliability of this technique. The accurate results achieved for the ETS behavior as a function of various GPR system parameters enable us to identify both which are the more revealing signal attributes able to give predictable correlation with the ground permittivity values and the degree of complexity of the functional relationships between ETS amplitude and system parameters. A number of indications and perspectives are, thus, outlined in order to elucidate features, potential and critical aspects of the ETS technique for effective geophysical applications.

Realizing EU ETS Monitoring and Compliance in Poland

The success of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as a whole depends on proper national monitoring and compliance mechanisms in each of the 31 participating States. This article will focus on the legal and practical realization of an EU ETS monitoring and compliance system in Poland - being one of the EU member States where the gradual realization of the EU ETS system is meeting strong political resistance. Keywords: EU Emissions Trading System, Poland, monitoring, compliance, legal implementation

Stochastic lot sizing manufacturing under the ETS system for maximisation of shareholder wealth

The issues of carbon emission and global warming have increasingly aroused worldwide attention in recent years. Despite huge progresses in carbon abatement, few research studies have reported on the impacts of carbon emission reduction mechanisms on manufacturing optimisation, which often leads to decisions of environmentally unsustainable operations and misestimation of performance. This paper attempts to explore carbon management under the carbon emission trading mechanism for optimisation of lot sizing production planning in stochastic make-to-order manufacturing with the objective to maximise shareholder wealth. We are concerned not only about the economic benefits of investors, but also about the environmental impacts associated with production planning. Numerical experiments illustrate the significant influences of carbon emission trading, pricing, and caps on the dynamic decisions of the lot sizing policy. The result highlights the critical roles of carbon management in production planning for achieving both environmental and economic benefits. It also provides managerial insights into operations management to help mitigate environmental deterioration arising from carbon emission, as well as improve shareholder wealth.

Analysis of the essentiality of ROM2 genes in the pathogenic yeasts Candida glabrata and Candida albicans using temperature-sensitive mutants.

To analyse the essentiality of the ROM2 genes originating from the pathogenic yeasts Candida glabrata and Candida albicans by using temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. Based on the general concepts that ts mutations are generated by virtue of point mutation within essential genes, we have previously established a novel method (termed 'ETS system' for screening and identification of essential genes using ts mutants of C.glabrata). According to this ETS system, the present study successfully identified a putative C.glabrata ROM2 homologue as an essential gene that complements its point mutation (Cys-1275/Tyr substitution). The C.albicans ROM2 mutant (Cys-1281/Tyr), constructed patterned after this point mutation, also displayed ts phenotype. Both ts mutants recovered colony-forming ability, with concomitant suppression of lysis phenotype, at the elevated temperature in the presence of 1moll(-1) sorbitol as an osmotic stabilizer. Sequence alignment revealed that human genome possesses relatively low homology against Rom2 homologues, which are highly conserved among yeast species. ROM2 genes of C.glabrata and C.albicans are essential for viability, probably involved in cell wall integrity. ROM2 genes essential for both Candida species may be a potentially useful antifungal targets from chemotherapeutic viewpoint.

Overall Approach of the EU in the Question of Emissions: EU Emissions Trading System and CO2 Taxation

The EU Emissions Trading System was established in 2005 as the cost-effective tools for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Initially allowances were allocated free, but from 2013 auctioning is the main method of allocating allowances. Further, the European Commission proposed CO2-related taxation in a way that complements the EU ETS in order to establish a comprehensive and consistent CO2 price signal outside the EU ETS. The aim of the paper is to discuss the EU ETS system, its development in 2013, and its impacts on the proposed CO2-related taxation. Further there is mentioned position of the Czech Republic in this question.

病原性酵母 <i>Candida</i> における抗真菌剤標的候補探索：その分子生物学的アプローチ

We established a system, named ETS system, for screening and identification of essential genes from the pathogenic haploid yeast Candida glabrata by using temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. Based on the general concepts that ts mutations are generated within essential genes in the genome by virtue of point mutation, the ETS system enabled us to screen and identify a variety of essential genes from the C. glabrata genomic DNA library as the genes that complement ts mutations. The ETS system established in the present study may provide novel potential antifungal targets.