Etiology Of Bacteremia Research Articles

Etiology of Bacteremia in Children With Hemato-Oncologic Diseases From 2013 to 2023: A Single Center Study

Etiology of Bacteremia in Children With Hemato-Oncologic Diseases From 2013 to 2023: A Single Center Study

Etiology of Bacteremia Under Haemodialysis Patients and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Isolated Bacteria

Etiology of Bacteremia Under Haemodialysis Patients and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Isolated Bacteria

Etiology of Bacteremia Under Haemodialysis Patients and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Isolated Bacteria

Etiology of Bacteremia Under Haemodialysis Patients and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Isolated Bacteria

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: in vitro antibacterial and time-kill bactericidal evaluation against etiology of bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients

BackgroundBacteremia constitutes a significant public health challenge and represents a vital cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients, and fluoroquinolones are commonly prescribed antibiotics due to their range of activities and pharmacokinetic profiles. This study the evaluated antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Ofloxacin (OFL), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Levofloxacin (LEV) against the etiology of bacteremia of genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Enterobacter, and Salmonella using disc diffusion, micro-broth dilution and plate count techniques.ResultsThe lowest mean growth inhibition zones (mm ± SD) of OFL, LEV, and CIP against the isolates were 10.5 ± 0.0, 10.1 ± 0.1 and 9.6 ± 0.3, respectively. The MIC values of OFL, LEV and CIP on isolates ranged from 6.25 to > 50 µg/mL, MBC ranged from 12.5 to > 50 µg/mL, while MBC/MIC ratios were ≤ 2. The time-kill assay revealed that logarithmic reductions in viable cell counts (Log10 CFU/mL) of bacteria exposed to OFL, LEV and CIP ranged from 0.17 to 2.14 for P. aeruginosa; 0.13 to 1.31 for H. influenzae; 0.04 to 2.23 for Acinetobacter spp; and 0.08 to 2.08 for K. pneumoniae. LEV and OFL (1 × MIC concentration) achieved bactericidal effects on S. typhi ST07 and E. aerogenes EA01 at 30 h post-inoculation, respectively, while ≥ 99.9% reduction in the number of viable K. pneumoniae cells exposed to CIP was achieved at 24 h post-inoculation.ConclusionThe fluoroquinolones demonstrated higher inhibitory activities at higher concentrations against the etiology of bacteremia in HIV-infected patients, signifying a concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth. The MIC-based time-kill curve analyses showed that LEV achieved 3 Log10-fold reduction (≥ 99.9% reduction) in CFU/mL of most etiology of bacteremia faster compared with the other two fluoroquinolones.

Retrospective Evaluation of Positive Blood Culture of Bacteremic Cases With Fatal Outcome

Objective: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis in the world. The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate positive blood cultures in adult patients with fatal outcome, and to evaluate the results of their blood cultures, the etiology of bacteremia and whether they received […]

Uso racional de antibióticos y tecnología FilmArray para identificación rápida de bacteriemias en unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica

Las infecciones graves son la principal causa de ingreso a cuidados intensivos pediátricos. El panel FilmArray BCID permite identificar rápidamente a microorganismos causantes de bacteriemias.Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la identificación rápida de microorganismos asociado a un Programa de Uso Racional de Antibióticos (URA) en reducir los tiempos de terapias antibióticas, en un hospital pediátrico.Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, que incluyó 100 pacientes, en su primer episodio de bacteriemia, divididos en 2 grupos de 50 cada uno: Intervención (FilmArray BCID y programa URA) y Controles históricos pareados para la misma especie del microrganismo identificado (microbiología convencional). Las variables evaluadas fueron los tiempos de identificación microbiana, latencia de la terapia dirigida y de desescalar antibióticos.Resultados: Los grupos fueron comparables en características demográficas, foco de infección y etiología de bacteriemia. El tiempo promedio de identificación de microorganismos fue de 23 h (IC 95% 12,4-26,7) en el grupo intervención, y 70,5 h (IC 95% 65,2-78,6) en el control (p < 0,05), mientras que la latencia de inicio de terapia dirigida fue de 27,9 h (IC 95% 22,3-32,8) y 71,9 h (IC 95% 63,2-77,8) respectivamente (p < 0,05). El tiempo de desescalar o suspender antibióticos fue de 6,4 h (IC 95% 2,76-9,49) y 22 h (IC 95% 6,74-35,6) en los grupos mencionados (p > 0,05).Conclusión: El panel FilmArray BCID articulado a un programa URA, contribuye a la identificación de los microorganismos causantes de bacteriemias en menor tiempo que los métodos convencionales, siendo una herramienta que optimiza las terapias antibióticas en niños críticamente enfermos.

