Synthesis Of Glycol Research Articles

Fabrication of Cu-based catalysts for the synthesis of neopentyl glycol from hydroxypivalaldehyde hydrogenation: studies on the role of Zr promoter

Fabrication of Cu-based catalysts for the synthesis of neopentyl glycol from hydroxypivalaldehyde hydrogenation: studies on the role of Zr promoter

Green synthesis of polyethylene glycol coated, ciprofloxacin loaded CuO nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial resistance requires an advanced strategy to increase the efficacy of current therapeutics in addition to the synthesis of new generations of antibiotics. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were green synthesized using Moringa oleifera root extract. CuO-NPs fabricated into a form of aspartic acid-ciprofloxacin-polyethylene glycol coated copper oxide-nanotherapeutics (CIP-PEG-CuO) to improve the antibacterial activity of NPs and the efficacy of the drug with controlled cytotoxicity. These NPs were charachterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-rays diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial screening and bacterial chemotaxis investigations demonstrated that CIP-PEG-CuO NPs show enhanced antibacterial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinically isolated pathogenic bacterial strains as compared to CuO-NPs. In ex-vivo cytotoxicity CIP-PEG-CuO-nano-formulates revealed 88% viability of Baby Hamster Kidney 21 cell lines and 90% RBCs remained intact with nano-formulations during hemolysis assay. An in-vivo studies on animal models show that Staphylococcus aureus were eradicated by this newly developed formulate from the infected skin and showed wound-healing properties. By using specially designed nanoparticles that are engineered to precisely transport antimicrobial agents, these efficient nano-drug delivery systems can target localized infections, ensure targeted delivery, enhance efficacy through increased drug penetration through physical barriers, and reduce systemic side effects for more effective treatment.

Low-Cost Ni-W Catalysts Supported on Glucose/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Carbons for Sustainable Ethylene Glycol Synthesis.

The production of ethylene glycol (EG) from cellulose has garnered significant attention in recent years as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels due to the potential of cellulose as a renewable and sustainable feedstock. In this work, to the best of our knowledge, a series of low-cost Ni-W bimetallic catalysts supported on glucose/carbon nanotube hybrid carbons were synthesised for the first time and employed to transform cellulose into EG. Two different strategies were combined for the preparation of the carbons: the activation and addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to obtain a hybrid material (AG-CNT). The catalytic conversion process proceeded through cellulose hydrolysis to glucose, followed by glucose retro-aldol condensation to glycolaldehyde and its subsequent hydrogenation to EG. Through the optimisation of the catalyst's properties, particularly the metals' content, a good synergistic effect of C-C bond cleavage and hydrogenation capabilities was assured, resulting in the highly selective production of EG. The balance between Ni and W active sites was confirmed to be a crucial parameter. Thus, total cellulose conversion (100%) was achieved with EG yields of 60-62%, which are amongst the best yields ever reported for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into EG via carbon-supported catalysts.

Assessment of NIR-triggered PEG-coated NaGdF4:Tm3+/Yb3+ bio-compatible upconversion nanoparticles for contrast enhancement in OCT imaging and optical thermometry

In this investigation, we embarked on the synthesis of polyethylene glycol coated NaGdF4:Tm3+/Yb3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), aiming to assess their utility in enhancing image contrast within the context of swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photo-thermal OCT imaging. Our research unveiled the remarkable UC emissions stemming from the transitions of Tm3+ ions, specifically the 1G4 → 3H6 transitions, yielding vibrant blue emissions at 472 nm. We delved further into the UC mechanism, meticulously scrutinizing decay times and the nanoparticles′ capacity to convert radiation into heat. Notably, these nanoparticles exhibited an impressive photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 37.5%. Furthermore, our investigations into their bio-compatibility revealed a promising outcome, with more than 90% cell survival after 24 h of incubation with HeLa cells treated with UCNPs. The nanoparticles demonstrated a notable thermal sensitivity of 4.7 × 10−3 K−1 at 300 K, signifying their potential for precise temperature monitoring at the cellular level.

