Ethyl Methacrylate Copolymers Research Articles

Thermadapt shape memory vitrimeric polymyrcene elastomer

Earlier studies of β-Myrcene (Myr)/ β-ketoester functional (acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEMA) copolymers exhibited compositional drift, leading to ambiguity in microstructure/thermomechanical property correlations while shape memory recovery times were excessively long ~1 h. The terpene-based 1,3-diene Myr and AAEMA were copolymerized via nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) with an initial Myr molar feed ratio ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. Reactivity ratios estimated by the Meyer-Lowry method were rMyr = 0.20 and rAAEMA = 0.22 with respective 95% confidence intervals of [0.13, 0.37] and [0.15, 0.23], suggesting alternating copolymerization. Bulk terpolymerization with styrene (Sty) afforded linear poly(Myr-stat-Sty-stat-AAEMA) prepolymers designed to modulate glass transition temperature Tg and stiffness. Subsequent cross-linking with isophorone diamine (IPDA) formed catalyst-free vinylogous urethane dynamic linkages. ATR-FTIR, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile measurements confirmed the recyclability of vitrimers through hot pressing at 110 °C, demonstrating minimal changes in rheological and mechanical properties even after four cycles. By heating the vitrimers to above their Tg (to ~45 °C), they exhibited a shape memory effect with high shape fixity and fast shape recovery (< 1 min). The vitrimers could undergo permanent shape reprogramming through reconfiguration of dynamic bonds at ~110 °C. This work shows the adaptability of Myr-based rubbers by vitrification and appropriate copolymerization for the synthesis of more sustainable elastomers with stimuli responsive properties.

Promising Gene Delivery Properties of Polycations Based on 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate and Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Methacrylate Copolymers.

Cationic copolymers based on 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (pDMAEMA-co-PEO) with different molecular weights have been synthesized. Their physicochemical properties were studied by NMR spectroscopy, sedimentation, and potentiometric titration. According to the data of potentiometric titration for the synthesized pegylated cationic copolymers, the apparent dissociation constants were determined in the pH range from 4.5 to 8.5. The physicochemical properties of interpolyelectrolyte complexes of these polycations with circular DNA (IPEC DNA) were also studied by dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic mobility, and TEM methods. It has been established that the diameter and electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential) of interpolyelectrolyte complexes can be varied over a wide range (from 200 nm to 1.5 μm and from -25 mV to +30 mV) by changing the ratio of oppositely charged ionizable groups in pegylated cationic copolymers and DNA, as well as by regulating medium pH. The resistance of the IPEC DNA/polycation complex to the action of nucleases was studied by electrophoresis in agarose gel; the cytotoxic effect of the polymers in vitro, and the efficiency of penetration (transfection) of IPEC DNA with PDMAEMA-co-PEO-polycations into eukaryotic cells of a cell line derived from human embryonic kidneys HEK 293 in vitro.

New homogeneous and bilayer anion-exchange membranes based on N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride and ethyl methacrylate copolymer

The paper presents the electrochemical characteristics of a bilayer membrane and a homogeneous anion-exchange membrane based on the new N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride and ethyl methacrylate copolymer. The electrochemical behavior and stability under high-intensity electrodialysis conditions were studied using the rotating membrane disk. It has been shown that the casting of a thin layer of an anion-exchange copolymer on the surface of a heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane MA-41 leads to a significant increase in the limiting current (from 4.0 to 8.2 mA/cm2 in 0.01 M NaCl at 100 rpm) and a decrease in the rate of water-splitting reaction at the membrane/solution interface. A decrease in water-splitting rate leads to an increase in the contribution of the electroconvective component to the overlimiting mass transfer, significantly increasing the useful transfer of ions. For membranes formed using the new copolymer, resource tests were carried out for 50 and 400 h at i = 2ilim. Heterocyclic quaternary ammonium bases formed because of N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride copolymerization are stable under conditions, while ester fragment of the copolymer undergo hydrolysis. Despite the decrease in the contribution of nonequilibrium electroconvection to the total mass transfer after resource tests, the limiting current on the bilayer and homogeneous membranes does not undergo significant changes.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends

Abstract Polymer-Polymer blends containing ethylene-methacrylic copolymers (EMAA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (where PET is the minor component) have been investigated. The permeability properties and the morphology of these blends, when the polyolefin phase is mildly crosslinked with small amounts of an agent that preferentially crosslinks the ethylene copolymer was also studied. The permeability barrier properties of such polymer blends increase as the concentration of the crosslinking agents increase until excessive crosslinking takes place. The morphology of the blends – the size of the dispersed particles – change significantly as more coupling agents are used. These techniques afford us a novel technique to improve the permeability barrier properties by control of the particle size of the barrier polymer.

