Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Research Articles

From Marathon to Miracles: Managing Dialysis-Dependent Oxalate Nephropathy with Ethylenediamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)

From Marathon to Miracles: Managing Dialysis-Dependent Oxalate Nephropathy with Ethylenediamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)

Full-length target sequences of GeoMx digital spatial profiling probes reveal that gene-promiscuity predicts probe sensitivity to EDTA tissue decalcification

GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling (Nanostring) is a commercial spatial transcriptomics method to selectively analyze regions of interest within intact tissue sections. We show that decalcification with ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic (EDTA) variably attenuates probe counts, while probes that are more resistant to this effect consequently appear overexpressed after quantile normalization. By determining the undisclosed full-length target sequences of probes used in the human whole transcriptome panel, hereby updating target transcripts and genes, we find that the gene-promiscuity of probes is an important factor that determines sensitivity to EDTA incubation.

Innovative iron‑manganese modified microalgae biochar for efficient phosphate iron removal from water: Preparation and adsorption mechanisms

This study developed a novel FeMn composite biochar (FMBC) with the pyrolysis raw resource of Chlorella, applying for phosphates removal from the aqueous. Under optimal conditions, the FMBC prepared from microalgae achieved a phosphate removal rate of approximately 91.6 % (adsorption capacity: 23.23 mg/g) within 120 min, demonstrating superior adsorption performance compared to the pristine biochar. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied for FMBC preparation optimization. To improve the metal loading capacity of biochar, Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used as a chelating agent during the preparation process. The optimum preparation conditions for FMBC were Fe/biomass(w/w) ratio of 1.25, Mn/biomass(w/w) ratio of 1.10, pyrolysis time of 120 min, and pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C, which presented a large specific surface area (14.681 m2/g), pore volume (0.036 cm3/g) with the rich oxygen-containing functional groups. Phosphorus removal kinetic and isotherm process were better described by pseudo-second-order model and the Dubinin-Radushkevinch (D-R) isotherm. In addition, the optimal adsorption conditions for FMBC were as follows: biochar dosage of 0.1 g, initial pH of 7.0, adsorption temperature of 25 °C, and initial phosphate concentration of 50 mg/L. Physical adsorption, surface complexation, precipitation, electrostatic attractions, and ion exchange were responsible for phosphate adsorption process by FMBC. The main innovation of this study is the use of explosive growth algae to prepare metal-modified biochar for phosphorus removal from water bodies, to realize the goals of resource utilization of waste biomass and eutrophication control in water, which are significant for sustainable development.

Evaluation of Fracture Strength of Roots to Determine the Duration Limit of Activated Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid Irrigation for Intracanal Calcium Hydroxide Dressing Removal In Vitro

This study evaluated the effect of the use of EDTA solution at various intervals to remove intracanal calcium hydroxide medication on fracture resistance. One hundred and one extracted lower premolar teeth were randomly allocated into one control group (n = 5), two main experimental groups (CH(+), with calcium hydroxide dressing, and CH(−), without calcium hydroxide dressing), with four subgroups (EDTA intervals: 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, n = 12). Ready-to-use injectable calcium hydroxide was used for the samples in the four CH(+) subgroups, and the samples were kept in an incubator at 37 °C and 100% humidity for seven days. All samples (CH(+), CH(−)) were irrigated with 17% EDTA, which was accompanied by activation with EndoActivator for 1, 3, 5, and 10 min, and then rinsed with 2.5% NaOCl in a standardized manner. The obturation was conducted using the warm obturation technique; experiments were conducted with a universal testing device, and their fracture strength was recorded. Compliance with the normal distribution was examined with ±2 skewness coefficients. Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s, one-way ANOVA, and Dunnett’s tests were used for statistics (p < 0.050). A statistically significant difference was found between the mean values of the force between the groups (p = 0.009). The mean strength of the tooth at fracture that CH(−) was 401.7, CH(+) was 335.35. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of the forces according to time intervals (p = 0.387). While there was no significant difference among the experimental groups (p = 0.229), the mean fracture strength of the negative control group was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001). The highest fracture resistance was observed in the nonprepared group. Irrigation with EDTA for up to 5 min showed more acceptable fracture resistance results than the other groups. Using calcium hydroxide significantly and negatively affected the root strength.

