Ethyl Acetate Fraction Group Research Articles

Antidiabetic Activity of Manonjaya Snakefruit Skin Extract with Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) as Animal Model

This research aimed to determine the active fraction and profile of active compounds in Manonjaya sSnakefruit skin extract that can be used as antidiabetic and the antidiabetic activity using zebra fish. Manonjaya sSnakefruit skin was extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol and then fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest yield and total phenolic content as well as the strongest α-glucosidase inhibition with an inhibition percentage of 64.43%. The ethyl acetate fraction provided the most active spot as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. The profile of active compounds that act as antidiabetic compound is flavonoid from glycosylflavone and flavone groups. Antidiabetic activity using zebra fish was indicates that Manonjaya Snakefruit skin extract from ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction can decrease blood sugar level of zebra fish after induced with alloxan. The crude extract group had 54.51% lower sugar content than the induction group and 41.70% lower than the negative control. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate fraction group had 65.10% lower sugar content than the induction group and 55.27% lower than the negative control.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich (Tiliaceae) Leaves

Aim: The study was aimed at evaluating some pharmacognostic parameters and investigates the anti-diabetic activity of ethanol extract of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf
 Methods: The pharmacognostic profiling of Triumfetta cordifolia leaves was carried out using some standard pharmacognostic tools for crude drug standardization such as qualitative and quantitative microscopy, analytical evaluation and phytochemical screening. The plant material was extracted using cold maceration method in ethanol and fractionation was carried out using n-hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. The acute toxicity study was done following standard method. Diabetes in albino wistar rats was intraperitoneally induced using 120 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats where treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the crude extract and 400mg/kg of each of the fractions. Glibenclamide was used as the standard drug (5 mg/kg) and diabetic rats without treatment as negative control. The procedure was also similarly performed using the non-diabetic rats. The administration of all treatments was done orally, once daily for 21 days and blood sera of the blood samples from rats across the groups were collected at the end of the treatment period and the concentrations of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated.
 Results: The results of the qualitative microscopic evaluation of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf revealed paracytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, wavy wall epidermal cells and prismatic calcium oxalate. Quantitative microscopic study gave 23.67 ± 0.58 stomata number, 0.023 ± 0.00058 stomata index, 18.33 ± 1.53 Palisade ratio and 10.67 ± 0.58 vein-islet number while the analytical standard revealed 9.3 total ash, 3.5 water soluble ash and 1.34 acid insoluble ash. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, Tannins, flavonoids steroids and terpenoids in the Triumfetta cordifolia leaves ethanol extract (TCEE). A significant reduction (P≤0.05) in fasted blood sugar level of diabetic rats was observed during treatment with Triumfetta cordifolia leaves extract and the blood sugar level lowering potential was comparable to the glibenclamide’s group. There was improvement of body weight in TCEE treated groups and ethylacetate fraction group. The Leaf extract of Triumfetta cordifolia showed a high significant (P≤0.05) ameliorating potential on liver’s degenerating hepatocytes evidenced by the comparable reduction in AST, ALT and ALP levels with the glibenclamide’s and diabetic’s groups.
 Conclusion: The overall results showed that Triumfetta cordifolia leaf possesses blood sugar lowering and liver hepatocytes regenerating potentials while the pharmacognostic profiling of the plant can serve as a reference and guide for future researchers.

Effect of Batissa violacea celebensis Martens, 1897, Extract on β-Catenin Gene in Mice (Mus musculus) Induced by Azoxymethane and Dextran Sulfate Sodium using Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method