Pediatric Febrile Neutropenia: Change in Etiology of Bacteremia, Empiric Choice of Therapy and Clinical Outcomes.

The optimal choice of initial antibiotic therapy for patients with high-risk febrile neutropenia (FN) in children is unclear and varies by the institution on the basis of local antibiograms and epidemiology of specific pathogens. The authors evaluated the appropriateness of antibiotics for the empiric treatment of FN in pediatric patients with cancer in our institution on the basis of changes in the epidemiology of organisms isolated from blood cultures (BCx). The authors conducted a retrospective medical record review of pediatric patients who received any oncology care (including patients with cancer and patients who had stem cell transplant) at University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospitals (March 2009 to December 2016) with a diagnosis of FN who had at least 1 BCx obtained. They reviewed pathogens isolated from BCx and determined whether they were pathogens or contaminants using the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines and the team's decision to treat. They investigated the microbiologic spectrum and susceptibility patterns of pathogens causing bacteremia in pediatric FN and whether the empiric therapy chosen may have affected clinical outcomes. A total of 667 FN episodes were identified in 268 patients. BCx were negative in 497 (74.5%) and were determined to be contaminants in 27 (4%). In 143 episodes (21.5%), the BCx were positive for a pathogenic species. Polymicrobial bacteremia was identified in 25 episodes; a total of 176 pathogens were isolated. The majority of pathogens (95/176, 54%) were Gram-positive (GP), whereas 64 of 162 (36%) were Gram-negative (GN), 5 were fungal, and 4 were mycobacterial. The most common GP pathogens were viridans group streptococci (VGS) (n=34, 19.3%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=25, 14%), and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (n=12, 6.8%). Of aerobic GN bacilli, 15 (8.5%) were AmpC producers and 3 (1.7%) carried extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. There was no increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant GN isolates during the study period. Patients with VGS and multidrug-resistant GN bacteremia were more likely to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit [odds ratio (OR), 3.24; P=0.017; and OR, 2.8; P=0.07, respectively]. There were trends toward a higher prevalence of GP pathogens causing bacteremia and the emergence of VGS with decreased penicillin sensitivity. The prevalence of bacteremia with VGS was higher in acute myelogenous leukemia and neuroblastoma (OR, 2.3; P<0.01) than in patients with other solid tumors. Empiric antibiotic treatment should be tailored to patients' risk for VGS and multidrug-resistant organisms. Individual hospitals should monitor the pathogens causing FN among patients with cancer to guide choice of empiric therapy.

Etiology of bloodstream infections at a population level during 2013-2017 in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, Spain.

