Ethyl Ester Research Articles

Synthesis of β-lactams and transformation to β-amino acid ethyl ester derivatives: Theoretical calculations

Because of the important biological properties of β-amino acids in the present work, two new β-amino acid ethyl ester derivatives were synthesized, and their mechanistic occurrence was investigated. The title compounds were synthesized from related tetralone derivatives containing bromine and methoxy groups. Tetralone derivatives were reduced to their benzyl alcohol derivatives with NaBH4, followed by elimination with p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) to give the desired 1,2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives. The reactions of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) afforded β-lactams. β-Amino acids were obtained from the reaction of β-lactams with EtOH in HCl. Computational studies are concerned with synthesizing four-membered lactams (β-lactam) formed by the reaction between 1,2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives and CSI. The mechanism of the formation of compounds has been elucidated using DFT at M06-2X.

Unraveling the key mechanisms of Gastrodia elata continuous cropping obstacles: soil bacteria Massilia, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Dyella along with soil metabolites 4-hydroxy-benzenemethanol and N-(2-butyl)-N-octadecyl-, ethyl ester as crucial indicators

BackgroundTian-ma (Gastrodia elata) is a traditional medicinal herb found in China. It is used in healthy food and to treat various diseases, therefore cultivated extensively in southwest China. However, continuous cropping of this species has led to various obstacles, such as microbial disease and pest infestation, significantly affecting the production and development of valuable medicinal and food resources. As per the growth habit, soil is presumed to be the primary factor contributing to these obstacles, despite the known issues of continuous cropping obstacles in Gastrodia elata, such as microbial disease, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the specific soil bacterial communities and metabolites involved in these processes.MethodsWe analyzed soil samples collected during the year of Tian-ma cultivation (0 Year), after the Tian-ma harvest (1 Year), after two years (2 Year), and three years (3 Year) of fallowing post-cultivation using soil 16S rRNA metabarcoding sequencing by illumina platform and metabolomics (GC–MS/MS). Soil sample collected from the uncultivated field was used as the control (CK).ResultsMetabarcoding sequencing showed high bacterial alpha diversity during the cultivation of Tian-ma (0 Year) and the period of deterioration of soil bacterial community. (1 Year), with decreased anaerobic bacterial abundance and increased copiotrophic bacterial abundance. Bacteria associated with sulfur metabolism also showed increased abundance during the year of cropping obstacles. Further metabolomics approach identified 4-hydroxy-benzenemethanol as an indicator of Tian-ma continuous cropping obstacles. Besides, metabolites of the carbohydrate class were found to be the most abundant during the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles of Gastrodia elata, suggesting that regulation of soil microbial diversity may be a critical factor in addressing these obstacles. Finally, the correlation analysis indicated a positive association between the abundance of some metabolite, e.g., carbamic acid, N-(2-butyl)-N-octadecyl-, ethyl ester detected after Tian-ma cultivation and the abundance of bacteria capable of degrading toxic metabolites, such as Massilia, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Dyella.ConclusionThis study has revealed the specific soil bacteria and metabolic factors related to the continuous cropping obstacles of Gastrodia elata. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the continuous cropping issues but also pave the way for developing effective strategies to overcome them.

Combined Analysis of Grade Differences in Lapsang Souchong Black Tea Using Sensory Evaluation, Electronic Nose, and HS-SPME-GC-MS, Based on Chinese National Standards

Tea standard samples are the benchmark for tea product quality control. Understanding the inherent differences in Chinese national standards for Lapsang Souchong black tea of different grades is crucial for the scientific development of tea standardization work. In this study, Lapsang Souchong black tea of different grades that meet Chinese national standards was selected as the research object. The aroma characteristics were comprehensively analyzed through sensory evaluation, electronic nose, and HS-SPME-GC-MS (headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The findings indicate that the higher-grade Lapsang Souchong has a higher evaluation score. The results of electronic nose analysis indicate that the volatiles with differences in tea of different grades were mainly terpenoids and nitrogen oxides. The results of HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis show that the odor characteristics of the super-grade samples are mainly floral and fruity, and these substances mainly include D-Limonene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol and 3-Hydroxymandelic acid, and ethyl ester. The primary aroma characteristics of the first-grade samples are floral, sweet, woody, and green, with key contributing compounds including 2-Furanmethanol, 1-Octen-3-ol, and 5-ethenyltetrahydro-α,α,5-trimethyl-cis-, 4,5-di-epi-aristolochene. The main aroma characteristics of the second-grade samples are green, herbal scent, and fruity, and the main substances include 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, 2,3-dimethylthiophene, Dihydroactinidiolide, and Naphthalene-1-methyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-. It is worth noting that the second-grade samples contain a large amount of phenolic substances, which are related to the smoking process during processing. This study lays a solid foundation for the preparation of tea standard samples and the construction of the tea standard system.