BACKGROUND: At present, the β-catenin gene is a genetic change considered as the most important factor in the initiation and the progress of cancer. Bivalve extract contains steroid compounds that are thought to have an aphrodisiac and anti-inflammatory effect. The triterpenoid component detected in the crude bivalves extract is thought to have antitumor activity. AIM: This study aimed at knowing the effect of ethanol (EtOH) extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and the n-hexane fraction of pokea clam on β-catenin gene mutation in mice induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. METHODS: The testing of the effect of pokea clam extract was conducted on several treatment groups, namely, AOM/DSSinfected mice treated with EtOH extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and N-hexane fraction. The positive control and the negative control of the three treatment groups were done by giving the extract with a dosage of 0.25 mg/bb to mice for 14 days. RESULTS: Based on the result of β-catenin gene amplification using the PCR method and RFLP analysis, the EtOH extract and ethyl acetate fraction groups had the same band, namely, 56 bp and 12 bp, consecutively; meanwhile, the n-hexane fraction was marked by the band formation of 191 bp, 82 bp and 48 bp, 69 bp, 116 bp, 151 bp, 180 bp, and 234 bp. From the types of band and the band size that have been formed, it shows that they have the same formation and similarities in the positive and negative treatment characterized by the amplification that occurred in the band size of 227 bp, and the result of amplification from RFLP analysis showed the same band with the same band size, namely, 89 and 138 bp. CONCLUSION: Based on this, it can be concluded that N-hexane fraction affects β-catenin gene mutation at the first or second base at codon position 32 or 33, and the third base, namely, the bands of 82 and 145 bp that also characterize the effect of N-hexane on β-catenin gene mutation at the second or third base. It is supported by the sequencing method obtaining the homological percentage of 99.13%.

Ethylacetate fraction of Anthocleista vogelii Planch demonstrates antiobesity activities in preclinical models

Purpose: To assess the anti-obesity effect of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) profiled ethylacetate fraction (EF) of Anthocleista vogelii Planch on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, and on obesity-related hormones in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats.
 Methods: Chromatographic analysis of EF to identify bioactive compounds was performed using LCMS electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) positive mode. Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Group 1 was fed normal pellet diet, while groups 2 - 5 were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. The rats were treated for 4 weeks from week 10 with 125 mg/kg of EF (group 3), 250 mg/kg of EF (group 4) or 100 mg/kg of orlistat (group 5).
 Results: Seven alkaloids were identified in EF, namely, 10-hydroxycamtothecin, moschamindole, camptothecin, moschamine, N6-cis-p-coumaroylserotonin, sinomenine and desacetylcolchicine. The EF of A. vogelii exhibited inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.76 ± 0.110 µg/mL. Rats treated with EF (125 and 250 mg/kg) of A. vogelii showed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased feed intake, body weight, leptin and insulin, when compared to HFD controls. Cortisol, serotonin and noradrenaline were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, but changes in thyroid hormones levels in EF-treated rats were not significant (p > 0.05) when compared to HFD controls.
 Conclusion: The EF of A. vogelii demonstrate anti-obesity activities by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, elevating serotonin and noradrenaline, and increasing leptin sensitivity, leading consequently to decreased body weight of rats. However, the clinical use of EF of A. vogelii as an antiobesity herbal remedy requires further studies on its mechanisms of action.

The Effect of Methanolic Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kepel Fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) to α-Glutathione S-Transferase Enzyme Concentration of Rat Liver and Blood Induced by CCl4

Degenerative diseases are mostly caused by high free radical concentrations in the body. Kepel fruit(Stelechocarpus burahol) is known to contain flavonoid compounds, a class of compounds that has free radicalscavenging activity in the body and could affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes. There have been reportsthat methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fractions of Kepel fruit have the lowest IC50 values, compared toextracts or fractions which are made using other organic solvents, on in vitro assays so that flavonoids aresuspected as responsible compounds to the free radical scavenging activity. This study aimed to identify thepresence of flavonoid content in methanolic extract and the fraction of ethyl acetate of Kepel fruit and also itseffect on rat alpha Glutathione S-Transferase (α-GST) enzyme concentration for the function to prevent hepaticcell damage due to carbon tetrachloride exposure. The identification of flavonoids content used a series ofcolor chemical reaction tests and thin layer chromatography that used silica gel 60F254 as the solid phase andmixture of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid, and water (100: 11 : 11: 20 v/v) as the mobile phase.This study used 30 Sprague-Dawley female rats (age 2-3 months) that were grouped into 5 groups as solventcontrol (CMC-Na) group, negative control (CCl4) group, positive control (vitamin C) group, methanolic extractgroup, and ethyl acetate fraction group. All groups were induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) compoundsexcept for the CMC-Na solvent control group. Blood sampling at 0 h, 24 h, and 72 h, while liver sampling at 24h and 72 h, with 3 samples each group. The analysis of rat α-GST enzyme concentrations used theEnzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Based on the phytochemical test, the methanolicextract and the ethyl acetate fraction of Kepel fruit have been identified contains flavonoids compound. Basedon the in vivo study, the positive control group's α-GST enzyme concentration was decreased, while thenegative control group's α-GST enzyme concentration was increased. Administration of methanolic extractand ethyl acetate fraction also decreased both liver and blood rat α-GST enzyme concentrations, althoughwithout significant correlation, and still could prevent the hepatic cell damage due to carbon tetrachlorideexposure.

