Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Mechanism of organic additives-induced carbonation activators on affecting cement mortars

In this study, we investigated the impact of introducing an in-situ activator, produced by carbonating cement particles in an aqueous solution, on the properties of cement mortars through secondary mixing. Two organic additives, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and glutamic acid (GLTA), were employed to enhance the leaching of calcium ions during carbonation, thereby improving the carbonation efficiency. A suite of characterization techniques revealed that the presence of organic additives could refine the carbonated particles and influence the morphology. The carbonated activators generated by this process were rich in silica gel and various polymorphic forms of calcium carbonate. These components, serving as fillers and nucleation for cement hydration, significantly accelerated the hydration process of cement mortar and promoted the formation of carboaluminate in the secondary mixing process. This approach effectively decreased the porosity of the cement mortar, refined the pore structure, and enhanced the mechanical strength.

A New Approach to Differentiate the Causes of Excessive Cadmium in Rice: Soil Cadmium Extractability or Rice Variety

In order to effectively decrease cadmium (Cd) in rice grains in contaminated paddy soil and maintain the safe production of rice, identifying excessive Cd in rice caused by rice varieties or soil Cd is critical, but it is currently lacking. In the present study, the soil ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-extractable Cd (EDTA-Cd) and the bioaccumulation factors of rice based on EDTA-Cd (BCFEDTA-Cd) were used to develop an approach to identify excessive Cd in rice caused by rice varieties or soil Cd. Based on an empirical soil–plant transfer model and species sensitivity distribution (SSD), BCFEDTA-Cd and EDTA-Cd were divided into five grades. The results showed that the five grades of the EDTA-Cd (minimum value less than 0.11 mg/kg and maximum value greater than 2.93 mg/kg) and BCFEDTA-Cd (minimum value less than 0.09 and maximum value greater than 1.40) were classified in the normal soil pH range. Further, the conversion equation between EDTA-Cd and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Cd was obtained through linear regression analysis using 67 sets of soil data from the literature. In addition, the four selected rounding thresholds for the percentage of EDTA-Cd to total soil Cd (EDTA-Cd) (%) were 52.5, 67.5, 82.5, and 97.5%. A selected soil EDTA-Cd (%) (about 75%) can be used to identify the status of soil bioavailability, especially in soil with high background Cd. Finally, a set of 1084 pairs of rice and soil data for Cd-contaminated soils was used to investigate the respective contributions of rice varieties and soil Cd when Cd in rice exceeds the limit (0.2 mg/kg). Based on field experiment data, a systematic identification approach for the causes of rice Cd exceeding the limit, soil Cd or rice variety, was established and applied. In conclusion, under Cd exposure conditions, the importance of the causes of Cd in soil and rice varieties can be identified, and their contributions can be distinguished, thus helping to identify the causes of Cd contamination in rice.

Methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of cellular reactions of innate immunity in mollusk <I>Pomacea</I> sp. (<I>Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae</I>) in experimental aseptic inflammation

One of the significant methodological problems that arise in the study of cells of the innate immunity of invertebrates is the unsuitability of culture media and even salt solutions intended for mammals and humans. Another important methodological point is the significantly pronounced reactions of coagulation, which play an important protective role in all invertebrates, but manifest themselves in vitro in cellular suspensions prepared even with optimal saline solutions for this animal. To solve this problem, researchers widely use an anticoagulation buffer with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) even in functional tests. From the standpoint of traditional approaches of mammalian immunology, the use of EDTA is possible only for the study of cell morphology, but not their functions. The aim of the work is to adapt methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of cellular reactions of innate immunity in Pomacea sp mollusks in experimental aseptic inflammation. To evaluate the functions of phagocytic cells in mollusk Pomacea sp., we used a complete salt solution (CSS) with optimal concentrations of glucose, calcium ions, magnesium with addition to prevent coagulation, cellular aggregation and degranulation instead of EDTA sodium salt of heparin at a concentration of 100 IU/mL (CSS-hep). As a result of a specially conducted experiment, it was shown that during incubation of hemolymph cells in this solution, their viability is preserved, evaluated by flow laser cytometry during incubation with annexin V-PE (PE Annexin V) and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7- AAD), as well as in a test with trypan blue. The possibility of studying the phagocytic activity and a phagosome acidification of leukocytes from hemolymph, hematopoiesis organ (kidney) and the focus of inflammation induced by intramuscular injection of sterile suspension of zymosan using CSS-hep is shown. Unlike the Limnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria glabrata mollusks, in which the production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes in the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence reaction is well documented, we were unable to induce this reaction in Pomacea sp. mollusks. In a specially conducted experiment, we did not reveal the effect of the sodium salt of heparin at a concentration of 100 IU/mL on the production of reactive oxygen species by rat phagocytes.

