Etiology Of Stomach Cancer Research Articles

Macronutrients Intake and Stomach Cancer Risk in Iran: A Hospital-based Case-Control Study.

Background: Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dietary risk factors of SC are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and the risk of SC. Study design: A hospital-based case-control study. Methods: The data were obtained from a hospital-based case-control study conducted at the Cancer Institute of Iran from 2010 to 2012. Patients were 40 years or older and were diagnosed with SC in less than one year with no history of any cancers. On the other hand, the controls were healthy subjects who were caregivers or visitors of the patients. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews by trained interviewers. Dietary data were obtained using a validated Diet History Questionnaire. The age and gender-adjusted odds ratios (ORs), as well as the adjusted ORs of age, gender, energy, education, smoking, and body mass index, were reported for continuous and tertiles of intakes. Results: Totally, 207 SC patients and 217 controls participated in this study. In the full adjusted model, after comparing the highest tertiles to the lowest ones, the intake of sucrose (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.66-5.19; P-trend<0.001), protein (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.17-3.55; P-trend=0.011), cholesterol (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.28-3.85; P-trend=0.005), and percent of calories from protein (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.69-5.61; P-trend<1.001) showed a positive significant association with SC. Moreover, a significantly negative association was found between the percent of calories obtained from carbohydrates and SC (OR: 0. 57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.98; P-trend=0.015). Conclusion: The findings in this study showed that macronutrient intakes might be associated with the etiology of SC in Iran.

Macronutrients Intake and Stomach Cancer Risk in Iran: A Hospital-based Case-Control Study

Background: Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dietary risk factors of SC are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and the risk of SC. Study design: A hospital-based case-control study. Methods: The data were obtained from a hospital-based case-control study conducted at the Cancer Institute of Iran from 2010 to 2012. Patients were 40 years or older and were diagnosed with SC in less than one year with no history of any cancers. On the other hand, the controls were healthy subjects who were caregivers or visitors of the patients. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews by trained interviewers. Dietary data were obtained using a validated Diet History Questionnaire. The age and gender-adjusted odds ratios (ORs), as well as the adjusted ORs of age, gender, energy, education, smoking, and body mass index, were reported for continuous and tertiles of intakes. Results: Totally, 207 SC patients and 217 controls participated in this study. In the full adjusted model, after comparing the highest tertiles to the lowest ones, the intake of sucrose (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.66-5.19; P-trend<0.001), protein (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.17-3.55; P-trend=0.011), cholesterol (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.28-3.85; P-trend=0.005), and percent of calories from protein (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.69-5.61; P-trend<1.001) showed a positive significant association with SC. Moreover, a significantly negative association was found between the percent of calories obtained from carbohydrates and SC (OR: 0. 57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.98; P-trend=0.015). Conclusion: The findings in this study showed that macronutrient intakes might be associated with the etiology of SC in Iran.

Dietary intake of Zinc, serum levels of Zinc and risk of gastric cancer: A review of studies.

Gastric cancer (GC) is considered as most fourth common cancer in the world. Findings from animal, experimental and epidemiologic studies indicate that diet plays an important role in the etiology of stomach cancer. Among dietary factors, Zinc status has received great attention in recent years. The purpose of the present study was to review the association of serum levels of Zinc, dietary intake of Zinc and GC risk. A complete search was performed about the association of Zinc status and risk of GC was in databases electronic through such as ISI web of science, PubMed, Scopus, IrMedx and SID. Our results of current review suggest that dietary intake of Zinc and serum levels of Zinc are lower in GC patient. In other word, high serum levels of Zinc may be protective in GC risk. However, it seems further studies in particular epidemiological studies with large scale setting are required to reach a definite conclusion.

What Should be Taken into Consideration for a Meta-Analysis of Green Tea Consumption and Stomach Cancer Risk?

Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in Japan, China and Korea, and is the second leading cause of deaths from cancer globally, although the incidence and mortality have been declining over the years [1]. Dietary factors are known to play an important role in the development of stomach cancer [2]. Among dietary factors, green tea has recently been of considerable interest in the etiology of stomach cancer [3]. It has been hypothesized that green tea consumption has a protective effect against the development of stomach cancer [4]. The main constituents of green tea extracts are polyphenols known as catechins, which have been reported to have anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic and antioxidant activity in experimental studies using in vivo animal models [5]. An article was published by Kang et al. [6] on a meta-analysis of green tea consumption and its relation to stomach cancer. They did further subgroup analyses with a variety of effect sizes in order to explore the causes of heterogeneity among different studies. They also converted all the measured consumption levels of green tea to a cups-per-day scale to calculate the difference between the highest and lowest consumption levels. With such elaborate statistical approaches, their conclusion was that green tea may play a protective role against the development of stomach cancer. It is important to perform subgroup analyses since there are discrepancies in the effects of green tea consumption on stomach cancer risk between case-control studies and cohort studies as well as between crude data and adjusted data in the meta-analysis of published epidemiologic studies, for instance. More interestingly, when stratified by country (Japan versus China) in the subgroup analyses performed by Kang et al. [6], a significant risk reduction by 39% (summary RR/OR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.47-0.81) was found with homogeneity (p=0.43) from the Chinese studies, while a non-significant risk reduction by 8% (summary RR/OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.80-1.05) was observed with marginal homogeneity (p=0.10) from the Japanese studies. Part of the reason for the different results between the Chinese and Japanese studies could be that the seven cohort studies among the twelve Japanese studies failed to support the association (summary RR/OR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.92-1.16). Another part of the reason for the different results could be due to the varieties of green tea that undergo a type of roasting to dry the leaves in China [7]. These teas often characterize the Chinese varieties on the market, which provide a much more roasted flavor. In Japan, the green tea leaves are steam dried, creating a fresh grassy infusion. Many Japanese teas can be characterized by this technique and the light flavor that it produces. Since there have been no epidemiological studies investigating green tea consumption related to stomach cancer among a Korean population, which is one of biggest consumers in the world, it is limited to apply this meta-analytical result to Koreans with inferential interpretation. Hence, questions should be answered with more scientific evidence on whether the discrepancies may be due to either genetic background, environmental variables such as dietary factors, or the research methodology and design implemented. It should be noted that there are some limitations regarding the interpretation of the meta-analysis. First, as green tea is consumed mainly in Asian countries, such as China, Japan, Korea, and a few countries in the Middle East and North Africa [8], we are not able to generalize our findings to all populations. Second, a random-effect model is usually selected in order to adjust for the effect of heterogeneity across studies but this model does not discount the effects of heterogeneity. In addition, another bias can occur in this meta-analysis. Publication bias can cause researchers to reach incorrect conclusions from their meta-analyses because studies with statistically significant results tend to be published. Although Begg's test shows that there is no significant publication bias in this meta-analysis, we can not ignore the possibility of this bias, inherent in any meta-analysis. Therefore, the conclusions or interpretations made from the results of this meta-analysis should be considered cautiously due to the above limitations and biases. The findings and explanations should be explored in future research, including clinical trials and further epidemiologic studies.

Roles of Radiation Dose and Chemotherapy in the Etiology of Stomach Cancer as a Second Malignancy

To evaluate the roles of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and other factors in the etiology of stomach cancer in long-term survivors of testicular cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma. We conducted a cohort study in 5,142 survivors of testicular cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma treated in the Netherlands between 1965 and 1995. In a nested case-control study, detailed information on treatment, smoking, gastrointestinal diseases, and family history was collected for 42 patients with stomach cancer and 126 matched controls. For each subject, the mean radiation dose to the stomach was estimated. Relative risks (RRs) of stomach cancer and the radiation-related excess relative risk (ERR) per gray were calculated by conditional logistic regression analysis. The risk of stomach cancer was 3.4-fold increased compared with the general population. The risk increased with increasing mean stomach dose (p for trend, <0.001), at an ERR of 0.84 per Gy (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-15.6). Mean stomach doses of more than 20 Gy were associated with a RR of 9.9 (95% CI, 3.2-31.2) compared with doses below 11 Gy. The risk was 1.8-fold (95% CI, 0.8-4.4) increased after chemotherapy and 5.4-fold (95% CI, 1.2-23.9) increased after high doses of procarbazine (>or=13,000 mg) vs. <10,000 mg. The RR of smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day vs. no smoking was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-4.2). Stomach cancer risk is strongly radiation dose dependent. The role of chemotherapy, particularly of procarbazine and related agents, needs further study, because of the relatively small numbers of chemotherapy-treated subjects.