Effect of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Betel Nut (Areca catechu L.) in Colonic Goblet Cells of Mice (Mus musculus) Given Orally Infective Egg of Trichuris muris

BACKGROUND: Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted parasitic worm commonly found in humid, tropical to subtropical areas, as well as poor sanitation area. These worms are cosmopolitan, especially in tropical and humid countries like Indonesia. This worm infection is more common in developing countries and more in children than adults due to poorer child self-hygiene. Worm disease is one of the common society diseases with 60% of children in Indonesia which are estimated to be affected. One species of T. trichiura worm that is often used in research on experimental animals is Trichuris muris. The administration of T. muris infective eggs can significantly increase the number of goblet cells in intestinal crypts of colon and cecum. Goblet cell hyperplasia will occur after exposure to high-dose T. muris (acute/200 infective eggs) in resistant mice. Various studies on the development of natural and traditional materials have been developing in the past few years to see the effects of betel nut on the number of goblet cells in the large intestine.
 AIM: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut on the change in the number of goblet cells in male mice given orally T. muris infective eggs.
 METHODS: This study was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design in male mice (Mus musculus) which were given 200 infective eggs of T. muris. The study sample consisted of 70 mice divided into seven groups. Doses of the ethanol extract of betel nut are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w., and doses of ethyl acetate fraction are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w. The independent variable was ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut. The dependent variable is the number of goblet cells. Mean differences in groups were tested by Mann–Whitney.
 RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference of p < 0.05 in the colonic crypts and cecum. In Group K (+), there was no increase in the number of goblet cells (54.2000 ± 30.54864) compared to Group K (−) (79.0750 ± 11.79221) in the colon. There was an increase in goblet cells in the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract group (64.1000 ± 29.50381), the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethyl acetate fraction group (56.2250 ± 22.11035), and the 1 mg/20 g of albendazole group (68.3750 ± 11.30956) in the colon. Likewise, there was an increase in the number of goblet cells in the cecum. It can be concluded that 150 mg/kg b.w. of the ethanol extract of betel nut can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and cecum.
 CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of betel nut 150 mg / kg of weight can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and caecum.

Activity of Ethanol Fraction of Luffa Acutangula (L.) Roxb. on Cholesterol Reduction in Dyslipidemic Hamster

National data shows the prevalence of coronary heart disease is 3,6%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia is around 35,9%. Dyslipidemia has a causal relationship with cardiovascular disease. Based on previous research, 70% ethanolic extract of Ridge Gourd has been shown to have antihyperlipidemic activity. This study aimed to study the activity of 70% ethanolic extract fraction of Ridge Gourd in decreasing the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic hamsters. A total of 32 hamster were divided into 8 groups. Negative control, normal control, positive control (using atorvastatin dose 1,24 mg/kg body weight), positive control (fenofibrate dose 12,35 mg/kg body weight), ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, water fraction (fraction doses 36,75 mg/kg body weight), and ethanol extract group (extract dose of 240 mg/kg body weight). The results showed that fraction group (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water) and ethanol extract group experienced a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides levels. Statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA showed an effect on the treatment given (p = 0,005). Tukey's test showed that ethyl acetate fraction group had an effect comparable to positive control with a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides level by 56,03%, 52,14%, and 59,51% consecutively. Ethyl acetate fraction (doses 36,75 mg/kg body weight) was the most effective fraction in reducing total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides.