Effect of Root Instrumentation on Fibroblast Viability: Hyaluronic Acid, Ethylenediaminetetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), and Enamel Matrix Efficacy

Effect of Root Instrumentation on Fibroblast Viability: Hyaluronic Acid, Ethylenediaminetetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), and Enamel Matrix Efficacy

Direct PCR Based Detection of Macrophomina Phaseolina From Soil of Jute Field

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a devastating fungal pathogen which infects a large number of economically important crops. In jute, it mainly causes seedling blight, leaf spot, and stem rot. The pathogen is seed borne as well as soil borne. Macrophomina phaseolina pathogen was detected in soil samples collected from jute field by a direct PCR method (dPCR) without DNA isolation using ITS2 and ITS3 region specific primers designed during the present study. The soil samples were prepared in a lysis buffer and were incubated at 650C for 15 min. The optimized buffer system was composed of 200 mM tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane (Tris)-Cl (pH 8.0), 3.5 mM ethylene diamine tetra acetic (EDTA) (pH 8.0), 4 M NaCl and 200 μg/ml Proteinase K. Further, β-marcaptoethanol (1% v/v) was added into the buffer. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(2): 401-404, 2024 (June)

Influence of Smart Fertilizer on Yield and Economics of Cowpea

The extent of agricultural land under cultivation is diminishing continuously as a result of improper over use of fertilizer leads to environmental contamination and productivity of land is also become diminished. Nonetheless, in order to fulfill the rising population's nutritional needs as well as those of the developing industry, agricultural production must be enhanced. Smart fertilizers like Nano fertilizers are the new technologies to enhance the nutrient use efficiency them by improving crop yield in sustainable manner. Nano-fertilizers are the Nano-particles-based fertilizers, where supply of the nutrients is made precisely for maximum plant growth, have higher use efficiency, exploiting plant unavailable nutrients in the rhizosphere and can be delivered on real time basis into the rhizosphere or by foliar spray. Pulses are gaining more important position in Indian agriculture. But the average productivity of pulses is pulses in India (764 kg ha-1) is far below the average productivity of the world (848 kg ha-1). Basally applied nutrients are lost over time, thus applying important fertilizer to cowpeas during their critical growth is a effective strategy to enhance their yield. Especially smart fertilizers like Nano Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Zinc - Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (Zn EDTA) are very helpful in that. Therefore, the field experiment was done in the School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Gandhi gram Rural Institute, Gandhi gram, Tamil Nadu during January 2024 to April 2024 to assess the impact of Nano DAP and Zn EDTA on growth and yield of cowpea. There were seven treatments with three replications that were laid out in RBD. Among the different treatments, RDF 50% P, 100% NK + Seed treatment and two foliar spray 0.2% of Nano DAP + Foliar spray of 3% Zn EDTA (T7) was achieved a supremely improved growth parameters and yield attributes and yield. Experimental results clearly revealed that RDF 50% P, 100% NK + Seed treatment and two foliar spray 0.2% of Nano DAP + Foliar spray of 3% Zn EDTA(T7) has recorded the highest grain yield of 1720 kg ha-1 and BCR of 3.25.

Comparison of heavy metal contaminants removal using EDTA and Cyanex 302 as chelating agents for supercritical CO2-based soil remediation