Ketone body oxidation and susceptibility to ethyl acetoacetate in a novel hemolytic multidrug-resistant strain Leptospira interrogans KeTo originated from sewage water

Terrestrial and aquatic environments contaminated with animal urine may contribute to the transmission of Leptospira, a causative agent of leptospirosis in humans and wild/domesticated animals. Although enormous amounts of work have been done decoding the ecophysiology, the factors governing the cell growth and virulence in Leptospires derived from environmental samples still remain elusive. Here, we show oxidation of a wide array of organic acids including acetoacetate by a new strain of Leptospira interrogans designated as KeTo, isolated from a sewage sample originating from a wildlife enclosure located at Mangalore, India. We further demonstrate the susceptibility of KeTo to ethyl ester of acetoacetate (ethyl acetoacetate, EA). A 4.7 Mbp genome of KeTo shared the highest relatedness to pathogenic L. interrogans RGAT (99.3%), followed by L. kirschneri 3522CT (91.3%) and other related species of Leptospira (80.8‒74.3%), and harbored genes encoding acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and acetoacetate decarboxylase respectively involved in the acetoacetate utilization and acetone formation. In line with this, strain KeTo oxidized acetoacetate when supplied as a sole carbon. Aqueous EA suppressed biofilm formation (p < 0.0001) of KeTo in basal Ellinghausen–McCullough–Johnson–Harris (EMJH) medium. Similarly, significant inhibition in the growth/biofilm of Leptospira was recorded in semisolid EMJH with/without blood supplementation when exposed to volatile EA. The extent of ketone body oxidation and susceptibility to EA was found to vary with strain as evident through the analysis of L. interrogans serogroup Australis sv. Australis strain Ballico and L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae sv. Lai Like strain AF61. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the ketone body metabolic ability and susceptibility to an esterified derivative of a major ketone body in the tested strains of L. interrogans. Molecular aspects governing EA-driven growth inhibition warrant further investigations to develop optimal therapeutics for leptospirosis.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Ethanolic Pot-Pollen Extracts of Melipona beecheii and Determination of the Major Components by GC-MS.

Melipona beecheii pot-pollen is a natural product that has barely been studied, unlike other hive products such as honey and propolis. Its application has been reported since ancient times in traditional Mayan medicine, and it is also a functional food with high nutritional value. In the present study, samples of ethanolic pot-pollen extracts from five locations in the Yucatán Peninsula were analyzed to determine their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. All the extracts showed activity against five medically important bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes were the most susceptible bacteria in all samples. The evaluated antioxidant activity was higher than that reported by other studies. Palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids and their respective ethyl ethers were detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in all samples in different concentrations. Based on these results, pot-pollen extract from Mama, Yucatán exhibited the best biological activities (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) between 6 and 40 mg/mL, EC50 DPPH 28 μg/mL, EC50 RP 30 μg/mL), which could be related to a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids and their ethyl esters. The present study demonstrates that M. beecheii pot-pollen has therapeutic potential in addition to its benefits as a nutritional supplement.

Fast Molecular Recognition of Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester in the Liver and Meat of Stingray Using a Miniplatform Based on a 3D Stochastic Microsensor

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester has an important role in the prevention of the neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Its extraction from fish such as the stingray as anoil creates a pharmaceutical formulation. Therefore it is essential to develop fast molecular recognition methods able to perform both qualitative and quantitative determination of docosahexaenoic in stingray meat and liver. A miniplatform incorporating a 3D stochastic microsensor was designed and validated for the molecular recognition of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. The design of the microsensor was based on the modification of a graphene decorated with nitrogen and boron paste (NB-graphene paste) with 10−3mol L−1 alpha-cyclodextrin. A wide linear concentration range (5.0 × 10−14 − 5.0 × 10−7 g mL−1) and a low limit of quantitation (5.0 × 10−14 g mL−1) were obtained. High recovery values were determined when the miniplatform was used for the assay of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester from stingray liver and meat with recoveries higher than 99.20%. The relative standard deviation values were less than 0.05 (N = 10).