Anxiolytic-like effects of Moringa oleifera in Swiss mice

Moringa oleifera is evident to act against many neurological diseases, including muscle spasm, epilepsy, nervousness, fatigue, memory impairment, convulsion, and epilepsy. Anxiety represents the most common and disabling psychiatric condition, being often associated with depressive symptoms. This study investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of crude organic fractions of M. oleifera leaves in different behavioral paradigms that evaluate anxiety in mice. To this end, mice were administered with crude extracts (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and/or diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.), and submitted to behavioral tests. In the open-field test, the number of square field cross, grooming and rearing were calculated, while in light-dark and swing test were, respectively, the time spent in dark portion and number of swings. Each test was performed for 3 min. M. oleifera leaf methanol and n-hexane extracts elicited an anxiolytic-like effect observed by increased total time in the center and decreased number of rearings and groomings responses in the open field and swing tests, and residence in the dark portion in the light-dark box, similar to the diazepam group. A moderate anxiolytic effect was observed in the aqueous fraction group, while insignificant effects were recorded in the ethyl acetate fraction group in all test paradigms. In addition, both extracts potentiate the calming effects of diazepam in experimental animals. Preliminary phytochemical reports suggest that M. oleifera contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, tannin, terpenes, and gums. Of note, the results expand the understanding of M. oleifera effects in central nervous system and suggest that plant metabolites may be helpful for anxiety-related disorders management.

Hepatoprotective effect of Xiayuxue decoction ethyl acetate fraction against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice via inducing apoptosis and suppressing activation of hepatic stellate cells

Context Xiayuxue decoction (XYXD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used for treating liver disease. However, the potential active constituents and mechanisms are still unclear. Objective To explore the main active fraction extracts, active ingredients and possible mechanisms of XYXD for anti-hepatic fibrosis. Materials and methods Different fractions including ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were prepared from XYXD. These fractions, especially EF, were used to evaluate cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, cytotoxicity and activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Liver fibrosis model was established by CCl4 in C57BL/6 mice, and allocated to CCl4 group, XYXD group and EF group with normal mice as control. Further, mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins of HSCs, destruction and angiogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and active ingredients of EF were evaluated. Results The inhibition of proliferation, increase of S or/and G2/M phase population and suppression of α-SMA and COL-1 expression were obeserved in EF treated-JS1 and -LX2. Liver fibrosis-related indicators were improved by EF similar to XYXD in vivo. EF induced the apoptosis of HSCs in CCl4-induced fibrosis, and inhibited the expression of HSCs apoptosis pathway-related proteins (JNK and p38-MAPKs), and LSECs destruction and angiogenesis. Multiple ingredients (emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin, prunasin) in EF have shown inhibited the activation of JS1. Discussion and Conclusion EF was the main active fraction extracts of XYXD, and the underlying mechanisms might relate to induction of HSCs apoptosis. Emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin and prunasin were main active ingredients of EF, which provides a potential drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Antidepressant Activity of Some Fractions of The Basil Leaves [Ocimum Basilicum (L)] on The Swiss Webster Male Mice

Objectives : Determine the antidepressant activity of some fractions of the leaves of Ocimum basilicum L
 Methods : The experimental methods are using Force Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test. The experiment was divided into seven groups. Negative control group (CMC 1 %), Positive control group (fluoxetine 0,052 mg/20 g BW of mice), test I group (fraction of n-hexane 50 mg/Kg BW), test II group (fraction of ethyl acetate 50 mg/Kg BW), test III group (fraction of ethanol 50 mg/Kg BW), test IV group (combination of cyproheptadine 0,0208 mg/20 g BW of mice and fluoxetine 0,052 mg/20 g BW of mice) and test V group (combination of cyproheptadine 0,0208 mg/20 g BW of mice and fraction of ethyl acetate 50 mg/Kg BW).
 Result : The Force Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test showed the same result that ethyl acetate fraction was given significant difference (p<0,05) in immobilization time reduction compared to negative control and has a better immobility reduction time than other groups. Added on cyproheptadine to fluoxetine and ethyl acetate fraction groups showed an increased in immobilization time compared to fluoxetine and ethyl acetate fraction alone.
 Conclusion : Ethyl acetate fraction showed better antidepressant activity than another fraction through the role of serotonin.

ANTIHYPERTENSION STUDY OF ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN). V. STEENIS EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS IN RATS THROUGH DEXAMETHASONE INDUCTION AND NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE.