Crystals morphology of ethylenediaminetetraacetatozincate triethylenediaminium and tetramethylethylenediaminium

Trimethylenediamine ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate trihydrate [HN(CH2CH2)3NH]ZnL · 3H2О and tetramethylethylenediamine ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate dihydrate [H(CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2H]ZnL · 2H2О were synthesized by reacting zinc oxide with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H4L) and then with its triethylenediamine or tetramethylethylenediamine salts. The resulting compounds precipitate from aqueous or organic solvents in the form of thread-like, cubic and pyramidal crystals, which are characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry.

Stability of the Glycated Amino Acid 6-(2-Formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine (Pyrraline) During Oxidation.

Food proteins may be modified during processing and storage through reactions with reducing sugars (Maillard reaction, glycation) or by reactive oxygen species (protein oxidation). Little is known about particular reactions at the interface of glycation and oxidation. In the present study, the glycated amino acid pyrraline (6-(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine) and the proteinogenic amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan were subjected to different types of oxidation. The stability of the amino acids was assessed by HPLC with UV detection, whereas oxidation products were assigned by HPLC with triple quadrupole or time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Conditions that lead to oxidation of aromatic proteinogenic amino acids can also lead to oxidation of pyrraline. Pyrraline was particularly unstable in the presence of permanganate, hypochlorite, and under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions (iron, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ascorbic acid). Evidence obtained by high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed the oxidation of pyrraline to 6-(2,5-diformyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, 6-(2-carboxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, 6-(2-formyl-5-carboxy-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine, and 6-(2,5-dicarboxy-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine in the presence of potassium permanganate. The latter product was isolated by semipreparative HPLC and characterized by NMR. Under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions, pyrraline is hydroxylated at the ring under formation of 6-(2-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine or 6-(2-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-l-norleucine. This study shows that the so-called "advanced glycation end products" are no end products of the Maillard reaction, but may undergo further chemical degradation reactions.

Streptomyces sp. from desert soil as a biofactory for antioxidants with radical scavenging and iron chelating potential

Iron homeostasis is vital for normal physiology, but in the majority of circumstances, like iron overload, this equilibrium is upset leading to free iron in the plasma. This condition with excess iron is known as hemochromatosis, which has been linked to many side effects, including cancer and liver cirrhosis. The current research aimed to investigate active molecules from Streptomyces sp. isolated from the extreme environment of Bahawalpur deserts. The strain was characterized using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Chemical analysis of the ethyl acetate cure extract revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Multiple ultraviolet (UV) active metabolites that were essential for the stated pharmacological activities were also demonstrated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the primary constituents of the extract to compose of phenol and ester compounds. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to assess the extract’s antioxidant capacity, and the results showed a good half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.034 µg/mL in comparison to the positive control ascorbic acid’s 0.12 µg/mL. In addition, iron chelation activity of extract showed significant chelation potential at 250 and 125 µg/mL, while 62.5 µg/mL showed only mild chelation of the ferrous ion using ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as a positive control. Likewise, the extract’s cytotoxicity was analyzed through 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using varying concentrations of the extract and showed 51% cytotoxicity at 350 µg/mL and 65% inhibition of cell growth at 700 µg/mL, respectively. The bioactive compounds from Streptomyces sp. demonstrated strong antioxidant and iron chelating potentials and can prolong the cell survival in extreme environment.