Unraveling promoter effect in enhancing Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of formaldehyde

Hydroformylation is one of the most important homogenous reactions, especially formaldehyde hydroformylation is of critical importance for synthesis of ethylene glycol. Due to lack of mechanistic analysis on promoters, we have employed a combined experimental and theoretical approach to reveal the promoter effect in the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of formaldehyde. The base promoter was suggested to be a bifunctional promoter. The mechanism of Cl-promoted formaldehyde hydroformylation was established, which significantly different from Cl-free system, and HCHO insertion was illustrated to be the rate-determining step. The distortion/interaction-activation strain analysis and mechanism calculations of halogen types demonstrate that Cl-containing catalyst has superior promotion effects compare to F, Br, and I-containing systems. The investigation on the effect of Cl coordination number shows that one-coordinated catalyst exhibits lower energy barriers and higher reactivity.

Advancing the Frontiers of Neuroelectrodes: A Paradigm Shift towards Enhanced Biocompatibility and Electrochemical Performance.

The aim of this study is the fabrication of unprecedented neuroelectrodes, replete with exceptional biological and electrical attributes. Commencing with the synthesis of polyethylene glycol and polyethyleneimine-modified iron oxide nanoparticles, the grafting of Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was embarked upon to generate DMPC-SPION nanoparticles. Subsequently, the deposition of DMPC-SPIONs onto a nickel-chromium alloy electrode facilitated the inception of an innovative neuroelectrode-DMPC-SPION. A meticulous characterization of DMPC-SPIONs ensued, encompassing zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Evaluations pertaining to hemolysis and cytotoxicity were conducted to ascertain the biocompatibility and biosafety of DMPC-SPIONs. Ultimately, a comprehensive assessment of the biocompatibility, electrochemical properties, and electrophysiological signal acquisition capabilities of DMPC-SPION neuroelectrodes was undertaken. These findings conclusively affirm the exemplary biocompatibility, electrochemical capabilities, and outstanding capability in recording electrical signals of DMPC-SPION neuroelectrodes, with an astounding 91.4% augmentation in electrode charge and a noteworthy 13% decline in impedance, with peak potentials reaching as high as 171 μV and an impressive signal-to-noise ratio of 15.92. Intriguingly, the novel DMPC-SPION neuroelectrodes herald an innovative pathway towards injury repair as well as the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

Process Modelling and Simulation of Reactive Distillation for the Synthesis of High Purity Mono Ethylene Glycol

Process Modelling and Simulation of Reactive Distillation for the Synthesis of High Purity Mono Ethylene Glycol

Resolving the Reaction Mechanism and Active Sites for Oxidation–Hydration of Ethylene toward Ethylene Glycol Synthesis over Bifunctional Al/TS-1 Catalysts

Resolving the Reaction Mechanism and Active Sites for Oxidation–Hydration of Ethylene toward Ethylene Glycol Synthesis over Bifunctional Al/TS-1 Catalysts

The synthesis of eight-armed star-shaped polyethylene glycol containing a calix[8]arene branching center

The synthesis of eight-armed star-shaped polyethylene glycol containing a calix[8]arene branching center

Energy-saving exploration of separation for EG/1,2-BDO binary azeotrope based on energy, environmental and economic analysis