Rapid in situ carbon-13 hyperpolarization and imaging of acetate and pyruvate esters without external polarizer

Hyperpolarized 13C MRI visualizes real-time metabolic processes in vivo. In this study, we achieved high 13C polarization in situ in the bore of an MRI system for precursor molecules of most widely employed hyperpolarized agents: [1-13C]acetate and [1-13C]pyruvate ethyl esters in their perdeuterated forms, enhancing hyperpolarization lifetimes, hyperpolarized to P13C ≈ 28% at 80 mM concentration and P13C ≈ 19% at 10 mM concentration, respectively. Using vinyl esters as unsaturated Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization via Side-Arm Hydrogenation (PHIP-SAH) precursors and our novel polarization setup, we achieved these hyperpolarization levels by fast side-arm hydrogenation in acetone-d6 at elevated temperatures (up to 90°C) and hydrogenation pressures (up to 32 bar). We optimized the hyperpolarization process, reducing it to under 10 s, and employed advanced pulse sequences to enhance the polarization transfer efficiency. The hyperpolarization system has a small footprint, allowing it to be positioned in the same magnet, where 13C MRI is performed. We exemplified the utility of the design with sub-second in situ 13C MRI of ethyl [1-13C]pyruvate-d6. However, challenges remain in side-arm cleavage and purification in the MRI system to extract highly polarized aqueous agent solutions. Our results showcase efficient and rapid 13C hyperpolarization of these metabolite precursors in an MRI system with minimal additional hardware, promising to enhance future throughput and access to hyperpolarized 13C MRI.

Application of Spectrogel clay as a support for immobilization of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia

AbstractThe interest in maximizing the production of ethyl esters in a sustainable way and with lower energy costs has increased the use of immobilized enzymes as catalysts. This study aimed to apply the commercial clay Spectrogel® as a support for the immobilization of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia by adsorption and covalent bonding methods. The immobilizations were carried out using a 23 factorial design to study the effects of the activity offered (U g−1), pH, and the molar concentration of the enzyme solution buffer (mol L−1) on the enzyme activity obtained (U g−1). From the statistical analysis of the results, the best conditions for immobilization were pH 7.0 and 0.1 mol L−1 for both tested immobilization methods, with the best offered activity being 5709 and 7600 U g−1. The activities obtained were 1219.81 ± 7.51 and 1274.89 ± 14.99 U g−1 for adsorption and covalent bonding, respectively. The biocatalysts exhibited protein leaching of 33.55 ± 1.08% and 19.44 ± 2.43% when immobilized by adsorption and covalent bonding, respectively. The optimal activity temperature and thermal stability were obtained at 40°C. Additionally, the immobilization of lipase in Spectrogel® by both methods was efficient, showing higher thermal stability than the free enzyme. Thus, this work contributed scientifically to the development of a new and economical biocatalyst for ethyl ester production.

Antioxidant Property of Different Parts of Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabellifer): A Potential Nutraceutical Food

Worldwide, palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is utilized in cuisine and is renowned for its many nutraceutical qualities, which include anticancer and antioxidant capabilities. There is a connection between cellular free radicals and diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, and visual impairment. Antioxidants can support cell renewal and potentially lower these hazards. Using the DPPH method, the antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts from different sections of the Palmyra palm was evaluated. Several nutraceutical substances, including 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, beta-D-glucopyranose 1,6-anhydride, linoleic acid ethyl ester, 9-octadeceneic acid ethyl ester, butylated hydroxytoluene, and stigmasterol, were identified by GC/MS analysis of the crunchy kernel's methanol and hexane extracts. The results show that the crunchy kernel is a valuable addition to food products and has strong antioxidant potential.