Supercritical CO2-based soil remediation technology has become one new method with its advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, and no secondary pollution. In this study, experiments on a kilogram-scale experimental system have been conducted under different pressures, temperatures, processing times, etc. A wide range of parameter conditions (∼75 °C, ∼40 MPa, ∼40 min) have been tested to explore parameter effects on the removal efficiencies (RE) of metal contaminants: lead, chromium, and arsenic. Comparisons between Cyanex 302 and Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) as chelators have been conducted: (1) Both Cyanex 302 and EDTA show significant role in promoting the soil remediation process under supercritical CO2 remediation process. Additionally, the removal efficiency of EDTA for the three metals is generally lower than that of Cyanex 302 under the same operating conditions. (2) Cyanex 302 exhibits selectivity for metals. For Cyanex 302, the RE of both lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) was quite high (>93 %), while the removal efficiency of chromium (Cr) showed an obvious regularity with the increase of temperature, pressure and processing time, from 37 % to 83 %. (3) For EDTA cases, the RE of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) showed different trends: the lowest removal efficiency found to be 48 %, 15 %, 28 % at 20 MPa, 35 °C, 20 min conditions, respectively; and the highest of 83 %, 63 %, 64 %, respectively, at 30 MPa, 55 °C conditions. EDTA cases showed different results for all three metals: the influence of temperature on removal efficiency is most obvious, while the influence of processing time on efficiency is neglectable.

Comparison of Viral Load, CD4 and Hematological Parameters Amongst HIV, Patients on Tenofovir and Zidovudine-Based ARV Therapy in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

HIV is a global public health concern and people diagnosed with HIV are treated with Antiretroviral therapy. Until 2017, Tenofovir and Zidovudine-based ART were the two major first line drugs for PLHIVs in Nasarawa Nigeria. This study aims to compare the HIV viral load suppression amongst patients on these two ART combinations in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three (3) secondary health facilities in Nasarawa State using one hundred subjects selected randomly from the three facilities comprising 50 HIV Sero-positive individuals on Tenofovir-based ART and 50 HIV sero-positive individuals on Zidovudine-based ART. Ethylene diamine Tetra Acetic (EDTA) blood specimen was obtained from each study participant for Full blood count (FBC) using haematology auto-analyser (Sysmex K21N), CD4 count using Partec Cyflow Counter II and HIV viral load analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The demographic data of study participants shows that more females (72) were involved in the study making up 64% of the subjects on Tenofovir and 80% of those on Zidovuine and most of the subjects were within the ages of 26-35years. There was no significant difference (p=0.666) in the viral load of the subjects on any of the regimen. The red blood cells count (RBC) and platelet counts were significantly different (p<0.0001) amongst the subjects on the two ART regimen whereas CD4 count, white blood cells count, lymphocytes count, granulocytes count and Packed cell volume (PCV) were not significantly different within the two groups. Age affected some of the haematological parameters (granulocytes, PCV, RBCs and platelets) within the two groups at different ages. Sex only affected the PCV and granulocytes of subjects within the two different groups (p=0.0069), occupation, knowledge about HIV/AIDS disease and care, duration of ART treatment and year of initial diagnosis of HIV did not affect the haematological and immunological parameters of subjects on the two ART regimen. Conclusively, there is no significant difference in the virologic and immunological response of patients on the two ART therapy but some haematological parameters of subjects on Zidovudine were statistically different from those on Tenofovir.

Combination of Superficial Keratectomy, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation as A Treatment of Band keratopathy: A Case Report

Introduction : Band keratopathy is a degeneration of the cornea characterized by the presence of opacity, which isa deposit of calcium hydroxyapatite. These calcium deposits can be removed in several ways, including using ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), superficial keratectomy, or phototherapy keratectomy.
 Case Illustration : A 29-year-old male patient came with complaints of blurry vision in the right eye since 2-3 years ago, accompanied by the middle part of both eyes looking white, especially the right eye, since 17 years ago. The examination revealed a band keratopathy in the nasal to temporal region with neovascularization in the right eye, and keratopathy bands in the nasal and temporal parts, as wellas a cloudy lens in the right eye (Figure 1). Patients received treatment that included a combination of superficial keratectomy, administration of EDTA, and amniotic membrane transplantation (Figure 2). After the procedure, the clarity of the cornea improves (Figure 3). The patient was scheduled to undergo cataract surgery on his right eye.
 Discussion : Band keratopathy is a degenerative condition of the cornea characterized by grayish-white hazy deposits in the superficial layers of the cornea, primarily affecting Bowman's layer. In the treatment of individuals with symptomatic band keratopathy, chelation with EDTA, superficial keratectomy, laser keratectomy for phototherapy, or combining current procedures are the most often utilized therapeutic approaches.
 Conclusion : The combination of surgical management in cases of band keratopathy is expected to remove deposits on the cornea, improve the ocular surface, and reduce recurrences.