In the synthesis of ethylene glycol (EG) from syngas, the inevitable by-product, 1,2-butanediol (1,2-BDO), is generated. Additionally, EG and 1,2-BDO form minimum boiling homoazeotrope, which is a challenge for conventional distillation method. To address this, four processes, extractive distillation process (EDP), extractive distillation with heat integration process (HI-EDP), side-stream extractive distillation process (SSEDP), and extractive dividing wall column process (EDWCP), are used for the separation of EG/1,2-BDO binary system. Firstly, a combination of VLE analysis and COSMO-SAC model analysis was employed to select appropriate entrainers (eugenol). Subsequently, interaction region indicator (IRI) was utilized to reveal the extractive distillation mechanism at the molecular level, demonstrating the feasibility of eugenol as an entrainer for separating EG/1,2-BDO mixture. Next, simulations of the EDP, HI-EDP, SSEDP, and EDWCP processes were conducted through Aspen Plus V11. The optimal process parameters for each flowsheet were determined by the minimum Total Annual Cost (TAC). Furthermore, the process performance was evaluated from economic, energy, and environmental aspects. The EDWCP process demonstrates superior performance compared to the EDP process, with reductions of 16.79% in TAC, 17.6% in TOC, and 14.8% in TCC. Additionally, emissions of acidic gases of decreased by 19.78%, while thermal efficiency improved by 32.91%. EDWCP process represent enormous potential in the field of energy efficiency, economy and environment.

A Hybrid Synthesis Approach: Tailoring Photocatalytic Activity of Co3O4 Nanoparticles by PEG Functionalization

This study presents a novel fusion of precipitation and hydrothermal methods for the synthesis of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles. The synthesized PEG/Co3O4 nanoparticles characterized using various techniques to elucidate their structure, composition, properties and application. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of cubic phase of Co3O4 with a crystallite size of 2.04 nm. Two direct bandgap (Eg) transitions were observed at energy levels of 1.68 and 2.5 eV, exhibiting intensities that exceeded those reported in prior studies. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited distinct structural features as revealed by FESEM and HRTEM investigations. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis provided evidence of interactions between PEG and Co3O4, suggesting successful functionalization. The high crystallinity of the PEG-mediated Co3O4 nanoparticles was further confirmed by the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. The XPS analysis revealed the presence of Co2+ and Co3+ ions, along with defect sites, confirming the successful synthesis of Co3O4 NPs with controlled oxidation states. These findings offer valuable insights into the chemical composition and electronic structure of the synthesized PEG-mediated Co3O4 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the PEG/Co3O4 nanoparticles was evaluated through the degradation of Congo red dye, a typical azo dye pollutant. The study revealed that PEG/Co3O4 (dose 200 mg L-1) acted as an efficient photocatalyst for Congo red degradation. These results suggest that PEG-mediated Co3O4 nanoparticles hold promising potential as efficient photocatalysts for the treatment of wastewater containing organic contaminants.

CO2-assisted hydration of propylene oxide to produce propylene glycol: Accessing high selectivity using a jet loop reactor

The synthesis of glycols from the CO2-assisted hydration of epoxides is highly significant in terms of both CO2 utilization and the production of fine chemicals. Significant effort has been devoted to designing effective catalysts. However, the gas–liquid mass transfer of this process, which is critical for the efficiency of the transformation, has received less attention. In this study, propylene glycol (PG) was synthesized with high efficiency through the CO2-assisted hydration of propylene oxide (PO) using a jet loop reactor (JLR). A systemic investigation of the influence of the reaction conditions was carried out with respect to reaction temperature, CO2 pressure, and catalyst concentration. Under optimal reaction conditions, the CO2-assisted hydration of PO proceeded efficiently with a low H2O:PO molar ratio of 1:1, producing PG with a high selectivity of 99% and full conversion of PO. Notably, the JLR exhibited higher efficiency and product selectivity than a stirred-tank reactor, demonstrating its superior advantage in facilitating gas–liquid mass transfer.

Synthesis of polyvinylethylene glycols (PVEGs) via polyetherification of vinylethylene carbonate by synergistic catalysis.

An efficient and controllable polyetherification of vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) using diols as initiators is developed. By using a synergistic catalysis with palladium and boron reagents under mild conditions, the polymerization process enables the regioselective production of a series of polyvinylethylene glycols (PVEGs) bearing pendent vinyl groups in high yields with accurate molecular weight control and narrow molecular weight distribution. The utility of PVEGs is demonstrated by the production of functional polyurethanes and post-polymerization modification via thiol-ene photo-click chemistry.

Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol- polymethyl methacrylate infused multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite as an efficient thermal energy storage

Organic phase change materials (O-PCMs) are recommended thermal energy storage materials due to low super-cooling, non-corrosive in nature and no phase segregation. Nevertheless, the issue of low thermal conductivity and thermal stability in O-PCMs hinders their extensive use in thermal energy storage (TES). To address this problem, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) is employed as nano conductive filler to improve thermal properties. In addition, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as supporting material is used to reduce the steric hindrance effect of the PEG-1000 and enhance the chemical stability. In this research work, an ultrasonication technique is adopted to develop PEG-PMMA/MWCNT composite with different weight fractions of MWCNT to evaluate the optimum thermal conductivity. Moreover, morphological behaviour, chemical stability, optical absorptivity, thermal property & thermal reliability of developed PEG-PMMA/MWCNT composite are experimentally characterized and scientifically discussed. The highest thermal conductivity is found to be 92.30% at 0.7 wt% of MWCNT. Further, 500 thermal cycles were performed which confirmed the thermal reliability of developed nanocomposites.

Emile Eugéne Burcker

Emile-Eugène Burcker (1846-1908) was a French military pharmacist who carried out a successful research program on the application of the Friedel-Crafts method to the synthesis of acids, ketones, aldehydes, and glycols in the aromatic series, which finally culminated in his doctoral thesis. In particular, he was able to synthesize a significant number of new acetonic and ketonic acids characterized by the presence in their molecule of both the carbonyl group CO and the group COOH; thus, having the ability to react as ketones, forming salts, esters, and as ordinary acids, and everything also, under the influence of nascent hydrogen, of forming oxyacids or acid-alcohols. Some new compounds included benzoylpropionic acid, benzhydrylpropionic acid, phenyl propyl acetone, toluylpropionic acid, phenylcamphoric acid, etc. Burcker also established the best procedure for dosing KOH, as well as an improved version of the Kjeldahl method to determine the amount of nitrogen present in organic compounds. @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

AnWRKY29 from the desert xerophytic evergreen Ammopiptanthus nanus improves drought tolerance through osmoregulation in transgenic plants

As a significant transcription factor family in plants, WRKYs have a crucial role in responding to different adverse environments. They have been repeatedly demonstrated to contribute to drought resistance. However, no systematic exploration of the WRKY family has been reported in the evergreen shrub Ammopiptanthus nanus under drought conditions. Here, we showed that AnWRKY29 expression is strongly induced under drought stress. AnWRKY29 belongs to the group IIe of WRKY gene family. To characterize the function of AnWRKY29, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing this gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. We determined that AnWRKY29 overexpression of mainly improves the drought resistance of transgenic plants to water stress by reducing water loss, preventing electrolyte leakage, and increasing the absorption of inorganic ions. In addition, the AnWRKY29 transgenic plants synthesized more trehalose under water stress. The overexpression of AnWRKY29 also enhanced the antioxidant and osmoregulation capacity of transgenic plants by increasing the activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, thus increasing the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and propylene glycol synthesis aldehyde oxidase. In summary, our study shows that AnWRKY29 plays an important role in the drought tolerance pathway in plants.

Advanced exergy analysis and optimization of a coal to ethylene glycol (CtEG) process

Coal to ethylene glycol (CtEG) process is criticized for its high energy consumption and poor thermodynamic performance. This process is detailed modeled by dividing it into coal gasification, water gas shift, acid gas removal, dimethyl oxalate synthesis, ethylene glycol synthesis, and ethylene glycol refining units. After comparing and verifying with literature and industrial data, this work conducts a detailed advanced exergy analysis and optimization of the CtEG process. Results show that the exergy efficiency of the CtEG process is only 33.56%, and the coal gasification, dimethyl oxalate synthesis, and ethylene glycol synthesis units have the largest exergy destruction. Furthermore, the exergy destruction of all components in the CtEG process is dominantly endogenous (76.03%) and avoidable (64.62%). The real improvement potential of the CtEG process is 64.62%. A parametric study was then performed to investigate the effect of key parameters on the thermodynamic performance of the CtEG process to reduce its avoidable endogenous and exogenous exergy destruction. After optimization, the exergy efficiency of the improved CtEG process is increased by 12.34%, and the avoidable exergy destruction is reduced by 160.48 MW compared with the reference system. Therefore, the improved CtEG process has better thermodynamic performance than the reference process.