The Role of Keeving in Modulating Fermentation and the Flavour Profiles of Apple Brandy

Keeving is the removal of nutrients from apple musts due to their binding to pectin, resulting in a slower fermentation and spontaneous arrest. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of keeving on the chemical composition of fermented apple must and on the volatile profile and sensory analysis of apple brandies. We compared the application of keeving during spontaneous fermentation with fermentation carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SafSpirit HG-1). We evaluated the impact of adding different doses of calcium chloride on various parameters of fermented musts and distillates. Calcium chloride had a greater effect on the ethanol concentration, total extract, and fermentation efficiency than on the type of fermentation used. However, a different phenomenon was observed with respect to the volatiles. The concentration of most of the higher alcohols, acetaldehyde, dodecanal, and geranylaceton, decreased after spontaneous fermentation and increased during the fermentation carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae SafSpirit HG-1. In general, the application of keeving contributed to a decrease in the concentration of ethyl and methyl esters, but caused an increase in the concentration of all acetate esters and terpenoids. When the amount of nutrients in the environment is limited and starvation occurs, microorganisms use the available nutrients for basic metabolic processes that allow them to survive and limit the formation of side metabolites such as volatiles. However, most of the samples fermented after the faecal depletion achieved high scores for the floral, fruity, and “overall note” parameters in the sensory analysis. This means that this method, carried out with a properly selected yeast strain, could be feasible for the distilling industry.

Bioactive phenolic contents of Scorzonera ketzkhowelii Sosn. ex Grossh. (Asteraceae) with comprehensive in vitro and in silico studies

This study explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase properties of extracts from the natural plant Scorzonera ketzkhowelii for the first time. Additionally, it focuses on isolating phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate sub-extract, elucidating their structures, and investigating their in-silico bioactivities. Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized from the ethyl acetate sub-extracts, including hydrangenol (1), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2), luteolin (3), esculin (4), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid ethyl ester (5), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (6), kaempferol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (7), quercetin 3-O-α-arabinopyranoside (8), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid ethyl ester (9), thunberginol F 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), hydrangeic acid 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (12). The ethyl acetate sub-extracts from both aerial and subaerial parts demonstrated exceptional radical scavenging activity. Moreover, all fractions exhibited potent inhibition against COX-I and COX-II enzymes, with notable inhibitory effects observed in the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane sub-extracts against AChE. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of these compounds were assessed against various biological targets, including TNFα, COX-I, COX-II, human CYP450, and hAChE, through molecular docking studies. According to the molecular docking and dynamics studies, compound 9 emerged as particularly noteworthy across all complexes, exhibiting stable binding modes and promising interactions with key residues involved in inhibition.

Highly efficient synthesis of the chiral ACE inhibitor intermediate (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate ethyl ester via engineered bi-enzyme coupled systems

(R)-2-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ethyl ester ((R)-HPBE) is an essential chiral intermediate in the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Its production involves the highly selective asymmetric reduction of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (OPBE), catalyzed by carbonyl reductase (CpCR), with efficient cofactor regeneration playing a crucial role. In this study, an in-situ coenzyme regeneration system was developed by coupling carbonyl reductase (CpCR) with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), resulting in the construction of five recombinant strains capable of NADPH regeneration. Among these, the recombinant strain E. coli BL21-pETDuet-1-GDH-L-CpCR, where CpCR is fused to the C-terminus of GDH, demonstrated the highest catalytic activity. This strain exhibited an enzyme activity of 69.78 U/mg and achieved a conversion rate of 98.3%, with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 99.9% during the conversion of 30 mM OPBE to (R)-HPBE. High-density fermentation further enhanced enzyme yield, achieving an enzyme activity of 1960 U/mL in the fermentation broth, which is 16.2 times higher than the volumetric activity obtained from shake flask fermentation. Additionally, the implementation of a substrate feeding strategy enabled continuous processing, allowing the strain to efficiently convert a final OPBE concentration of 920 mM, producing 912 mM of (R)-HPBE. These findings highlight the system’s improved catalytic efficiency, stability, and scalability, making it highly suitable for industrial-scale biocatalytic production.