Optical and electrical properties of Ni+2 doped nanocrystalline Bi2S3 thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition method

Nickel (Ni+2) doped nanocrystalline Bi2S3 thin films are deposited on the glass substrate from the solutions containing Bismuth Nitrate, Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Thioacetamide at a bath deposition temperature of 318K. The optical, surface morphological and electrical properties of Ni-doped Bi2S3 thin films prepared at three different doping concentration are investigate by using ultraviolet–visible transmission spectra (UV–Vis), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and thermo-e.m.f. techniques. The optical band gap energies are found in between 2.32-2.43 eV. The SEM images show that the prepared films are continuous, dense and distributed over the entire area with good uniformity. The electrical conductivity of the films are in the order of 10-2 Ω-1 m-1 . The films are n-type as determined from the Hot Probe method. Photoconductivity studies reveal that photocurrent increases with the increase in Ni doping concentrations. Due to the absorption of photons, free electron-hole pairs (EHP) are produce.

New insights into the effect of EDTA on pyrite oxidation and N2O emission during pyrite autotrophic denitrification

Pyrite autotrophic denitrification (PAD) is crucial for removing nitrate in groundwater and advanced wastewater treatment. While disulfide is typically seen as the electron donor, the role of iron in pyrite oxidation is often ignored. In this study, Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) had been proven to have the potential to facilitate pyrite oxidation by promoting the solubility of iron in solution, thereby enhancing the kinetics of pyrite autotrophic denitrification. Firstly, EDTA could improve PAD performance, i.e. the nitrate removal rate at EDTA addition of 5 mM was 0.69 mg N/L•h and twice that of the control. However, high concentrations of EDTA inhibited the activity of the nitrous oxide reductase, resulting in the maximum accumulation of N2O reaching 13.26 mg N/L with an EDTA concentration of 15 mM. Furthermore, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) result indicated that the EDTA addition promoted the production of bioavailable sulfur, with the concentration of S0 at 15 mM EDTA being more than twice higher than that of the control. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated that EDTA could relieve the damage of iron encrustation on cell activity because it was difficult for EDTA-chelated ferrous iron to penetrate the cell membrane. Microbial community analyses showed an increase abundance of iron oxidizing bacteria, suggesting that EDTA addition promoted the bioavailability of iron for Fe(II) autotrophic denitrification. Overall, this study will provide insights into the understanding of oxidation mechanism of PAD process and the practical application for efficient nitrogen removal and N2O mitigation.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of 3.8% Silver Diamine Fluoride as a Root Canal Irrigant against Enterococcus Faecalis in Primary Teeth: A Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction: During a pulpectomy, the infected or inflamed pulp tissues are removed, and the root canal is thoroughly cleaned with mechanical instrumentation and copious irrigation. Various endodontic irrigants are available, such as Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), Chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), Mixture of doxycycline, citric acid, and a detergent (MTAD), etc. Among these, CHX gluconate is widely used as an endodontic irrigant and medicament due to its antibacterial effect and substantivity. Enterococcus faecalis is the most common bacterial species found in necrotic teeth, with high viability and antibiotic resistance. A 3.8% Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has antimicrobial properties and has been shown to eliminate E. faecalis from the root canals of permanent teeth. However, there are no studies in the literature that have evaluated its efficacy as a root canal irrigant in primary teeth. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of 3.8% SDF against E. faecalis in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: This was a in-vivo double-blinded randomised clinical trial conducted at Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, GSL Dental College and Hospital, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India in children aged 3-8 years old. The study included 60 primary teeth that required pulpectomy. The teeth were divided into two groups and irrigated: 30 teeth with 3.8% SDF (Group I) and 30 teeth with 2% CHX (Group II). In all cases, two microbiological samples were taken using sterile absorbent paper points: the first after access opening and the second after the final irrigation. All samples were assessed using the agar plate method. The results were analysed statistically using a Student's paired t-test. Results: After analysing the pre- and postirrigation samples, there was a statistically significant reduction in Colony Forming Units (CFU)mL (p<0.05) in both groups. When comparing the two groups, no statistical difference was observed in the percentage reduction of bacterial colonies (p>0.05). Conclusion: The reduction in CFU/mL of E. faecalis was comparable in both groups. Thus, 3.8% SDF can be used as an alternative root canal irrigant to 2% CHX.