Ru supported on MnBCD derived from Mn MOF for thermo- and electro-catalytic synthesis of ethylene-d4 glycol.

Deuterium-labeled polyols were one of the most extensive applications in biochemistry and biophysics. However, the deuteriation reaction still exhibit low deuteriation rate and indistinct reaction mechanism. In this paper, Ru supported on MnBDC (derived from Mn-MOF) nano-catalyst, with agglomerated sheet-type structure, which ensure that possibility of achieving both thermo- and electro-catalytic hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction. Furthermore, XPS characterization affirmed that the specific structural changes in the electron density of Ru outer layers were modulated through the impregnation and reduction processes. According to the change of outer electronic structure, hydrogen spillover and electron-rich flow promote the reaction of catalyst in thermo- and electro-catalytic systems respectively. And, the results indicate that high deuterium rates of 97% can be obtained, which the catalytic technology has enormous potential for the synthesis of a broad variety of deuterium-labeled compounds.

Biomethane and propylene glycol synthesis via a novel integrated catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis, carbon capture and biomethanation process

A novel conceptual design for the co-production of biomethane and propylene glycol from integrated catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH), biogenic CO2 capture and biomethanation reaction was presented in this study. Furthermore, process economics and environmental impact study was performed to appraise the feasibility of the proposed design. The minimum selling price (MSP) of propylene glycol produced considering the overall cost of biomethane as co-product is 1.41 U.S.$/kg. However, if the cost of biomethane was not considered or if the biomethane produced is not enough to yield a yearly revenue then the MSP would increase to 1.43 U.S.$/kg. The MSP of biomethane for the integrated process was 148 U.S.$/MWh. The MSPs of propylene glycol and biomethane were comparable with those of the business-as-usual technology. Factors such as hydrogen donor solvent cost, catalyst cost, electricity price and equipment purchase cost influenced the MSP. Environmental assessment studies showed that the standalone CTH had a higher overall carbon footprint (carbon emissions of 3.7 MM tonnes/yr.). This could be attributed to the consumption of CO2 derived from the process streams via biomethanation process.

Ti-MWW synthesis via acid-modulated isomorphous substitution of ERB-1 for efficient ethylene oxidative hydration to ethylene glycol

Although the oxidative hydration of ethylene with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to ethylene glycol (EG) over Ti-MWW zeolites take advantages of step-saving and facile operation, both H2O2 utilization efficiency and EG yield are relatively low, because some extra-framework octahedral Ti species are usually formed in the Ti-MWW zeolites synthesized by prevailing methods, which are detrimental to selective oxidation. In the present work, an acid-modulated isomorphous substitution method, i.e., layered borosilicate MWW-type zeolite (ERB-1) treated with HNO3 aqueous solution containing tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT), is developed to synthesize a Ti-MWW zeolite without extra-framework octahedral Ti species under the optimized synthesis conditions. In combination with the results from extensive characterizations for the synthesized zeolites, it is found that in the zeolite prepared by the currently developed synthesis method there are more open Ti(OSi)3OH sites formed, resulting in the stronger Lewis acidity that is very helpful to EG production from the oxidative hydration of ethylene with H2O2, compared to the one synthesized by the prevailing method. Moreover, the developed catalyst is recyclable after the regeneration of the deactivated zeolite by calcination at high temperatures. Therefore, it is anticipated that the currently developed Ti-MWW might be industrially applicable in the one-pot synthesis of EG from ethylene with H2O2.