A Uniform Conductive Carbon Coating of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Improves the Electrochemical Performance of LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 Cathode Material for Lithium‐ion Batteries

AbstractThe practical application of LiMn1−xFexPO4 as a cathode material is hindered considerably by its poor electronic conductivity and slow lithium‐ion diffusion. In the present study, a uniform nitrogen‐doped carbon coating on LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 (LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4@NC) was achieved using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent and carbon source. The nitrogen‐doped carbon layer enhanced the electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion of the LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 cathode. Furthermore, the uniform carbon layer prevented metal ion dissolution and stabilized the crystal structure. The resulting LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4@NC‐2 sample demonstrated superior performance with a specific capacity of 152.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and preserved 93.7 % of this capacity over 200 cycles at 1 C. Meanwhile, the LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4@NC‐2 sample demonstrated a high Li+ diffusion coefficient (3.98×10−11 cm2 s−1) and electrical conductivity (1.47×10−2 S cm−1). This study presents a novel approach to designing high‐performance cathode materials using a cost‐effective and straightforward process.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Measured vs. Panel-Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can cause a reversible decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which may influence dosing recommendations for renally excreted medications. In practice, GFR is typically estimated by serum creatinine concentration, but creatinine may not be a reliable indicator of GFR decline in the setting of SGLT2 inhibitor use. Alternative filtration markers such as cystatin C, β-trace protein (BTP), and β2-microglobulin (B2M) may be more appropriate, but little is known about how these markers are affected by SGLT2 inhibitor use. Therefore, we determined creatinine, cystatin C, BTP, and B2M concentration in a crossover study of 35 people with type 2 diabetes receiving 12 weeks of dapagliflozin treatment or placebo. Estimated GFR (eGFR) based on creatinine (eGFRcre), cystatin C (eGFRcys), their combination (eGFRcomb), or a panel of all four markers (eGFRpanel) was compared with measured GFR (mGFR) based on plasma clearance of chromium-51 labeled ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA). Dapagliflozin treatment was associated with a significant decrease in mGFR (-9 mL/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.001) but not a corresponding increase in concentration of any filtration marker. No eGFR equation accurately predicted change in mGFR between treatment periods, but eGFRcomb and eGFRpanel yielded the highest overall accuracy relative to mGFR across both treatment periods. These findings highlight the stability in performance gained by combining multiple filtration markers but suggest that eGFR in general is not an ideal metric for assessing short-term GFR decline in people initiating SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.

CD64 Expression on Neutrophils (nCD64) as a Biomarker in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Neutrophils that are at rest exhibit very low expression of CD64, the high-affinity immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable γ receptor I, which is also found in monocytes. Neutrophils that have been exposed to endotoxins or are infected express more CD64. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the CD64 biomarker expression on neutrophils using the flow cytometry method and its comparison with total leukocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and blood culture sensitivity test in the diagnosis of sepsis in adults. Materials and methods Using the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scoring criteria, 94 blood samples from individuals with clinical indications of sepsis were included in this investigation. Samples were collected in K2 EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) vacutainers and analyzed for neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) levels using BD FACSLyricTM flow cytometer (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) within 24 hours of collection. Total leukocyte count, CRP levels, and blood culture sensitivity tests were also assessed simultaneously. Results Majority of the patients, i.e., 29 (30.9%), belonged to the age group of 19 to 35 years, with a female preponderance. The mean total leukocyte count was 19.49 ± 8.12 x 103/µL, mean CRP level was 81.19 ± 56.33 mg/dL, and the mean nCD64 expression - median fluorescence intensity was 197.26 ± 79.56. A positive blood culture was found in 59 (62.8%) cases. Neutrophils showed bright expression of nCD64 in 39 (41.5%) patients, dim expression in 35 (37.2%) patients, and moderate expression in 20 (21.3%) patients in the present study. The correlation between nCD64 expression with CRP, total leukocyte count, and blood culture sensitivity test was statistically significant (p=0.001). nCD64 expression showed a sensitivity of 93.2% and specificity of 91.4% for diagnosing sepsis, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.973. This proves nCD64 to be a highly effective biomarker compared to conventional methods. Conclusion nCD64 has a higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to total leukocyte count, CRP levels, and blood culture sensitivity test in the diagnosis of sepsis. It is an effective and rapid test that can enhance sepsis diagnostic accuracy, when combined with other biomarkers. Multicentric research needs to be conducted to validate these findings.