Role of Angiogenesis and Endothelialmesenchymal Transition in Bone Marrow Fibrosis Associated with Haematopoietic Neoplasms: A Cross-sectional Immunohistochemical Analysis

Introduction: The bone marrow examination is an essential investigation in the diagnosis and management of many haematological disorders. The integration of all investigations, including peripheral blood analysis, bone marrow aspirate, and trephine biopsy findings, along with supplementary tests such as immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular genetic studies, is crucial for arriving at a final diagnosis. Aim: To assess the presence of reticulin fibres in bone marrow biopsy sections in haematological malignancies, to evaluate the grade of BMF associated with haematological malignancies and to assess the role of angiogenesis using IHC markers in various haematological malignancies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at the National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India in 2009 for a duration of 18 months. Thirty-eight patients with a diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), and Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder (CLPD) were studied. Bone marrow biopsies were taken, fixed in 10% formalin, and decalcified in 10% Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Routine paraffin embedding was performed, and serial sections of 4 µm were obtained on poly-L-lysine-coated slides for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) {Vimentin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), CD-34, Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA)}. The presence of reticulin fibres in the bone marrow biopsy sections was assessed using two special stains: Gomori’s Silver Impregnation and Masson’s Trichrome. Fibrosis was quantified according to the Baurmeister 0-4 grading system of Bone Marrow Fibrosis (BMF). Results: The results of the present study suggest that Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) may play a role in the pathogenesis of BMF. Various grades of fibrosis were observed, with 15 cases (39.47%) in Grade 3, followed by 11 cases (28.95%) in Grade 2, 8 cases (21.05%) in Grade 1, and 4 cases (10.53%) in Grade 4. Conclusion: BMF was a significant finding even in the early stages of the majority of the lesions studied and was closely linked with angiogenesis. This study showed that angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of haematological neoplasms and that VEGF is a prominent stimulus in the majority of these disorders. Additionally, this study suggests that EndMT has a possible role in the pathogenesis of BMF.Introduction: The bone marrow examination is an essential investigation in the diagnosis and management of many haematological disorders. The integration of all investigations, including peripheral blood analysis, bone marrow aspirate, and trephine biopsy findings, along with supplementary tests such as immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular genetic studies, is crucial for arriving at a final diagnosis. Aim: To assess the presence of reticulin fibres in bone marrow biopsy sections in haematological malignancies, to evaluate the grade of BMF associated with haematological malignancies and to assess the role of angiogenesis using IHC markers in various haematological malignancies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at the National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India in 2009 for a duration of 18 months. Thirty-eight patients with a diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), and Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder (CLPD) were studied. Bone marrow biopsies were taken, fixed in 10% formalin, and decalcified in 10% Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Routine paraffin embedding was performed, and serial sections of 4 µm were obtained on poly-L-lysine-coated slides for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) {Vimentin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), CD-34, Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA)}. The presence of reticulin fibres in the bone marrow biopsy sections was assessed using two special stains: Gomori’s Silver Impregnation and Masson’s Trichrome. Fibrosis was quantified according to the Baurmeister 0-4 grading system of Bone Marrow Fibrosis (BMF). Results: The results of the present study suggest that Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) may play a role in the pathogenesis of BMF. Various grades of fibrosis were observed, with 15 cases (39.47%) in Grade 3, followed by 11 cases (28.95%) in Grade 2, 8 cases (21.05%) in Grade 1, and 4 cases (10.53%) in Grade 4. Conclusion: BMF was a significant finding even in the early stages of the majority of the lesions studied and was closely linked with angiogenesis. This study showed that angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of haematological neoplasms and that VEGF is a prominent stimulus in the majority of these disorders. Additionally, this study suggests that EndMT has a possible role in the pathogenesis of BMF.

