Etiology Of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Research Articles

Studies on the Prevalence and Etiology of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women Attending Primary Health Centers in Sokoto Metropolis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovaries as it progresses to scar leading to infertility and other reproductive problems. This research work was conducted to determine the etiology, antibiogram and prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease among women attending Public Health Centres in Sokoto metropolis. The main objective of the study is to isolate the pathogens and determine the antibiotics sensitivity pattern and prevalence age of the Disease among the patients diagnosed with PID. 155 PID patients that were sorted by age and month were diagnosed within the year 2020. Laboratory assay on the etiology and antibiogram were carried out. From the total (155) patients diagnosed with PID in this study, thirty-three (33) were within the age of 15-20, forty-one (41) were between the ages of 21-25 and fifty-five (55) were between the age ranges of 26-30. The least (26) were between ages of 36 and 40. The highest prevalence age (35.5%) in this study were observed to fall between the ages of 26-30 then followed by forty-one patients (26.5%) prevalence that were between the ages of 21-25. The least in occurrence were 26 patients (8.4%) that were between the age range of 36 and 40. Similarly, the results obtained from this study revealed that there were 77 (49.67%) recorded in the first quarter of the year 2020. This was then followed by 48 (30.97%) patients in the last quarter. The least occurrence of PID patients 30 (19.35%) were diagnosed in the second quarter of the same year. The pathogens consistently identified to be associated with the disease were Neisseria gonorrhea and ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive on antibiogram. The factors responsible were poor personal hygiene, environmental pollution and unsanitary conditions of the toilets. It is recommended that patients should regularly visit health facilities for routine diagnosis of PID and ciprofloxacin and Broad spectrum antibiotics were the most efficacious for use in this study in the treatment of Pelvic inflammatory Disease.

The etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis

The etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis - IJMR- Print ISSN No: - 2394-546X Online ISSN No:- 2394-5478 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/2394-5478.2019.0017, Indian Journal of Microbiology Research-Indian J Microbiol Res

P08.24 Alternative evidence sources present a consistent picture of the population excess fraction (pef) of pelvic inflammatory disease caused bychlamydia trachomatisinfection in england

Introduction Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a leading cause of both Tubal Factor Infertility (TFI) and Ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is an important risk factor for the development of PID but it is also caused by other infections. The extent of the role of CT in the aetiology of PID is unclear and knowledge of its role is critical for assessing the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of CT screening. Methods We define the population attributable fraction as the population Excess fraction (PEF) ‘the estimated proportion of the disease that would be removed by eliminating the exposure from the population’. We consider seven separate methods of estimating age-group specific PEFs using a variety of data-sources. Estimates are based on evidence from routine data sources, survey’s, case-control studies and randomised controlled trials. Estimation is carried out using a Bayesian approach. This method ensures that all of the uncertainty in the data and estimates for all parameters is fully propagated into the estimates of PEF. Results There is a high degree of consistency between these estimates of PEF. We estimate that in women aged 16–44 around 20% of PID is caused by CT in England. However, this could be as low as 5% or as high as 40%. There is a steep decline in PEF with age with the PEF dropping by a factor of around 5-fold between younger and older women. Conclusion There is good evidence that CT plays an important role in the development of PID, especially in younger women. Future studies of the relationship between CT and PID should focus more on the relationship between risk and age. Disclosure of interest statement This study was funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0801947. No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study. PH has received funding from Cepheid directly and indirectly for lecturing on point of care testing and undertaking research on the cost effectiveness of their CT/NG assay. Has also received payment from Atlas Genetics for an article in the Parliamentary Review on the benefits of point of care technology in improving the cost effectiveness of sexual health services. Has also received an honorarium from Hologic for an education talk on STI diagnostics.

P3.014 The Importance of Age in the Role of Chlamydia in the Etiology of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

BackgroundAlthough the importance of age in the prevalence of Chlamydia is well recognised, its importance in the relationship between Chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has received little attention in...