Effect of Er:YAG Laser-Activated Irrigation with Side-Firing Spiral Endo Tip on Dentin Mineral Composition of Tooth Root Canals

Background: Treating tooth root canal systems with Er:YAG laser together with irrigants has been shown to be effective in reducing biofilms formed by Enterococcus faecalis. This study investigated whether laser-activated irrigation (LAI) with side-firing Endo tip (LiteTouch™; Light Instruments, Yokneam, Israel) affects dentin mineral composition when used with common endodontic irrigants. Methods: Root canals of extracted human teeth were treated with Er:YAG laser using a side-firing Endo tip combined with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and/or 2.5% NaOCl in continuous or intermittent mode for 60 s. Dentin mineral composition (Ca, P, O) in coronal, middle, and apical regions of root canals was examined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The use of LAI with continuous EDTA resulted in the largest reduction in Ca and P levels. A final NaOCl rinse mitigated the EDTA-mediated mineral loss in all root canal regions and increased the O content. Likewise, the reduced Ca/O and Ca/P ratios caused by continuous EDTA irrigation were reversed when combined with a final NaOCl rinse. Conclusions: LAI with Er:YAG Endo tip using continuous EDTA irrigation followed by NaOCl caused minimal dentin mineral loss and can therefore be considered to be a safe treatment module for cleaning root canals.

Blood-rsCDM: a new rapid and simplified carbapenemase detection method for detecting carbapenemases in Enterobacterales directly from positive blood cultures

ObjectiveWe aim to validate and evaluate a new rapid and simplified method, called Blood-rsCDM, for the detection and characterization of carbapenemase using 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) β-lactamase inhibitors from positive blood cultures.MethodWe utilized a panel of 172 Enterobacterales strains, including blaKPC (77), blaNDM (48), blaIMP (9), blaVIM (2), blaOXA-181 (2), blaKPC and blaNDM (6), as well as 28 carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales isolates, to assess the performance of Blood-rsCDM and the EDTA-carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM). Carbapenemase class was determined using specific inhibitors at 4 h and 6 h by Blood-rsCDM.ResultsBlood-rsCDM exhibited a sensitivity of 97.9% at both time points, with a specificity of 100%, regardless of the culture duration. The sensitivity of eCIM was 94.4%, with a specificity of 100%. Blood-rsCDM accurately characterized KPC-producing isolates as 77/77, metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) as 58/59, and KPC and NDM carbapenemases as 6/6 at 4 h. There was no difference in results between the 4 h and 6 h time points. However, Blood-rsCDM could not differentiate OXA-181-producing strains. For eCIM, the characterization numbers for KPC-, OXA-181-, and MBLs-producing strains were 77/77, 2/2, and 57/59, respectively, but it failed to detect the coproduction of KPC and NDM isolates.ConclusionBlood-rsCDM accurately discriminates carbapenemase within 4 h and is capable of directly differentiating multi-enzyme (KPC and NDM) presence from positive blood culture broths. Therefore, Blood-rsCDM represents a rapid, simple, easy-to-read, and accurate tool that can be utilized in resource-limited settings.

Functionalized Modification of Conjugated Porous Polymers for Full Reaction Photosynthesis of H2O2

AbstractModulating the molecular structure to achieve the full reaction including oxygen reduction reaction and water oxidation reaction is a promising strategy for efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but remains a challenge. Herein, a triphenylamine and naphthalimide‐based conjugated porous polymers are synthesized with photo oxidation‐reduction structures, then sulfonate (─SO3H) and quaternary ammonium groups are introduced via a post‐modification strategy to produce two photocatalysts named NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H and NI‐TPA‐NI‐N, respectively. Introducing charged functional groups has improved the hydrophilicity and oxygen (O2) adsorption, beyond that, the ─SO3H further stabilizes the adsorbed O2 via hydrogen bonding as well as accelerates the photogenerated carrier separation and electron/proton transport that enables full reaction photosynthesis of H2O2. Therefore, motivated by efficient charge separation, stabilized O2 adsorption, and boosted proton‐coupled electron transfer, NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H exhibits the highest light‐driven H2O2 production rate among the three photocatalysts, reaching 3.40 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.9‐fold of NI‐TPA‐NI. Remarkably, in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, its rate significantly enhances to 14.5 mmol g−1 h−1, superior to most reported organic photocatalysts to the best of the knowledge.