Objective: The aims of this study were to prove the antihypertensive effect of Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rat and to determine the release of nitric oxide (NO).Methods: The rat’s blood pressure was measured by CODA® tail-cuff blood pressure system. A hypertensive rat model was developed on day 7 after administration of dexamethasone injection 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw). NO levels were measured by spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 546 nm after reacting the serum sample with Griess reagent.Results: Ethanol extract of Madeira vine (EEMV), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and water fraction (WF) could reduce systolic blood pressure at day 14 with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduction of 26.8, 34.1, and 40.5 mmHg, respectively. DBP began to decrease from day 8 in the EEMV group with a DBP reduction of 24.1 mmHg. In the HF, EF, and WF groups, decreasing in DBP occurred on day 14 which were 22.0, 24.5, and 35.4 mmHg, respectively. NO level in rat serum was increased significantly at 90 min after administration of EEMV 100 mg/kg bw and WF 40.73 mg/kg bw. Increasing in NO levels due to EF with a dose of 1.66 mg/kg bw was not significantly different to control group.Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. cordifolia had the antihypertensive effect in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats, so does its WF and EF. The mechanism of ethanol extract of Madeira vine leaves and its WF most likely due to vasodilation effect through NO-pathway, whereas EF could have other mechanism(s) of action.

ANTIHYPERTENSION STUDY OF ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN). V. STEENIS EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS IN RATS THROUGH DEXAMETHASONE INDUCTION AND NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE.

Objective: The aims of this study were to prove the antihypertensive effect of Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rat and to determine the release of nitric oxide (NO).Methods: The rat’s blood pressure was measured by CODA® tail-cuff blood pressure system. A hypertensive rat model was developed on day 7 after administration of dexamethasone injection 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw). NO levels were measured by spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 546 nm after reacting the serum sample with Griess reagent.Results: Ethanol extract of Madeira vine (EEMV), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and water fraction (WF) could reduce systolic blood pressure at day 14 with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduction of 26.8, 34.1, and 40.5 mmHg, respectively. DBP began to decrease from day 8 in the EEMV group with a DBP reduction of 24.1 mmHg. In the HF, EF, and WF groups, decreasing in DBP occurred on day 14 which were 22.0, 24.5, and 35.4 mmHg, respectively. NO level in rat serum was increased significantly at 90 min after administration of EEMV 100 mg/kg bw and WF 40.73 mg/kg bw. Increasing in NO levels due to EF with a dose of 1.66 mg/kg bw was not significantly different to control group.Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. cordifolia had the antihypertensive effect in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats, so does its WF and EF. The mechanism of ethanol extract of Madeira vine leaves and its WF most likely due to vasodilation effect through NO-pathway, whereas EF could have other mechanism(s) of action.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of the Ethyl-Acetate Fraction of Trichilia catigua in Streptozo-tocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Background/Aims: Trichilia catigua A. Juss., known as “catuaba” in Brazil, has been popularly used as a tonic for fatigue, impotence and memory deficits. Previously, our group demonstrated that the ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of T. catigua has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study evaluated the anti-diabetic activity of EAF in type 1 diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N: non-diabetic group, D: type 1 diabetic group, NC: non-diabetic + EAF group and DC: type 1 diabetic + EAF group). The latter two groups were treated with 200 mg/kg EAF. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (35 mg/kg). Starting two days after STZ injection, EAF was administered daily by gavage for 8 weeks. Results: EAF attenuated body mass loss and reduced food and water intake. EAF improved hyperglycaemia and other biochemical parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, the number of pancreatic β-cells and the size of the islets had increased by β-cell proliferation in the DC group. EAF promoted reduction in kidney tissue damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats by reduction of renal fibrosis. Conclusion: The present study showed that EAF improves glucose homeostasis and endocrine pancreas morphology and inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Antipyretic Effects of Liposoluble Fractions of Viola yedoensis