Synthesis of the Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) Seed Oil for Use as the Main Ingredient in the Production of Herbal Massage Oil

This study focused on synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil via transesterification for use as the primary ingredient in herbal massage oil production. Optimal conditions included 5 wt.% of KOH catalyst compared to the oil weight, 15:1 molar ratio of ethanol to Krabok seed oil, 60 min for reaction time and reaction temperature of 78 ± 3 °C, resulting in FAEE yields as high as 99.83 ± 0.17 %. Analysis using FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC techniques revealed FAEE as ester-type compounds, primarily comprising lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), constituting 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 3 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids. Physicochemical properties indicated clear yellow liquids with viscosity of 1.73 ± 0.03 cSt/s, density of 0.8199 ± 0.0049 g/cm3, cloud point of +4 °C, and pour point of –1 °C. Acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, water content and oxidation stability were measured at 0.703 ± 0.001 mg KOH/g of oil, 0.354 ± 0.001 wt.%, 0.59 ± 0.04 g I2/100 g of oil, 1482.3 ± 6.15 ppm, and greater than 12 h, respectively. When the synthesized FAEE was used to produce herbal massage oil products, the results showed that the herbal massage oil products were characterized as a clear yellow liquid with no sediment, low viscosity, and pH in the range of 5 - 6, meeting standard criteria. Thus, FAEE derived from Krabok seed oil is suitable as a primary ingredient for herbal massage oil production, enhancing the value of local resources within the community. HIGHLIGHTS Under optimal conditions of 5 wt.% KOH catalyst, 15:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 60 min at 78 ± 3 °C, FAEE was synthesized from Krabok seed oil for herbal massage oil, yielding 99.83 ± 0.17 %. FAEE, identified via FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC, comprises 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) and 3 wt.% unsaturated. The herbal massage oil derived from FAEE as the primary ingredient meets clarity, low viscosity, and pH 5 - 6 standards. FAEE from Krabok seed oil enhances the value of local resources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Ten Pear Syrups.

Aroma in food plays an important role in food perception and acceptance, which depends on various mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Moreover, VOCs are of great significance for aroma identification. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology was used to determine the VOCs in 10 pear syrups. A total of 127 VOCs were quantitatively determined, including 9 common VOCs and 46 characteristic VOCs of 10 pear syrups. The pear syrups were divided into three categories by cluster analysis, and thirty-eight differential VOCs were obtained using orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and fourteen key VOCs were selected by odor activity value (OAV). It was revealed that the key and common aroma components of pear syrups were butanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-methyl-, methyl ester and Hexanoic acid, and ethyl ester. The characteristic and differential VOCs were 10-Undecen-1-ol, Hexadecanal, n-Propylacetate, Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S,2R,5S)-, Methional, Disulfide, dimethyl, 8-Nonenoic acid, ethyl ester, Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-, 3H-Purin-6-amine, N,N,3-trimethyl-, 2-Octanol,2,6-dimethyl-, Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-, and Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,methyl ester. The above results showed that different pear syrups had rich diversity in aroma compounds, with some components being shared among them while others are exclusive to specific syrups.

Anthelmintic Activity of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts: Insights from In Vitro and In Silico Investigations.

Helminthiasis remains a major global health concern. Exploring natural alternatives due to drug resistance and synthetic drug side effects has become increasingly urgent. This study investigates the anthelmintic potential of Carica papaya leaf extracts (CPLE) against Allolobophora caliginosa, along with elucidating the underlying structural alterations and molecular interactions. Carica papaya underwent methanolic extraction. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis revealed 11 active phytochemical compounds within CPLE. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated against A. caliginosa, with CPLE demonstrating efficacy comparable to albendazole. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy depicted structural modifications in worms exposed to CPLE, characterized by reduced size, uniform shrinkage, and increased cuticle thickness. Molecular docking studies with proteins Ascaris lumbricoides β-tubulin and Trichuris trichiura β-tubulin revealed potential binding interactions of CPLE compounds, notably Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, and Albendazole oxide. Conclusión: These findings suggest the anthelmintic efficacy of CPLE and provide insights into its mode of action at the molecular level.

Main-Chain Azobenzene Poly(ether ester) Multiblock Copolymers for Strong and Tough Light-Driven Actuators.