National recommendations of the Croatian Chamber of Medical Biochemists and Working group for Laboratory hematology of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine: Management of samples with suspected EDTA-induced pseudothrombocytopenia.

Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) is defined by the occurence of spouriously low platelet count as a consequence of in vitro platelet aggregation. It is a rare and benign artifact, not associated with any specific disorder or therapy, that becomes clinically relevant when it is not timely and reliably recognized. Thus, it may result in inappropriate clinical decisions (i.e. unnecessary further testing, misdiagnoses and potential patients' mismanagement) unavoidably compromising patient safety. The most common form of PTCP is caused by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Several approaches for the management of samples with EDTA-induced PTCP have been described in the literature. However, expert recommendations are scarce. The scope of these recommendations is to assist in achieving national harmonisation in laboratory management (i.e. detecting and reporting platelet counts) of samples with EDTA-induced PTCP. These minimal recommendations were prepared by the members of the joint working group of the Croatian Chamber of Medical Biochemists and Working group for Laboratory Hematology of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and might be customized according to specific conditions (i.e. personnel and equipment) of each individual laboratory. These recommendations are primarily intended to all laboratory professionals involved in the management of samples with EDTA-induced PTCP, but also to other healthcare professionals involved in collecting samples and interpreting complete blood count results.

Phytoremediation of lead polluted mine soil by synergistic effect of chelating agents and nitrogen in hemp

Industrial hemp is a valuable fibrous plant with high biomass production for it can survive under variable environmental stresses including heavy metals and is used in a wide range of products. This research work aimed at determining the growth potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) developed on lead (Pb) contaminated mine soils using various chelating agents viz., ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) under various concentrations of nitrogen (N) fertilizer such as 0 (control), 50, 150, 250 and 350 kg ha−1. Results indicated that the synergistic effect of chelating agents and rising concentrations of N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in hemp growth and dry biomass. The chelating agent and N mediated showed better response in the photosynthetic, antioxidative, and osmolytic potential of hemp as compared with control. The concentration of N and Pb plants showed a differential response such as N accumulation was maximum in plant leaf and shoot portions as compared to the roots. In contrast, Pb enrichment was higher in the roots than in the plant’s leaves and stems when exposed to varying concentrations of N fertilizer and chelating agents in the soil environment. Biomobilizaiton of Pb in the plant continuum enhanced with the rising N fertilizer levels in the soil. The EDTA showed better phytoextraction potential as compared with the rest of the chelating agents. Hence, findings suggest that the synergistic application of chelating agents and N fertilizer is a far more effective technique that increases the bioavailability of Pb for phytoextraction and decreases Pb-induced oxidative injuries by restricting Pb uptake.

The influence of Fe2+ on the self-assembly of a bipyridine containing homopolymer: From bowl-shaped nanoparticles to vesicles

Metal ion coordination has critical influence on the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic polymers and the morphology of the obtained assemblies. Herein, an amphiphilic homopolymer with 2,2′-bipyridine (BPy) as side chain is synthesized (noted as PBPyAA), which can self-assemble into bowl-shaped nanoparticles (BNPs) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water. Taking advantage of the coordination interaction between BPy and metal ions, Fe2+ is chosen to regulate the self-assembly behavior and the morphology of the assemblies of PBPyAA in two pathways. (Ⅰ) The aqueous solution of Fe2+ with various concentrations is added to the THF solution of PBPyAA during self-assembly. (Ⅱ) Fe2+ is added into the THF solution of PBPyAA before self-assembly, followed by the addition of deionized water to promote the self-assembly. The results show that the pathway Ⅰ facilitates the coordination of BPy and Fe2+. With the increase of the concentration of Fe2+ aqueous solution, the coordination efficiency of BPy increases from 0.419 % to 7.789 %, leading to the transformation of BNPs to vesicles. Though the coordination efficiency of BPy also increases with the concentration of Fe2+ in pathway Ⅱ, which is still quite low of 0.274 % to 0.366 %, and the morphology of the BNPs barely changes. In addition, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a strong chelating agent, is also added to promote the competitive complexation with BPy, resulting in the dissociation of BPy and Fe2+ and the reversible transformation from vesicles to BNPs. Overall, the effect of Fe2+ coordination on the self-assembly behavior of PBPyAA in two pathways is investigated and the reversible transformation of BNPs to vesicles is also achieved.