Synthesis, monomer reactivity ratios and antibacterial activity of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate and 2-(Diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate copolymers

Synthesis, monomer reactivity ratios and antibacterial activity of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate and 2-(Diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate copolymers

Electrochemical Characteristics of Homogeneous and Bilayer Anion-Exchange Membranes Based on N,N-Diallyl-N,N-Dimethylammonium Chloride and Ethyl Methacrylate Copolymer Under Overlimiting Current Mode

Electrochemical Characteristics of Homogeneous and Bilayer Anion-Exchange Membranes Based on N,N-Diallyl-N,N-Dimethylammonium Chloride and Ethyl Methacrylate Copolymer Under Overlimiting Current Mode

Effect of Ethylmethacrylate and Isobutylmethacrylate on Surface Hardness and Surface Roughness of Heat-Cure Ocular Acrylic Resins

Background Acrylic resin is a commonly utilized material in clinical practice, including: maxillofacial prosthesis Interim prostheses, repair dentures, reline, orthodontic equipment, and record bases are only a few examples of possible applications. However, these materials have some drawbacks, for example low mechanical properties. To improve the performance of the acrylic resins, various materials have been incorporated. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of adding different concentrations of copolymers of Ethyl methacrylate (EA) and Isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) monomers on some of the mechanical properties of acrylic resin such as surface hardness and surface roughness. Approach: 100 samples were made of acrylic resin and were divided into three groups (a control group and two experimental groups). Twenty samples were used for the control group and these samples were divided into ten samples for each group based on the tests performed. While 40 samples per experimental group (IBMA, EMA) were divided into two groups according to the added concentration (1% and 2%). Then, according to the tests performed, each group was divided into two groups with ten samples for each group. Acrylic samples were fabricated with dimensions of 65 mm x 10 mm x 2.5 lengths, width and thickness respectively according to (ADA specification, No.12, 1999). Each specimen was subjected to the surface hardness test and surface roughness test. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, One –way ANOVA, LSD and Post Hoc -Tukey test were utilized for detecting the significant differences and multiple comparisons. Results: The control group had the greatest mean value of hardness compared with the experimental group while the EMA 1% group showed the lowest mean value of roughness test compared with the control and other experimental groups. Conclusion: The incorporation of experimental groups (IBMA, EMA) in different concentrations by weight in MMA and PMMA had a decrease slightly of surface hardness of acrylic resins, and the incorporation of EMA 1% by weight in MMA and PMMA had improved surface roughness. In added EMA2%, IBMA 2% enhanced slightly the surface roughness of acrylic resins.

Insights into Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Peroxide-Cured Chlorinated Polyethylene/Ethylene Methacrylate Copolymer Blend Vulcanizates.

This work unveils the effect of chemical modification of compatible elastomer blends based on the chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA) (60:40 ratio) using dicumyl peroxide (DCP). CPE/EMA blend vulcanizates were prepared by varying the DCP concentration from 0.5 to 3.0 wt %. All blend vulcanizates showed significant enhancement in physiomechanical properties and thermal stability upon increasing the DCP concentration. DCP incorporation also enhanced the compatibility between CPE and EMA rubbers, which was revealed from FTIR data and other technical properties. Specifically, the vulcanizates with 1.5 wt % DCP showed an enormous improvement in mechanical properties and glass transition temperature (Tg) due to various reasons such as cure characteristics, cross-linking densities, co-cross-linking systems, and morphological features. Uniform distribution of DCP in both the elastomeric phases across their interphases caused co-cross-linking, which increased interphase adhesion in the blend vulcanizates. High interphase adhesion of the blend vulcanizates of 1.5 wt % DCP was directly reflected in its improved mechanical, thermal, flame retardation properties and enhanced oil resistance and volume resistivity in comparison to pristine CPE/EMA blend vulcanizates. Also, the volume resistivity and oil resistance properties of blend vulcanizates were found to be marginally improved upon increasing the concentration of DCP.

Dynamic Recovery of Palladium Particles Dispersed in a Polymer-Containing Acetone Solution by Precipitation of 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate and Styrene Copolymers

Dynamic Recovery of Palladium Particles Dispersed in a Polymer-Containing Acetone Solution by Precipitation of 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate and Styrene Copolymers

Superhydrophobic Paraloid B72

Paraloid B72 is a very important product in the conservation and restoration science and practice, particularly for cultural heritage and artistic objects. It is an inherent hydrophilic copolymer of methyl acrylate and ethyl methacrylate. In this study, superhydrophobicity is induced in Paraloid coatings by embedding silica (SiO2) nanoparticles into the polymer matrix, at appropriate concentration. Coatings are deposited on glass, marble, brass and wood. Nanoparticles form microscale clusters which enhance the roughness of the polymer surface. Nanoparticles have negligible, moderate and enormous effects on the colour of treated marble, wood and brass, respectively. The Paraloid + SiO2 composite coatings show good chemical stability.