A Cross-sectional Analysis of Conventional Leishman’s Stain versus Modified Leishman’s Stain: A Study Protocol

Introduction: The conventional Leishman’s stain and modified Leishman’s stain are widely used in medical laboratories for the microscopic examination of blood smears. The conventional stain provides good visualisation of cellular morphology, aiding in the identification of various blood cell types. The modified Leishman’s stain, on the other hand, incorporates alterations to enhance specific cellular structures, improving diagnostic accuracy. Need of the study: In the present study, the authors will observe the differences between the conventional staining method and the modified Leishman's stain method, as well as the advantages of the modified Leishman's staining over the conventional staining method. Aim: To compare Conventional Leishman’s Stain with Modified Leishman’s Stain. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study will be conducted from October 2022 to October 2024 at the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) blood samples will be used for staining. Conventional Leishman’s Stain employs the traditional Leishman’s staining method, while Modified Leishman’s Stain incorporates specific modifications aimed at improving staining quality and enhancing the detection of eosinophils and leukocytes. Several quality control parameters will be assessed, including staining quality, eosinophil and leukocyte visibility, and overall diagnostic accuracy for both peripheral blood smear samples. A panel of experienced haematologists, blinded to the staining technique, independently examines the slides to minimise potential bias. The numbers and morphological characteristics of eosinophils and leukocytes are meticulously recorded, and statistical analysis will be conducted to compare the two staining methods.

Fabrication of ethylenediaminetetraacetic modified porous silica composite from rice husk for enhancing the remove of Pb2+ from aqueous solution

Rice husk (RH) is well known as a by-product of rice production, and a large amount of RH is discharged in Southeast Asian countries yearly. Therefore, converting rice husks into valuable materials is challenging for governments. In this study, porous silica (PS) fabricated from RH was modified by ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) with binder polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance adsorption performance. The PS was an amorphous and porous material, its average particle size was about 10–20 nm, showing a pore size of about 2–5 nm. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm results showed that PS possessed a large specific surface of 544.5 m2/g and a high pore volume of 1.94 cm3/g. These were slightly mitigated to 496.8 m2/g and 1.44 cm3/g, respectively, for the EDTA modified porous silica composite (PS-EDTA), but it could improve the adsorption of Pb2+. The PS-EDTA 1.0 M sample had the highest adsorption performance among as-prepared samples. At optimal reaction conditions, PS-EDTA showed an adsorption efficiency of 99.98 % and a qmax of 84.70 mg/g determined by batch reaction and the Langmuir model. Besides, the kinetics, thermodynamics, and adsorption mechanism of Pb2+ on PS-EDTA were investigated.

Synergistic effects of EDTA and lysozyme on the properties of hydroxypropyl starch nano antibacterial films

Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) nano antibacterial films incorporating Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and lysozyme (LY) were fabricated via solvent casting method. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY on the microstructure, component interactions, color, optical, mechanical, barrier and antibacterial properties of HPS nano antibacterial films were evaluated. The results indicated that EDTA and LY were well dispersed in the matrix of the HPS nano antibacterial films, the film-forming substrates have good compatibility, resulting in a dense multi-layer structure of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The addition of EDTA and LY increased the color parameters (L*, a*, b* and △E*) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY significantly decreased the light transmission of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The presence of EDTA and LY increased the tensile strength (TS) and the elongation at break (EAB) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The TS and EAB of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 6.329 MPa and 50.24 %, respectively. The incorporation of EDTA and LY had positive effects on the improvement of water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). The WVP and OP of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 0.9350 × 10−12 g cm/cm2•s•Pa and 0.297 × 10 −2 g m/m2 •d, respectively. In addition, EDTA and LY had significant synergistic effects on the antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). E2.5L1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameters of S. aureus and E. coli were 3.69 mm and 4.28 mm, respectively. The HPS nano antibacterial films incorporating EDTA and LY are potential functional packaging materials.