The stimulus-responsive polymeric materials have attracted great research interest, especially those remotely manipulated materials with potential applications in actuators and soft robotics. Here we report a photoresponsive main-chain actuator based on azobenzene poly(ether ester) multiblock copolymer (mBCP) thermoplastic elastomers, (PTAD-b-PTMO-b-PTAD)n, which were synthesized by a cascade polycondensation-coupling ring-opening polymerization method using poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) and azobenzene-containing cyclic oligoesters (COTADs) as monomers. The thermal, mechanical, and microphase separation behaviors of mBCPs could be flexibly tuned by altering the ratios of soft-to-hard segments and block number (n). The oriented azobenzene mBCP fibers were prepared by melt spinning, showing reversible photoresponsive properties with remarkably high strength (∼1000 MPa) and high elongation at break comparable to spider silks. Fast photoinduced bending and contraction were successfully achieved in these fibers with high work and power densities and energy conversion efficiency, enabling it to lift up about 250 times of its own weight. Moreover, it can take out materials inside the tube by UV-light control. These fibers could be applied in light-driven actuators or telecontrolled robot arms.

Enhancing the fermentation rate and aroma compounds of kiwi wine via the addition of nitrogen during the stationary phase

Nitrogen addition is a viable strategy for preventing sluggish or stuck fermentation and enhancing aroma profiles in the winemaking industry. Herein, nitrogen, in the form of amino acids mixture or diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), was added at different fermentation periods to investigate its effects on the fermentation characteristics, non-volatile compounds and aroma profiles of kiwi wines. Both the amino acids mixture and DAP shortened fermentation time by 1–2 days and balanced organic acid proportion by reducing malic acid content and increasing citric acid content. Adding DAP significantly decreased higher alcohols content, whereas higher alcohols content was remarkably increased with amino acids mixture supplementation. Furthermore, nitrogen addition during the stationary phase was most conducive to synthesizing other beneficial aromas, especially acetate esters and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters (MCFAEEs), and improving the perception of tropical fruity and cream aromas in kiwi wines. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) results showed there was a tight correlation between amino acids and volatile compounds. This study provides an insight into the development of high-quality kiwi wine and should serve as the theoretical foundation to support the application of nitrogen addition in the wine industry.

Comparison of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids bioavailability in fish oil and krill oil: Network Meta-analyses

Background and Aims: Fish oil and krill oil are primary sources of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), differing in their molecular forms and bioavailability. Understanding these differences can optimize their therapeutic use. This study aims to compare the bioavailability of Omega-3 PUFAs in fish oil and krill oil using a network meta-analysis approach. By evaluating various molecular forms and dosages, the study seeks to identify the most effective Omega-3 sources and dosing regimens to maximize health benefits.Methods: The study adhered to the explanation of the PRISMA network meta-analysis 2015 (registered PROSPERO ID: CRD42024532536). The risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro scale. This network meta-analysis incorporated data from studies published between 2003 and 2023, sourced from five databases: ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform-World Health Organization, and Embase. Statistical analysis was conducted using advanced models in R software to ensure a rigorous evaluation of bioavailability.Results: Out of 26 high-quality studies, findings reveal superior bioavailability of krill oil compared to fish oil. Specifically, fish oil above 3000 mg, in re-esterified triacylglycerol or ethyl ester formulations (100–2900 mg), and krill oil (100–1900 mg) significantly enhanced the Omega-3 index. At lower dosages (under 2000 mg), krill oil shows superior Omega-3 absorption compared to fish oil. Using fish oil ethyl ester at doses between 2000 and 2900 mg may be the most effective for reducing Tmax. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity and limited statistical significance. The highest AUC values were observed in krill oil phospholipid/free fatty acid formulation. Emulsion forms of fish oil are more effective in increasing Cmax than other formulations. These results were supported by robust statistical evidence (Egger's test, p > 0.05), highlighting the effectiveness of specific formulations and doses in optimizing Omega-3 absorption.Conclusion: The research highlights the importance of understanding the bioavailability of Omega-3 PUFAs from fish oil and krill oil. The findings suggest that low-dose krill oil and fish oil emulsions (under 2000 mg) are effective and potentially safer alternatives to high-dose fish oil, potentially minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

Exploring Community Succession, Assembly Patterns, and Metabolic Functions of Ester-Producing-Related Microbiota during the Production of Nongxiangxing baijiu.