Genetic Polymorphisms in Folate Metabolism and the Risk of Stomach Cancer

Folate deficiency has been implicated in the etiology of stomach cancer through abnormal DNA methylation and disrupted DNA synthesis and repair. Enzyme-coding genes involved in folate metabolism are often polymorphic. In a population-based study of 305 cases and 427 controls in Warsaw, Poland, we evaluated the risk of stomach cancer in relation to polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes, including MTHFR (Ex5+79C>T and Ex8-62A>C), MTR (Ex26-20A>G), and MTRR (Ex2-64A>G, Ex5+123C>T, Ex15+572C>T, Ex15-405A>T, Ex9-85C>T, Ex15-526G>A, and Ex14+14C>T). Polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene were not associated with stomach cancer risk. No notable effect was found for polymorphisms in MTR or MTRR either, although MTR Ex26-20 A>G and MTRR Ex5+123C>T polymorphisms were associated with a borderline increased risk of stomach cancer (MTR Ex26-20A>G, AG/GG versus AA: odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-1.90; MTRR Ex5+123C>T, CT/TT versus CC: odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.82). We did not find significant interactions between polymorphisms in MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes and dietary folate and alcohol consumption. Our study did not identify strong genetic determinants in the folate metabolism pathway for stomach cancer risk.

The In Vitro Activity Of Seven Iranian Plants Of The Lamiaceae Family Against Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the etiology of stomach cancer and ulcers. The activity of total extract and polarfraction of Iranian medicinal plants Dracocephalum moldavica, Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Teucrium polium, Thymus daenensis and Zataria multiflora from the Mint family were tested and evaluated for inhibitory activity against some clinical isolates of H. pylori. Among these plants, methanolic extracts of Z. multiflora, D. moldavica and polar fraction of T. daenensis,R. officinalis and L. angustifolia were found to be the most effective. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, Lamiaceae, Dracocephalum moldavica, Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Teucrium polium, Thymus daenensis and Zataria multiflora, antimicrobial, Iranian plants Nig. J. Nat. Prod. and Med. Vol.8 2004: 40-42

Protection against Helicobacter pylori and Other Bacterial Infections by Garlic

Louis Pasteur was the first to describe the antibacterial effect of onion and garlic juices. Historically, garlic has been used worldwide to fight bacterial infections. Allium vegetables, particularly garlic (Allium sativum L.) exhibit a broad antibiotic spectrum against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Noteworthy results published include the following: 1) raw juice of garlic was found to be effective against many common pathogenic bacteria-intestinal bacteria, which are responsible for diarrhea in humans and animals; 2) garlic is effective even against those strains that have become resistant to antibiotics; 3) the combination of garlic with antibiotics leads to partial or total synergism; 4) complete lack of resistance has been observed repeatedly; 5) even toxin production by microorganisms is prevented by garlic. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium implicated in the etiology of stomach cancer and ulcers. The incidence of stomach cancer is lower in populations with a high intake of allium vegetables. We have demonstrated in vitro that H. pylori is susceptible to garlic extract at a fairly moderate concentration. Even some antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains are susceptible to garlic. Clinical trials are necessary to explore the possibility of using garlic as a low-cost remedy for eradicating H. pylori.

Nutrition and stomach cancer.

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between nutrition and stomach cancer is reviewed. Stomach cancer shows a distinct international variation and dramatic worldwide decline. These descriptive features suggest that dietary factors are important in determining the risk of stomach cancer. The authors assessed relevant data regarding specific dietary hypotheses in the etiology of stomach cancer. A negative association with fresh vegetables and fruits is highly consistent in numerous case-control studies in different populations. Both epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that vitamins C and carotenoids lower risk of stomach cancer. Evidence is sparse and inconsistent as to protective effects of vitamin E and selenium. Epidemiologic studies have not lent, and will not provide, supportive evidence for an etiologic role of nitrate intake. High salt intake has been associated with an increased risk in many case-control studies and limited cohort studies. Taken together with animal data, it is considered that high salt intake is a risk factor for stomach cancer. Both epidemiologic and experimental data are inconclusive as to whether high-starch diets confer an increased risk. Cohort studies using quantitative dietary assessment and biologic measurement of micronutrients are needed for further understanding of etiologic roles of dietary factors in the causation of stomach cancer.

Pathogenesis and prevention of stomach cancer.