ABSTRACTIntroductionBloodstream Infections has become in one of the priorities for the antimicrobial stewardship teams due to their high mortality and morbidity rates. Usually, the first antibiotic treatment for this pathology must be empirical, without microbiology data about the microorganism involved. For this reason, the population studies about the etiology of bacteremia are a key factor to improve the selection of the empirical treatment, because they describe the main microorganisms associated to this pathology in each area, and this data could facilitate the selection of correct antibiotic therapy.Material and methodsThis study describes the etiology of bloodstream infections in the Southeast of Spain. The etiology of bacteremia was analysed by a retrospective review of all age-ranged patients from every public hospital in the Autonomous Community of Valencia (approximately 5,000,000 inhabitants) for five years.ResultsA total of 92,097 isolates were obtained, 44.5% of them were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Enterobacteriales was the most prevalent group and an increase in frequency was observed along the time. Streptococcus spp. were the second microorganisms more frequently isolated. Next, the most prevalent were Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., both with a stable incidence along the study. Finally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the fifth microorganism more frequently isolated.ConclusionsThese data constitute a useful tool that can help in the choice of empirical treatment for bloodstream infections, since the knowledge of local epidemiology is key to prescribe a fast and appropriate antibiotic therapy, aspect capital to improve survival.

1588. Clinical Prediction Tool for Extended-Spectrum Β Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae as the Etiology of Bacteremia in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections have emerged as a significant cause of morbidity among solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients, leading to challenges in selection of empiric antibiotic therapy. As such, we developed a predictive tool to determine whether these patients are high or low risk for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EB) bacteremia at the time of positive blood culture.MethodsAll SOT recipients admitted to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania with blood cultures positive for EB between January 2007 and July 2016 were included in the source cohort. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of ESBL-EB bacteremia. Manual forward selection was utilized to maximize area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), with sequential addition of covariates until achieving an AUC increase of <1%. A scoring system was developed based on the adjusted odds ratios for each covariate. Interval validity was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, sensitivity, specificity, and the bootstrapping technique.ResultsOver the study period, there were 287 SOT recipients admitted with an EB bacteremia, of which 51 were due to an ESBL-producing organism. The final model that predicted presentation with ESBL-EB bacteremia included: identification of an ESBL-EB on culture in the previous 12 months, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole exposure in the prior 6 months, receipt of a kidney transplant, and fluoroquinolone exposure in the prior 6 months. This model achieved an AUC of 0.85, sensitivity of 54.9%, specificity of 96.6%, and Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic of 0.26 (Figure 1). Based on the adjusted odds ratios for each factor, scores of +3, +1, −1, and +1 were assigned to each covariate, respectively. With this scoring system, the maximum attainable score was 5, with any score of ≥3 deemed to be predictive of ESBL-EB bacteremia. After bootstrapping, the adjusted AUC remained at 0.85.ConclusionThe presence of ESBL-EB organism as the etiology of bacteremia in SOT recipients can be predicted using the above scoring system. This tool will inform judicious empiric antibiotic use in this population at the time of positive blood culture. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Prevalence and Etiology of Bacteremia in Febrile Children with Sickle Cell Disease at a Nigeria Tertiary Hospital.

Background & ObjectivesAs a result of immune defects in Sickle cell disease (SCD), affected individuals are prone to infection from encapsulated bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Studies on the etiological agents of bacteremia in children with SCD in Nigeria are few and have revealed a spectrum of organisms that is different from those recorded in other parts of the world.Aim and ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of bacteremia, etiological agents and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in febrile children with SCD attending the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria.MethodsThe study was cross-sectional and took place at the Department of Pediatrics of the UCH, Ibadan. Children with SCD, ages 0–17 years presenting with axillary temperature ≥ 38°C were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. History was obtained and complete physical examination performed after which blood was collected for culture and antibacterial susceptibility tests.ResultsA total of 116 children were studied of which 69 (59.5%) were males, 111 (95.7%) were of the Hemoglobin SS phenotype and 5 (4.3%) of the Hemoglobin SC phenotype. Bacteremia was present in 16 (13.8%) of the 116 children. Gram negative bacteria constituted 10 (62.5%) of all isolates, while the predominant isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae 4, (25%) and Staphylococcus aureus, 4 (25%). Over 80% of the isolates were susceptible to Ceftriaxone, Amikacin and Meropenem.ConclusionsKlebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are the predominant causes of bacteremia in children with SCD in Ibadan, contrary to findings in western countries.

Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and Exotoxin A on subcutaneous tissue following dermal trauma.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen of the skin, especially following severe trauma such as burning. It produces a large array of virulence factors, including Exotoxin A and elastase that can kill susceptible cells and digest collagenous tissue. To observe and measure their effects, these purified virulence factors were applied directly to subcutaneous tissue using a transdermal chamber implanted in mice. Elastase disrupted collagen formation in tissue, induced haemorrhage, and increased exudation into the chamber which was quickly resolved by the host. Exotoxin A reduced the number of fibroblasts and leukocytes in tissue, decreased collagen formation, and reduced exudation and the concentration of monocytes in the chamber reservoir; these effects being observed four days post treatment. The ability of these two virulence factors to alter collagen formation and production, and influence local populations of leukocytes, provides further insight into the aetiology of bacteraemia following P.aeruginosa infection of skin.

Etiology of Bacteremia in Children with Hemato-oncologic Diseases from a Single Center from 2011 to 2015

목적: 2011년부터 2015년까지 최근 5년간 서울대학교 어린이병원 소아 혈액종양 환자에게 발생한 균혈증의 원인균 분포와 이들의 항생제감수성을 분석하여 경험적 항생제 선택에 실제적인 도움을 얻고자 하였으며 원인균의 분포와 항생제감수성에서 이전 연구와 경향성을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 2011년부터 2015년 12월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 입원 치료를 받은 소아 혈액종양 환자들에게 발생한 균혈증에 대하여 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 총 167명의 소아 종양 환자에게 221예의 균혈증이 발생하였고, 229 균주가 분리되었다. 이 중 그람음성균, 그람양성균, 진균이 각각 69.0% (2002-2005년 64.0%, 2006-2010년 63.4%), 28.8% (2002-2005년 31.3%, 2006-2010년 34.6%), 2.2% (2002-2005년 4.7%, 2006-2010년 2.0%)의 분포를 보였다. 그람음성균 중에는 Klebsiella species (53.2%, 84/158), Escherichia coli (19.6%, 31/158), 그람양성균 중에는 Staphylococcus aureus (48.5%, 32/66), viridans streptococci (21.2%, 14/66)가 높은 비율로 분리되었다. 그람양성균의 페니실린, 옥사실린, 반코마이신 감수성률은 각각 13.8%, 54.8%, 96.9% (2002-2005년 16.7%, 51.5%, 95.5%; 2006-2010년 14.3%, 34.1%, 90.5%)이었고, 그람음성균의 세포탁심(cefotaxime), 피페라실린/타조박탐(piperacillin/ tazobactam), 이미페넴(imipenem), 겐타마이신(gentamicin), 아미카신(amikacin) 감수성률은 각각 73.2%, 77.2%, 92.6%, 71.0%, 95.2% (2002-2005년 75.9%, 82.8%, 93.4%, 78.4%, 85.8%; 2006-2010년 62.8%, 82.9%, 93.8%, 67.8%, 86.3%)이었다. 본 연구의 원인균 분포 및 항생제감수성률은 과거 연구와 비교하여 차이가 없었다. 전체 환자에서 치사율은 13.1%이었다. 결론: 그람음성균은 소아 혈액종양 환자의 균혈증의 가장 흔한 원인균이다. 균혈증의 원인균과 항생제감수성은 이전 연구들과 다르지 않았다. 연구 결과에 따라 본 연구 기관에서는 예년과 같이 발열을 동반하는 소아 혈액종양 환자에서의 경험적 항생제를 피페라실린/타조박탐으로 투여할 수 있을 것이다.

Pediatric Bacteremia: Changing Etiology and Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance

In a retrospective analysis of children presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED) in the U.K., investigators described changes in the etiology of bacteremia from 2001 to 2011 (pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in 2006). Bacteremia was considered healthcare-associated (HCA) in children with indwelling devices, primary or acquired immunodeficiency, regular hospital-based interventions (e.g., hemodialysis, intravenous therapies), or preterm birth and discharge from the neonatal unit within the …

Etiology of bacteremia in young infants in six countries.