Pitfalls of Research Linking the Intrauterine Device to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Correctly diagnosing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) using noninvasive clinical criteria remains challenging. Current guidelines for initiating treatment, based on minimal criteria (sensitive but not specific), are justified for public health purposes but inadequate and misleading for scientific purposes. Previous research on the link between the intrauterine device (IUD) and PID was controversial and subject to many limitations. Even today, these limitations still exist and include uncertainty of the PID diagnosis, unfair contraceptive comparisons, selection and diagnostic bias, and confounding. For example, IUD users are on heightened alert for PID relative to users of other methods. In addition, IUD users with pelvic pain may be more likely to seek physician consultation and consequently receive a PID diagnosis (true-positive or false-positive). Confounding factors such as higher coital frequency, multiple sexual partners, and low condom use may explain any finding that shows a higher PID rate among IUD users compared with other contraceptive users. Good evidence on how or whether the IUD changes the etiology of PID is lacking. In the past 10 years, use of the intrauterine device in the United States has increased markedly. Thus today, researchers may now have sufficient population-level exposure (IUD use) and disease (PID) to search for a connection and repeat past mistakes. Any new findings using observational research should be interpreted with caution. More rigorous research designs may not be pragmatic or feasible.

The role of genital chlamydial infection in acute pelvic inflammatory disease

The polymicrobial nature of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) underscores the need for a clearer understanding of the pathogenesis and etiology of PID especially among core groups most at risk. This study was designed to determine the role of specific microbial infections in leading to PID among women. Prevalence of genital chlamydial infection and other reproductive tract infections were determined in 100 women presenting at a health facility at Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The result showed that 11.1 per cent of women with acute PID were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis as compared to 4.3 per cent in the control group (odds ratio 2.75: 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7-11.7). Neiserria gonorrhoeae was not detected in either of the two groups. Trichomoniasis (10% in PID cases and no case in control group) and bacterial vaginosis (17.5% and 4.3% in PID and control group respectively: Odds ratio 4.7, 95% CI, 1.0-21.1) were also significantly associated with the clinical picture suggestive of acute PID. It is recommended that where resources are limited, patients presenting with acute PID be treated empirically for Chlamydia trachomatis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis and gonorrhoea. Keywords: : Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neiserria gonorrhoeae, Bacteria vaginosis, Trichomoniasis African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (1) 2007: pp. 23-27

Role of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a frequent infection in sexually active young women and results in adverse sequelae, including tubal-factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In the 1970s investigations using culdocentesis demonstrated that anaerobic bacteria played an important role in the etiology of PID. This finding has subsequently been confirmed by studies utilizing laparoscopy and/or endometrial biopsy to obtain specimens directly from the upper genital tract (uterine cavity and fallopian tube) of patients with acute PID. Recently, several investigations have shown an association between bacterial vaginosis and the development of acute PID. The microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis include anaerobes such as Prevotella bivia, other Prevotella species, and Peptostreptococcus species. These studies that have demonstrated the presence of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in addition to the sexually transmitted organisms Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis suggest that treatment of acute PID must be broad spectrum in nature and effective against anaerobic bacteria as well as N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.

Bacterial vaginosis - the missing link in PID?

The aetiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has baffled researchers for years. One school of thought attributed its onset to organisms associated with sexually transmitted diseases, yet, such pathogens are found in only 50% of cases. Now, attention has turned to a new set of pathogens - anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria are associated with the onset of bacterial vaginosis, a condition that could be the missing link in PID aetiology. According to reports at the recent Anaerobe Society of the Americas’ Congress on Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Infections held in California, US, this knowledge could help to form the basis of a new set of prevention strategies.

Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) compared with triple drug therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease

Sixty Jordanian women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were studied. Of these, 31 were given oral amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) for a mean duration of 8.4 days and 29 were given a standard triple drug regimen of oral ampicillin, intramuscular gentamicin and metronidazole tablets/pessaries for a mean duration of 7.2 days. Bacterial culture (cervical and high vaginal swabs) was positive in every case, most often E. coli but sometimes more than one pathogen was isolated. No gonococci were isolated and tests for chlamydia in 16 patients (8 in each group) were negative, suggesting a dissociation between the etiology of PID and sexually transmitted disease in this Jordanian study. After 3 days of treatment, more patients in group I (augmentin) showed diminution of symptoms of pain and discharge (P ≤ 0.05) compared to group II. At the end of treatment, complete cure or satisfactory improvement was recorded in 93.1% and 92.9% of cases in the two groups, corresponding to in vitro bacterial efficacy of 90.4% and 96.5%, respectively. No serious side effects were noted in either regimen. The results of this comparative study suggest that oral amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) may be a convenient alternative to the triple drug regimen usually administered for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.