In many Western developed countries, the incidence of stomach cancer has declined dramatically. This decrease was an extraordinary, "unplanned triumph", especially when compared to other cancers. Stomach cancer is still the most prevalent malignant tumor in Korea. Most Koreans carry Helicobacter pylori in their stomach. Thus, a new hypothesis, based on the relationship between the host and Helicobacter pylori, is presented as the carcinogenesis of human stomach cancer. The reasons for why the N-nitrosamide hypothesis should be dismissed as the etiology of stomach cancer, and why the contemporarily available principles and practice of intervention strategies to rapidly decrease the surprisingly high prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection are impractical at this moment, are explained. In order to introduce an alternative provisional strategy of the "planned triumph" for the population vulnerable to stomach cancer, vitamin C is defined as an anti-inflammatory agent on the basis of the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Pesticide use related to cancer incidence as studied in a rural district of Hungary

General mortality analysis showed an increasing tendency of circulatory diseases in two villages examined. Respiratory diseases and suicide were more frequent in the village with greater pesticide use (village I). The relative risk (RR) of gastric cancer for men is significantly higher in village I (high rate of pesticide use) than in the county as a whole (RR, 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96–2.83) and also in relation to the national data (RR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.91–5.36). Since the nitrate concentration in the drinking water, the drug consumption, smoking and eating habits are similar in the two villages, and since alcohol consumption is higher in village II (moderate rate of pesticide use), it seems that nitrosable pesticides may play a role in the etiology of stomach cancer. This is supported by the fact that a higher number of gastric cancer cases was found where larger quantities of nitrosable pesticides had been used.

The Presentation of Gastric Cancer in the Kashmiri Native: An Analysis of 850 Cases

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/20-2- Gastric cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal neoplasm in the native population of Kashmir valley situated in the mountains of North-West India. The prevalence rate in other population groups in India is much lower. The study is a comprehensive analysis of 850 cases diagnosed in the last five years at one teaching-cum-referral center. Of these, 82% were males and 18% were females; 62% were smokers and 38% were non-smokers; 60% of patients belonged to the age group 41-60 years. Endoscopic appearances were classified as: nodular mass 47%, polypoid mass 20%, malignant ulcer 10%, infilterative lesion 8%, rounded tumor mass 8%, linitis plastica 5% and 'early carcinoma' 2%. On histopathological typing; 79% of the lesions were adenocarcinomes, 8% mucoid carcinomas, 8% leiomyosarcomes, 4% schirrous carcinomas, and 1% reticulum cell sarcomas. The possible etiological factors peculiar to the dietary constituents, including the consumption of hot salted tea and of a particular leafy vegetable, are singled out. The genetic factors may have an important role in the etiology of stomach cancer in this high risk group.

Nitrate in drinking water and cancer in northern Jutland, Denmark, with special reference to stomach cancer

Nitrate ingestion has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer possibly through endogenous nitrosamine formation. The town of Aalborg in the northeast Jutland of Denmark (population approx 100,000) has been known for decades to have an average concentration of approx 30 mg/liter nitrate in its drinking waters. Age-standardized cancer incidence rates for 1943–1972 for various types of cancer were compared between Aalborg, neighboring towns, and all Danish provincial towns. During this 30-year period stomach cancer occurred slightly more frequently in Aalborg than in the town of Aarhus (population approx 200,000), with average standardized incidence ratios of 1.25 among men and 1.20 among women. It is unlikely than the increased incidence of stomach cancer in Aalborg may be explained by diagnostic differences, socioeconomic differences, or differences in dietary or constitutional factors. It is concluded that the results support a possible weak role for nitrate in the etiology of stomach cancer. Decreasing stomach cancer incidence in Aalborg as well as in other towns of Denmark indicate that nitrate may be only one of several factors influencing stomach cancer development.

Precancerous lesions of the stomach.

AbstractThe etiology of stomach cancer in relation to preexisting mucosal alterations is described and discussed from a review of the literature and our own previously reported experience. The incidence of “cancerization” or malignant change of gastric polyp, chronic gastric ulcer, and chronic gastritis varies considerably from researcher to researcher. Clinical follow‐up studies in many cases of gastric polyp and chronic ulcer discovered in the mass survey examination of the stomach revealed incidences of malignant degeneration of 2.3% of the gastric polyp cases and 2.06% of the gastric ulcer cases.

Gastric cancer in Colombia. I. Cancer risk and suspect environmental agents.

A case control study of patients discharged from hospitals revealed fourfold differences in geographic variation in stomach cancer risk within the Department of Narino (Colombia). Data from gastroscopic surveys of population groups, samples of water supplies, and urine and saliva in Narino also indicated a generally positive correlation among the following parameters: 1) gastric cancer risk, 2) prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, 3) nitrate content of well waters, and 4) nitrate excretion by the population. Urinary excretion reflected the ingestion of nitrates, and this implied a higher average intake of nitrates in the populations at high risk for stomach cancer. The Narino data could be construed as presumptive epidemiologic evidence for the role of nitrate availability in the etiology of stomach cancer.