Effects of using different dentin conditioners on dentin regeneration.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of several dentine etching and conditioning agents on growth factors (GFs) liberation from dentine slices. Eighteen dentine slices were obtained from nine premolars divided in to six groups, the slices immersed in one mL test solutions for 5 min; Group 1: white Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Group 2: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Group 3: 37% phosphoric acid, Group 4: 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), Group 5: 10% Maleic acid (MAc), and Group 6: 0.7% Fumaric acid. The solutions were removed and stored directly at for further detection and quantification of transforming GF beta 1 (TGF-b1), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean release and standard deviation between groups (α = 0.05). Tukey's post hoc applied for multiple comparisons. After five min conditioning of dentine slices, white MTA released the highest level of TGF-b1, BMP2 and VEGF among all groups, followed by 0.7% Fumaric acid with no significant difference between them, but compared to 37% phosphoric acid and PBS groups significant difference observed, which they released the least amount of GFs amongst all groups. Based on the results of this research the detectable release of TGF-b1, BMP2 and VEGF by 0.7% fumaric acid was comparable with white MTA from dentin slices.

Enhancing selective NH4+ recovery from wastewater using modified zeolite-based flow electrode capacitive deionization

Despite flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging technology for desalination, contaminant removal, and resource recovery, the application of conventional FCDI in wastewater treatment is hindered by the electrode selectivity and material costs. In this study, we synthesized a low-cost ammonium (NH4+) adsorption electrode material by modifying zeolite using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na). The flow electrode prepared by the mixture of EDTA-zeolite and carbon black exhibits a high selectivity and adsorption capacity for the recovery of NH4+ from wastewater. The NH4+ in wastewater passes through the ion exchange membrane and is rapidly adsorbed by the modified zeolite through ion exchange, while Na+ is retained in the electrolyte. The decrease in NH4+ concentration and the increase in Na+ concentration in the catholyte lead to a significant change in ion concentration gradient across the membrane. Consequently, the transmembrane selectivity between NH4+ and Na+ reached 3.46. We validated the feasibility of NH4+ recovery using FCDI with food waste fermentation supernatant. Under optimal operating conditions, 99.15 % of the NH4+ in the fermentation supernatant was removed, and 95.92 % of the NH4+ in the electrolyte was stored in the EDTA-zeolite. By gravitational settling, the NH4+-rich modified zeolite was separated from carbon black and could be utilized as nitrogen fertilizer. Meanwhile, the mixture of carbon black and brine was used to prepare a fresh electrode suspension. In brief, the FCDI system exhibits a satisfying NH4+ recovery performance and demonstrates a sustainable wastewater resource recovery strategy.

Polyethylene glycol enhanced antibacterial activity of EDTA and ethyl maltol blended PLA against Staphylococcus aureus for biodegradable active packaging

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has limited promise as a bio-based antimicrobial packaging material due to its lack of plasticization, which limits antimicrobial agent release and antimicrobial efficiency. PLA were plasticized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and blended with ethyl maltol or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as antibacterial agents by melt extrusion. The effects of combining PEG, EDTA, and ethyl maltol on sheet properties and antibacterial activity were investigated. Incorporation of ethyl maltol created a dense and smooth homogeneous surface, while EDTA addition caused large pores in the PLA sheet microstructure impacting swelling degree, water solubility and surface hydrophilicity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that both ethyl maltol and EDTA addition modified the amorphous and crystalline phases of plasticized PLA. FTIR results suggested interaction between the functional groups of PLA chains, PEG, ethyl maltol or EDTA which affected the glass transition temperature (Tg), degree of crystallinity, and thermal stability of PLA. Adding PEG into PLA-EDTA enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (reduction of 1.35 log CFU/mL from the initial inoculum). The higher water solubility of sheets corresponded to a suitable release rate and sufficient amounts of antimicrobial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro antifungal testing, PLA-PEG-EDTA sheets did not exhibit a clear zone of inhibition but delayed Penicillium sp. spore formation until day 5 of incubation. PEG plasticized PLA sheets functionalized with ethyl maltol and EDTA showed potential as active biomaterials against food-borne pathogen bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