Pattern of Lead Accumulation in Two Vegetable Plants Due to EDTA Treatment

Phytoextraction and phytostabilization are the most consistent patterns or mechanisms of action of phytoremediation. One of the elements influencing the mechanism of action of heavy metal absorption by plant species is Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pattern of phytoremediation in water spinach and spinach due to the addition of EDTA in the soil. The treatments tested by factor 1 were water spinach (T1) and spinach (T2), and factor 2 was the concentration of EDTA consisting of 3 levels, 0, 3, and 6 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times on five sample plants. Furthermore, growth evaluation was carried out in the first six days after planting and conducted every 3 days. It was carried out on variables such as changes in plant height, leaves area, total root length, Pb content in the soil, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, shoot, seeds, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that water spinach and spinach had different mechanisms of action due to the application of EDTA in Pb-contaminated media. Furthermore, water spinach and spinach have a mechanism of phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. Therefore, spinach is safer than water spinach when grown in Pb-polluted land.

Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of EDTA and Citric Acid in Endodontics

Introduction: Smear layer is formed by organic and inorganic components generated during endodontic instrumentation. Smear layer has many deleterious effects on the success of root canal treatment. So removal of smear layer is advocated. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and a chelating agent like Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) or Citric Acid is commonly used alternatively to remove smear layer. But the alternate use increase dentine erosion in root canal surface. This in vitro study attempts to compare the smear layer removal efficacy of 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid as a final rinsing solution. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted, single rooted and single canal human anterior tooth were used. Endodontic preparation of the root canal was done after grouping and access cavity preparation. Final irrigation was given with 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid to the test groups and distilled water control groups and kept for one minute. Photomicrograph of the root canal surface at 3000X magnification at coronal, middle and apical regions were taken with the help of SEM and scoring for smear layer removal was done. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and were compared with the control samples and subjected to statistical analysis by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests at 5% level of significance. Result: The test solutions removed smear layer but none could be removed completely from all of the three root canal regions. 10% Citric Acid removed smear layer better from the coronal and middle region but in apical region 15% EDTA produced a better result. The difference of smear layer removal efficacy of 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid with the Control solution was found statistically significant (p<0.001) but in between 15% EDTA & 10% Citric Acid it was not significant in all three root canal regions. Conclusion: Regarding the smear layer removal efficacy of 10% Citric Acid was found better as a final rinse solution. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2):9-14

Ester Bonds for Modulation of the Mechanical Properties of Protein Hydrogels.

Hydrogels are soft materials constructed of physically or chemically crosslinked polymeric net-works with abundant water. The crosslinkers, as the mechanophores that bear and respond to mechanical forces, play a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of hydrogels. Here, we use a polyprotein as the crosslinker and mechanophore to form covalent polymer hydrogels in which the toughness and fatigue fracture are controlled by the mechanical unfolding of polyproteins. The protein Parvimonas sp. (ParV) is super stable and remains folded even at forces > 2 nN; however, it can unfold under loading forces of ~100 pN at basic pH values or low calcium concentrations due to destabilization of the protein structures. Through tuning the protein unfolding by pH and calcium concentrations, the hydrogel exhibits differences in modulus, strength, and anti-fatigue fracture. We found that due to the partially unfolding of ParV, the Young's modulus decreased at pH 9.0 or in the presence of EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), moreover, because partially unfolded ParV can be further completely unfolded due to the mechanically rupture of ester bond, leading to the observed hysteresis of the stretching and relaxation traces of the hydrogels, which is in line with single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments. These results display a new avenue for designing pH- or calcium-responsive hydrogels based on proteins and demonstrate the relationship between the mechanical properties of single molecules and macroscopic hydrogel networks.