Background:Neonatal illness is a leading cause of death worldwide; sepsis is one of the main contributors. The etiologies of community-acquired neonatal bacteremia in developing countries have not been well characterized.Methods:Infants <2 months of age brought with illness to selected health facilities in Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ghana, India, Pakistan and South Africa were evaluated, and blood cultures taken if they were considered ill enough to be admitted to hospital. Organisms were isolated using standard culture techniques.Results:Eight thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine infants were recruited, including 3177 0–6 days of age and 5712 7–59 days of age; 10.7% (947/8889) had a blood culture performed. Of those requiring hospital management, 782 (54%) had blood cultures performed. Probable or definite pathogens were identified in 10.6% including 10.4% of newborns 0–6 days of age (44/424) and 10.9% of infants 7–59 days of age (39/358). Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated species (36/83, 43.4%) followed by various species of Gram-negative bacilli (39/83, 46.9%; Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were the most common organisms). Resistance to second and third generation cephalosporins was present in more than half of isolates and 44% of the Gram-negative isolates were gentamicin-resistant. Mortality rates were similar in hospitalized infants with positive (5/71, 7.0%) and negative blood cultures (42/557, 7.5%).Conclusions:This large study of young infants aged 0–59 days demonstrated a broad array of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens responsible for community-acquired bacteremia and substantial levels of antimicrobial resistance. The role of S. aureus as a pathogen is unclear and merits further investigation.

Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacteremia in hospitalized cancer patients with febrile neutropenia: A cohort study

We conducted a prospective cohort study in a single tertiary hospital with the aim of assessing predictors of multidrug-resistant bacteremia in 307 cases of febrile neutropenia in adult patients with cancer. On multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression, age (P = .009), duration of neutropenia (P = .022), and presence of an indwelling central venous catheter (P = .022) were associated with bloodstream infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Bacteremia Due to Actinomyces naeslundii in a T cell Lymphoma Child; a Case Report

: Actinomyces naeslundii is one of the normal flora of human oral cavities and is associated with oral plaque. This organism is not virulent and is recognized as a saprophyte organism however it seems that the identification of a primary or secondary immunosuppressant plays a critical role in the etiology of bacteremia. That is, whether A. naeslundii is the causative agent of malignancy or not needs further studies in future. : We report a case of A. naeslundii bacteremia in an 11 year-old boy with persistent fever for two weeks prior hospital admission. He was finally diagnosed with malignant T cell lymphoma. Isolation of this bacterium from the blood culture of our patient can serve as an important warning indicating that incuriosity about fastidious and not easily grown bacteria isolated from clinical samples may lead to misinterpretation and misdiagnosis.

Bacteremia in Swedish hematological patients with febrile neutropenia: Bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance patterns

The etiology of bacteremia in hematological patients with febrile neutropenia differs geographically and changes over time. Since efficient empirical antibiotic treatment depends on relevant knowledge of the bacterial panorama, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of bacteremia, the bacterial spectrum, and the resistance patterns of the isolates in this group today. In a cross-sectional study, routine blood cultures from febrile episodes occurring in adult patients with hematological disorders and neutropenia presenting to Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden during a 24-month period, were analyzed. A total of 142 febrile neutropenic episodes occurring in 124 hematological patients were included in the study. Bacteremia was documented in 27% of the episodes, and of these, 58% were due to Gram-positive pathogens. The most common isolates were viridans streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Escherichia coli. Low levels of antibiotic resistance were detected. The underlying diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was independently negatively associated with documented bacteremia (p < 0.01). The prevalence of bacteremia and the bacterial spectrum were consistent with recent Scandinavian reports. Substantially lower levels of antimicrobial resistance were registered compared to those found in other European centers. Patients with NHL were less likely to have documented bacteremia in this study.