IUDs and PID: a comparative trial of strings versus stringless devices

An international multicentered clinical trial was designed to determine the possible role of intrauterine device (IUD) marker strings in the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). A total of 1265 women were admitted and randomly allocated to receive either a standard TCu200 IUD or a TCu200 IUD without marker strings. These patients were followed-up through 12 months postinsertion. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups of IUD users with respect to the incidence of PID or other types of infection or inflammation. The 12-month life table termination rates and overall continuation rates were also similar for users of the respective devices, with the exception of removal rates for bleeding/pain, which were significantly higher in the strings group than in the stringless group. However, the number of bleeding/pain complaints ever reported during the study were not statistically different in the two study groups. The study results indicate that the IUD string does not play an important role in the etiology of PID associated with the use of IUDs.

A forgotten factor in pelvic inflammatory disease: infection in the male partner.

Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis has been increasingly implicated in the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. However little attention has been given to the male sexual partners of women with the disease. This study investigated women who presented at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic with symptoms of PID as well as their sexual partners in the preceding 3 months. The criteria for diagnosing PID were lower abdominal pain with or without vaginal discharge adnexal tenderness with or without adnexal mass and positive cervical excitation. 58 women were diagnosed with PID and C trachomatis was isolated from the cervixes of 16 (36%) of these women. 46 (56%) of the male sexual partners of these 58 women had nongonococcal urethritis although 36 were symptom free. C trachomatis was isolated from 10 of the 36 men cultured 7 of whom were asymptomatic. 11 of the 58 women with positive chlamydia cultures were taking oral contraceptives compared with 7 of the 29 women with negative cultures. Only 4 patients were using an IUD. These findings indicate a high incidence of nongonococcal urethritis among the male partners of women with PID and suggest a need to trace the sexual contacts of all women who present with PID.

SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE IMPLICATING MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM IN PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

31 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease, in whom serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis could not be detected, were examined for antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium by a microimmunofluorescence technique. About 40% of them had a fourfold or greater change in the titre of antibody during the one-month period after the onset of disease. This evidence implicates M genitalium in the aetiology of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and the Dalkon Shield

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most important diseases occurring among young women. More than 850,000 cases occur annually in the United States, resulting in more than 200,000 hospital admissions and 2,500,000 physician visits.^1-3The economic costs of PID are estimated to exceed $1.1 billion annually.³Perhaps even more important than acute PID are its long-term sequelae, including ectopic pregnancy, infertility, recurrent pelvic infection, and chronic pelvic pain. In developed countries, PID accounts for an estimated 30% to 40% of infertility among women and for about half of all ectopic pregnancies.⁴ The importance of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the etiology of PID has long been recognized.⁴Recent work suggests that the most important non—STD-related risk factor for PID is a woman's method of contraception.^4-7 Both oral contraceptives and barrier methods of contraception (such as condoms, diaphragms, and spermicidal foams or jellies) roughly

Contraception and the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease: New perspectives

The dramatic increase in use of contraception worldwide makes it imperative to understand the effects of contraceptives on the health of women using them. In this article, we review the literature on the relationships of modern nonsurgical contraception with pelvic inflammatory disease. Subsequently, we identify areas where further research is needed to better define the risks and benefits of these contraceptive methods in various settings. From our review, two new conclusions emerge. First, our reanalysis of published data on the risk of PID associated with intrauterine device (IUD) use compared with no contraceptive use shows, with one exception, less risk than the previous comparisons to all non-IUD use. Second, and probably most importantly, the studies, when taken together, strongly imply that oral contraceptives have a protective effect against PID. Only one study of 11 is equivocal on this point.