Preparation and Properties of Fluorinated Poly(ethyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate)

The fluorinated copolymer of ethyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate was prepared by one pot, the optimization dosages of the cross-linker and monomer were determined. The structure was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, and the smooth surface can be observed by SEM. The effect of the hexafluorobutyl methacrylate on the surface properties of the product was investigated by measurement of contact angle. The results revealed the fluorinated copolymer have good hydrophobicity and better anti-aging, which could be easily adjusted by controlling the content of the hexafluorobutyl methacrylate. The maximum value of contact angle was 129°C, while the minimum rate of weight loss of the products was 0.84% after 30 days under UV radiation. The mechanical properties analysis shows that fluorinated copolymer exhibits good compressive strength, and the maximum value is 94.5 MPa.

Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible copolymers containing plant-based cardanol and zwitterionic groups for antifouling and bactericidal coating applications

A series of copolymers (PSH#s, where # is the molar content (%) of (dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA)) containing both plant-based cardanol and zwitterionic moieties was synthesized via free radical polymerization of 2-hydroxy-3-cardanylpropyl methacrylate (HCPM) and DMAEMA, followed by betainisation with 1,3-propanesultone. Transparent PSH# films could be prepared on the silicon wafers through spin-coating and UV-crosslinking processes. The bactericidal and antifouling properties of the polymer films were found to be closely related to the ratio of the HCPM and SBMA moieties in the copolymers. The films having a larger content of the bactericidal HCPM moiety show better bactericidal properties, while those having a larger content of the hydrophilic SBMA moiety show enhanced adhesion resistance to biofoulants. Moreover, all the films having both HCPM and SBMA moieties have sufficient biocompatibility, regardless of their ratio.

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods and its use as a nanoreinforcement block for ethylene methacrylate copolymer matrix

The use of anisotropic ceramic nanofillers as a reinforcing agent has been nurtured from the birth of polymer nanocomposites due to their superior physico-mechanical attributes, flexibility and optical transparency. Herein, synthesized hydroxyapatite was used to fabricate clay–polymer nanocomposites by a simple wet process. The surface-active polar functionalities of hydroxyapatite are highly prone to physisorbed with ethylene methacrylate copolymeric chains which boosts the strengthening of the nanocomposites. The cryo-fractured electron microscopic analysis showed dispersed nonphase separation morphology which was clearly reflected by improvement in uniaxial mechanical property. Moreover, the electrical conductivity was experimented which implied the AC responsive character due to the abundance of polar functionalities present in the respective composites. The increase in DC conductivity with filled polymer signified the interconnected pathway formation by nanofillers inside the polymer matrix. The superior dispersion was seen from the optical transparency where the nanofiller-confined composites have no drastic change in transparency.

Assessing wood adhesives used in conservation by testing their bond strength and ageing behavior

The aim of this work was to study comparatively the performance of adhesives commonly used in conservation of wooden artefacts of Cultural Heritage. Three natural adhesives, casein, rabbit-skin glue and fish glue, and two synthetic, a copolymer of methyl acrylate and ethyl-methacrylate (Paraloid B72) and a polyvinyl acetate glue (Ravemul M18 - Vinavil), were investigated. Their performance was tested on mock ups made of two different species of wood, Abies alba L. (fir) και Acer pseudoplatanus L. (maple). The adhesives were evaluated for their performance before and after accelerating ageing with UV and RH-T cycles, in relation to bond strength under shear stress. Criteria important in conservation such as reversibility and colour stability were additionally investigated in order to get a more complete picture of adhesives’ performance. The results showed that Paraloid B72 and fish glue demonstrated the highest bond strength. Paraloid B72 and fish glue were also the most reversible, before and after accelerated ageing. In contrast rabbit-skin glue became less reversible after subjected to RH-T cycles. Vinavil and Paraloid B72 were found to be the most colour stable adhesives under UV ageing. The best overall performance was presented by Paraloid B72 and fish glue.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tertiary Butyl Methacrylate Ethylmethacrylate Copolymers Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Synthesis and Characterization of Tertiary Butyl Methacrylate Ethylmethacrylate Copolymers Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Synthesis and characterizations of various polyvinyl pyrrolidon/hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate nanocomposite hydrogels as drug delivery systems