Esters are vital flavor compounds in Chinese Nongxiangxing baijiu and greatly affect the quality of baijiu. Microbial communities inhabiting fermented grains (FGs) have a marked impact on esters. However, the specific microorganisms and their assembly patterns remain unclear. This study utilized high-throughput sequencing and a culture-based method to reveal ester-producing microorganisms. A total of 33 esters were detected, including 19 ethyl esters, 9 linear chain esters, and 2 branched chain esters. A correlation analysis indicated that the bacterial genus Lactobacillus (relative abundance in average: 69.05%) and fungal genera Pichia (2.40%), Aspergillus (11.84%), Wickerhamomyces (0.60%), Thermomyces (3.57%), Saccharomycopsis (7.87%), Issatchenkia (0.96%), and Thermoascus (10.83%) were dominant and associated with esters production and their precursors. The numbers of esters positively correlated with them were 1, 17, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, and 1, respectively. The modified stochasticity ratio (MST) index and Sloan neutral model revealed that bacteria were predominantly governed by deterministic processes while fungal assemblies were more stochastic. Saturnispora silvae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii were isolated and identified with ester synthesis potential. PICRUSt2 analysis showed that fungi in FG had a high potential for synthesizing ethanol, while 14 enzymes related to esters synthesis were all produced by bacteria, especially enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of acyl-CoA. In addition, ester synthesis was mainly catalyzed by carboxylesterase, acylglycerol lipase and triacylglycerol lipase. These findings may provide insights into ester production mechanism and potential strategies to improve the quality of Nongxiangxing baijiu.

8077 Use of Lovaza for Management of Hypertriglyceridemia in Pregnancy

Abstract Disclosure: J. Segarra-Villafane: None. L.R. Sepulveda-Garcia: None. L. El Musa Penna: None. I.C. Arroyo: None. Z. Maisonet -Feliciano: None. W. Medina-Torres: None. M. Alvarado: None. M. Ramirez: None. L.A. Gonzalez-Rodriguez: None. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy increases the risk of health complications to both mother and fetus, including preeclampsia, hyperviscosity syndrome and life-threatening pancreatitis. Several case reports include management of hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy with medical nutrition therapy, omega fatty acids and gemfibrozil but is controversial. There are no formal clinical guidelines for management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy which presents a challenge for physicians. Lovaza is a combination of ethyl esters of omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglycerides (TG) levels in adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Lovaza is Category C (risk cannot be ruled out) and should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Case of a 40 years old female G3P1A1 with IUP 25 WGA with history of hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia and episode of acute pancreatitis in 2016 due to hypertriglyceridemia, who was referred to clinics due to uncontrolled lipids and thyroid disease. Laboratories included fasting serum triglycerides (TG) 4357mg/dL (40-150mg/dL), total cholesterol 525mg/dL (120-200), HDL 56mg/dL, LDL invalid due to elevated TG. Thyroid function test revealed TSH of 161uIU/mL (0.43-2.91) and FT4 of 0.24ng/dL (0.8-1.8). HbA1c, lipase and amylase within range. Vital signs were normal. Patient was asymptomatic, no abdominal complaints or hypothyroidism-related symptoms, but hospital admission was recommended due to high risk of pancreatitis and uncontrolled hypothyroidism. She was started on Synthroid 220 mcg IV daily for hypothyroidism and was placed NPO until nutritionist evaluation. Triglycerides levels improved with conservative interventions and low-fat diet. However, TG persisted above 2000mg/dL and, after discussing risks and benefits with patient, pharmacological therapy with Lovaza was started to reach goal of TG less than 1000 mg/dL and reduce potential risk of pancreatitis. Patient agreed to start Lovaza 2gm AM and 2gm PM. After initiation of Lovaza, in addition to dietary modifications and hypothyroidism management, laboratories showed significant improvement in TG levels from 3569 down to 1778 mg/dL. Patient was discharged on Lovaza 2gm oral BID and Synthroid 200mcg oral daily. One month later, TG had decreased to 557mg/dL (0-150) and thyroid tests showed TSH at 0.305mIU/mL and FT4 at 1.71ng/dL. Patient tolerated medications well without side effects and had an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. This case demonstrates that severe hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy can be managed effectively and, more importantly, in a safe manner with Lovaza, in addition to dietary fat restriction. However, additional research is needed if its use is to be included in future pregnancy management guidelines. Presentation: 6/2/2024