Procalcitonin levels in children aged 3-36 months with suspected serious bacterial infection

Background Fever in children aged 3-36 months is usually caused by viral infection, however, 11-20% of cases may progress into serious bacterial infection (SBI). A good diagnostic tool is required to detect SBI to reduce mortality and avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics.Objectives To determine procaldtonin (peT) levels, and etiology of bacteremia in febrile children aged 3-36 months old with suspected SBI.Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo and Tangerang General Hospital during April-May 2010. Complete blood cells count and acute illness observation score (AIOS) were perfonned on febrile children aged 3-36 months. Subjects meeting the inclusion criteria underwent blood culturing and testing of procalcitonin levels.Results There were 39 children met the criteria. Boys and girls ratio was 1.6 Mth median age of 10 months. Mean of AlOS was 20.5 (4.5 SD) and mean of hemoglobin was 10.2 (SD 2.1) g/dL. Median of leukocyte and absolute neutrophyl count were 18,600/uL and 12,300/uL, respectively. Median of procaldtonin 1.8 (range 0.04-71.60) ng/mL, mean of procalc itonin in bacteremia subgroup 22.60 (SD 27.6) ng/mL and 6.38 in non-bacteremia subgroup (11.0 SB) ng/mL. In children with severely ill appearance, the likelihood of procaldtonin levels ≥2 ng/mL was 8.67 times higher (95%CI 1.66 to 50.56) than in moderately or mildly ill-appearing children. In subjects Mth procalcitonin level of ≥2 ng/mL, the risk of bacteremia was 8.1 times (95% CI 2.9 to 1051.6) higher and the risk of sepsis was 55.47 times higher than in subjects Mth procalcitonin &lt;2 ng/mL (95% CI 1.22 to 68.02). We observed bacteriemia in 11 of 39 subjects (28.2%). The pathogens isolated from these 11 subjects were Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Serratia marcesens, Staphylococrus saprophyticus, and Serratia liqueafaciens.Conclusion The proportion of bacteremia in children aged 3-36 months old with suspected serious bacterial infection was 28.2% with no predominant microorganism. Elevated procaldtonin level of ≥ 2 ng/mL was assodated with severe illness apppearance, bacteremia, and sepsis.

The changing aetiology of paediatric bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1998–2007

Bacteraemia in children is a potentially life-threatening condition. The objective of this study was to determine trends in the aetiology of bacteraemia in children aged 1 month-15 years in England and Wales by collecting data voluntarily reported by National Health Service hospital microbiology laboratories. Over the 10-year period 1998-2007, a total of 51 788 bacteraemia cases involving 105 genera/species of bacteria were reported. Total annual reports of bacteraemia increased from 4125 to 6916, with a mean increase of 6.5 % per year (95 % CI: 1.3-12.1 %). In 2007, just over half the cases were accounted for by four groups of organisms: coagulase-negative staphylococci (28 %), Staphylococcus aureus (10 %), non-pyogenic streptococci (9 %) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (7 %). These organisms along with a further 13 species/genera accounted for 90 % of the cases. The commonest Gram-negative organisms were Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli, which each accounted for 5 % of total bacteraemia reports in 2007. There was a significant decrease in reports of bacteraemia due to the three vaccine-preventable pathogens Haemophilus influenzae, N. meningitidis and Strep. pneumoniae, following the introduction of each vaccine programme or catch-up campaign. This study identified the commonest causes of bacteraemia in children in England and Wales, and highlighted the shifts in trends observed over time.

WITHDRAWN: The Etiology of Bacteremia or Pneumonia as a Prognostic Factor for Death in Burn Patients, After a 10-Day in Intensive Care Unit.

WITHDRAWN: The Etiology of Bacteremia or Pneumonia as a Prognostic Factor for Death in Burn Patients, After a 10-Day in Intensive Care Unit.