ABSTRACTUsing polymer hydrogels and nanocomposites hydrogels still promising materials for many applications. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used with various polymers synthetic and natural for different applications. In this study PVP and hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymer hydrogels were prepared by the aid of gamma radiation and the PVP/HEMA nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained by in situ adsorption and reduction method of iron salts and silver nitrates (AgNO3) to form PVP/HEMA-Fe3O4 and PVP/HEMA-Ag nanocomposites. The prepared hydrogels and the formed nanoparticles were studied by various techniques; FTIR, TEM, SEM and also the gel content and swelling behavior were evaluated. The prepared hydrogels and nanocomposites hydrogels were examined as drug delivery systems for Ciprofloxacin HCl as model drug. The PVP/HEMA-Fe3O4 nanocomposite gave the suitable load and release behavior towards Ciprofloxacin HCl.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Chloroquine-Containing DMAEMA Copolymers as Efficient Anti-miRNA Delivery Vectors with Improved Endosomal Escape and Antimigratory Activity in Cancer Cells.

Chloroquine-containing 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate copolymers (PDCs) are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. Systematic evaluation is performed to test the hypothesis that presence of chloroquine (CQ) in the PDC structure will improve miRNA delivery due to enhanced endosomal escape while simultaneously contribute to anticancer activity of PDC/miRNA polyplexes through inhibition of cancer cell migration. The results show that miRNA delivery efficiency is dependent both on the molecular weight and CQ. The best performing PDC/miRNA polyplexes show effective endosomal escape of miRNA. PDC polyplexes with therapeutic miR-210 show promising anticancer activity in human breast cancer cells. PDC/miRNA polyplexes show excellent ability to inhibit migration of cancer cells. Overall, this study supports the use of PDC as a promising polymeric drug platform for use in combination anti-metastatic and anticancer miRNA therapeutic strategies.

Synthesis and characterization of a new hydrogen bonded side chain liquid crystal block copolymer and investigation of electrical properties

Abstract A new PEG-containing liquid crystalline side chain block copolymer HBC-PEG550 was prepared from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate copolymer (BC-PEG550) and 8-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-oxy) octan-1-ol (LC8) by molecular self-assembly processes via hydrogen bond formation between amine group of HBC-PEG550 and hydroxyl group of the LC8. The formation of H bond was confirmed by using FTIR spectroscopy. The liquid crystalline behavior of the HBC-PEG550 was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy. Dielectric properties of HBC-PEG550 and HBC-PEG550 has been studied by impedance spectroscopy. Real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric constant, impedance, and energy loss tangent factor for HBC-PEG550 and HBC-PEG550 have been characterized in the frequency range of 100 Hz–15 MHz.

Photo-swing extraction system for the separation of lanthanide using a pyrene group-containing thermosensitive polymer combined with carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACTA novel photo-swing extraction system for lanthanide separation was developed using a copolymer of acid phosphoxy ethyl methacrylate (Phosmer-M), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), and (1-pyrene)methyl methacrylate (Phosmer-M/NIPAM/PyMMA). Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully dispersed in the Phosmer-M/NIPAM/PyMMA as a result of the π-π interactions of the pyrene groups. The phase transition of the copolymer was successfully induced via photo-irradiation as a result of heat generation by the CNTs. The extraction of Eu(III) was increased by the photo-irradiation because of changes in volume and hydrophobicity of the copolymer. Separation of the lanthanides was improved by the photo-irradiation, especially for the combination of Eu(III)/Sc(III).

Preparation of 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate copolymer micelles for shape memory materials

ABSTRACTResearchers are actively developing shape memory polymers (SMPs) for smart biomaterials. This paper reports a new SMP system synthesized from biocompatible 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl acrylate (BA) and tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (TDE). Preliminary results show that the DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers form micelles in aqueous solution due to chemical crosslinking and hydrophobicity. The micelle size decreased with the increase in the BA content since the hydrophobicity of copolymers increases with the increase of BA content. The resulting polymer films contain–N(CH3)2 functional groups for further biomaterial applications. The thermal stability of DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers is determined by the DMAEMA structure and content. Moreover, the copolymers form micro‐phase‐separated structures containing a reversible amorphous soft phase, and the storage moduli decreases significantly around Tg. Therefore, good thermal‐induced shape memory effects are achieved in the DMAEMA‐co‐BA‐co‐TDE copolymers by adjusting the BA content. This work proposes a new strategy for designing smart biomaterials using a biocompatible monomer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42312.