ObjectiveTo clarify the antipyretic effect of the Chinese materia medica, Violae Herba (Viola yedoensis), and its active fractions by examining the effects of V. yedoensis extracts with differing polarities on body temperature, total white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential count, and total serum complement of rabbits with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. MethodsThe rabbits were treated with water and ethanolic extracts of V. yedoensis, as well as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of the ethanolic extract at low-, mid- and high- doses. The LPS was injected via the ear vein of rabbits in model and treatment groups 30 min post-gavage. Their body temperature was measured at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 h after the LPS challenge to calculate the temperature changes and thermal response index. After the last temperature measurement, blood samples were collected to determine the blood cell counts and total serum complement (CH50) level. ResultsCompared with the model group, body temperature was significantly lower in the low-dose ethanolic extract group, low- and mid-dose petroleum ether fraction groups, and all three ethyl acetate fraction groups. Serum CH50 levels were lower in all treatment groups, except the ethanolic extract groups, than that in the model group, with no significant difference. V. yedoensis had no significant effect on the blood cells of febrile rabbits challenged with LPS for 6 h. ConclusionsThe antipyretic effects of V. yedoensis are strong, and its active fractions are the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanolic extract.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat hippocampus pretreated with garcinielliptone FC from Platonia insignis

Context: Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae), commonly known as “bacuri,” is a timber and fruit native species of the Brazilian Amazon. Some plants of the Clusiaceae family have their pharmacological properties associated with the presence of xanthone and polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols derivatives, which have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo potential of extracts, fractions, and garcinielliptone FC isolated from of Platonia insignis seeds as a natural antioxidant.Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats (250–280 g; 2 months old) were treated with Tween 80 0.05% dissolved in 0.9% saline (i.p, vehicle – control group), ethanol extract (EE), hexane extract (HE), dichloromethane fraction (DMF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and garcinielliptone FC (GFC) isolated from P. insignis at doses 2 mg/kg (i.p.). All groups were observed for 24 h after the treatment. The antioxidant enzymatic activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were measured using spectrophotometric methods.Results: There were no marked alterations in SOD and CAT activities in rat hippocampus after pretreatment with EE, HE, DMF, EAF, and GFC. However, the pretreatment with GFC induced a significantly increase of 13, 17, 19, and 13% in SOD activities when compared to EE, HE, DMF, or EAF groups, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that GFC isolated from P. insignis has a significant potential to be used as a natural antioxidant agent probably due to the modulation of enzymatic activity of hippocampal SOD.

톳 추출물의 경구투여가 흰쥐의 항산화효소 활성과 비타민 E 농도에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 용매의 극성에 따른 톳 분획물을 흰쥐에게 4주 간 경구투여한 후 톳의 항산화효소 활성 및 비타민 E 농도 차이를 평가하여 톳 추출물이 체내의 항산화체계에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 간에서의 SOD 활성은 대조군에 비해 톳 추출물 투여군에서 높게 나타났으며, 톳 추출물 투여군 중 CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB>군과 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군의 활성이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05).<BR> 혈청에서의 SOD 활성은 대조군에 비해 톳 추출물 투여군에서 유의적으로 높으며(p<0.05). 특히 EtOH 군과 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군에서 높은 활성을 보였다. 간에서의 catalase 활성은 대조군과 톳 추출물 투여군 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었고 혈청에서는 대조군과 톳 추출물 투여군 간의 비슷한 경향을 보였지만 톳 추출물을 투여한 n-BuOH 군에서는 유의적으로 효소 활성 이 높았다(p<0.05). 간에서의 GSH-Px 활성을 측정한 결과 대조군보다 톳 추출물 투여군에서 유의하게 증가하였으나 (p<0.05), 간에서의 MDA 농도는 대조군과 톳 추출물 투여 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으며 혈장에서의 MDA 농도는 대조군과 비교하여 톳 추출물 투여군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였고, n-BuOH군과 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군에서는 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 혈청 α-tocopherol 농도값은 EtOAc군에서 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.05) EtOAc군을 제외하고는 그룹 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 혈청 γ-tocopherol 농도 값은 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군에서 증가되는 경향을 나타내었고 EtOH 군과는 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 간조직의 α-tocopherol 농도 값은 CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB>군과 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군에서는 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.05), 나머지 그룹 간에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 간 조직 γ-tocopherol 농도는 대조군에 비해 톳 추출 물 투여군에서 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 특히 H<SUB>2</SUB>O군에서 유의적으로 높은 농도를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 톳 추출물 중 특히 H<SUB>2</SUB>O 분획물의 효과가 두드러졌으며, 톳 추출물의 투여가 항산화체계에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.