A-314 Influence of EDTA on TSH and 17-OHP in Newborn Screening: A Case Study

Abstract Background A 9-month-old infant presented with developmental motor delay. Comprehensive evaluation including microarray and brain MRI revealed no specific abnormalities except for hypotonicity. The patient's perinatal history, including newborn screening test (NST), showed no remarkable findings. Additionally, the infant exhibited facial dysmorphism and microcephaly, leading to another NST to explore potential metabolic diseases. Upon NST, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels were 1.86 and 1.27 mlU/L (duplicate testing results; reference value: &amp;lt;12 mlU/L), 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were 0.55 and 0.48 ng/mL (duplicate testing results; reference value adjusted for body weight: &amp;lt;5.0 ng/mL), and total Galactose (Gal) and Galactose-1-Phosphate (Gal-1-P) levels were 1.68 mg/dL (reference value: &amp;lt;8 mg/dL). Methods Upon inspection of the dried blood spot (DBS) sample, the DBS used for the tests partially appeared to be inadequately collected on the absorbent filter paper, which could cause errors related to the disc and specimen itself. Consequently, re-sampling and re-testing were necessary to ensure accuracy. A second NST was performed with the new DBS samples. In the second NST results, most parameters were within the allowable ranges. However, the TSH levels were notably below the detectable limit (&amp;lt;0.7 mlU/L), and the 17-OHP levels were significantly elevated at 332ng/mL, diverging markedly from the initial NST results. To ensure reliability of the measured test results, TSH levels were analyzed using both the existing PerkinElmer equipment and compared with results from a Cobas 8000 system (Roche) and mass spectrometry. Similarly, 17-OHP levels were also compared using mass spectrometry. Results Upon comparing the TSH results, both analytical methods (PerkinElmer and Roche) yielded identical outcomes. However, significant discrepancy was observed when compared to mass spectrometry results. Review of the relevant testing batches showed no significant quality control issues with the NST, leading to clinical suspicion of ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-induced interference. According to existing literature, when NST are conducted using the lanthanide fluorescence method, distortions can occur in DBS containing EDTA, depending on the concentration of EDTA present. In such cases, the EDTA-induced interference may result in false-negative TSH and false-positive 17-OHP results. These discrepancies can be differentiated using standard MS/MS testing. With regards to our case, upon enquiry, the second DBS sample was revealed to be collected from an existing EDTA sample rather than directly from the patient. Thus, adequate DBS discs from the initial sample were obtained and re-analyzed for NST using mass spectrometry, with final results reporting no specific abnormalities. Conclusions The discrepancies observed in TSH and 17-OHP levels between the first and second set of DBS samples were found to be unrelated to other laboratory factors, such as quality control issues. Instead, they were conclusively identified as false-negative and false-positive results associated with interference due to the use of EDTA-containing collection bottles. Mass spectrometry analysis was able to confirm the interference. Clinical awareness should be promoted in order to prevent EDTA-induced interference in NST.

Supercritical carbon dioxide chelation extraction of heavy metal ions from drilling fluid waste: Experiment and simulation

This study evaluates the application of supercritical carbon dioxide chelation extraction technology for treating heavy metal ions (Zn2+ and Cr3+) in drilling fluid waste. Through a combination of experimental and molecular dynamics simulation methods, the influence of extraction parameters (temperature, pressure, duration, and chelating agents) on the extraction efficiency are investigated. Findings show that increased duration and pressure significantly improve extraction efficiency, while temperature has a complex effect, initially increasing efficiency but plateauing and slightly decreasing at higher temperatures. The optimum extraction condition with pressure of 220 bar, temperature 348.15 K and an extraction duration of 70 min using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the chelating agent has been determined. Importantly, molecular simulation analysis revealed that citric acid outperforms EDTA in terms of Zn2+ and Cr3+ aggregation by forming larger aggregates with greater numbers of molecules while reducing overall aggregate count. Furthermore, optimization of extraction pressure in the EDTA system shows potential benefits. These results suggest that supercritical carbon dioxide chelation extraction technology has strong potential for environmentally friendly and reliable waste management in the drilling industry. This study represents a significant step forward in developing sustainable solutions for heavy metal removal from drilling fluid waste.