Solvents Ethyl Alcohol Research Articles

Quality indicators of extracted sunflower and rapeseed oil obtained with hexane and ethyl alcohol solvents

The relevance of the conducted research is conditioned by the increase in demand for oilseeds with improved and environmentally friendly qualities, namely, the replacement of a dangerous solvent in the extraction process of processing oilseeds. In this regard, this paper is aimed at investigating the use of an organic solvent, such as ethanol, in extraction technology that is safer for human health. The leading approach to studying this problem is Soxhlet extraction and microwave extraction using hexane and ethanol solvents. The fatty acid composition of the resulting product was analysed by gas chromatography. In the proposed microwave method of oil extraction with a "green" solvent, which is ethyl alcohol, physical and chemical parameters were studied and compared with those obtained by the Soxhlet method. The efficiency of microwave processing is related to the heating process, which significantly increases the internal pressure of cells, which causes their destruction. A barodiffusion flow is created, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield of the extraction oil concentration by 1.4-1.8 times over the same time period and a decrease in the extraction process time by almost 3 times. The oil obtained by extraction of raw materials in a microwave field with a solvent ethyl alcohol is more resistant to oxidation, as evidenced by a decrease in the numbers: peroxide from 4.8 to 3.8, and anisidine from 0.25 to 0.2. The acid number, which characterises the degree of freshness of the resulting oil, also decreased from 2.5 to 2.1. The research results show that the use of microwave extraction with a polar solvent, which is ethyl alcohol, was effective in improving the quality properties of the extracted oil. The use of a "green” solvent does not degrade the quality of the finished product, unlike hexane, which is harmful to human health. The materials of the study are of practical value for the fat and oil industry, namely, in the technology of extraction of oilseeds

Antioxidant Potential, Anthelmintic Activity and Quantification of Total Phenols, Tannins, Flavonoids of E. milii Leaf and Flower Extracts

Plants possess a diverse biologically active compound that exhibits high antioxidant activity. The purpose of antioxidant studies of plants is to reveal the significance of the plants as a reservoir of new antioxidant substances and to entail them in treatment of diverse medical ailments. The current research investigates the antioxidant prospect of E. milii leaves and flowers. These leaves and flowers of E. milii were excerpted using various solvents of various polarities. The antioxidant action of the E. milii leaf and flower extracts was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results of antioxidant screening revealed that the aerial parts of the plant i.e., leaf and flower have prominent antioxidant properties. In-vitro anthelmintic activity results confirmed the potential bioactivity of E. milii leaf and flower extracts and could be a promising source for the development of effective anthelmintic drugs. The total flavonoid, tannin, and phenolic contents of the plant extracts were evaluated spectrophotometrically and found a positive relationship between these phytochemicals and the antioxidant activity. Ethyl alcohol extract of a leaf and acetone extract of flower contained the highest concentration of flavonoids. The maximum range of phenolics was observed in ethyl alcohol solvent extract of a leaf and methanol extract of the flower. The most elevated concentration of tannins was recorded in ethyl acetate extract of leaves and ethanol extract of flowers. The existence of phytochemical constituents and high antioxidant activity convinces the anthelmintic potential of E. milii aerial parts. The present study justifies the traditional use of E. milii to treat helminthic diseases.

In-situ encapsulation of oil soluble carbon nanoclusters in ZIF-8 and applied as bifunctional recyclable stable sensing material of nitrofurazone and lysine and fluorescent ink

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials consisting of organic ligands and metal ions/clusters through coordinate bonds, which have wide applications in the research fields such as sensing, catalysis, and adsorbents. On the other hand, as an emerging carbon nanomaterial with low toxicity and chemical inertia, carbon nanoclusters (CNCs) have received a lot of research interest. In this work, an oil soluble CNC was introduced into Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) through in-situ encapsulation strategy to form hybrid material CNCs@ZIF-8 (1). 1 has been characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photo-luminescent characterizations. Strong fluorescence emission at 450 nm for 1 can be observed when excited at 380 nm. Remarkably, the structure and fluorescence emission of 1 can maintain unchanged after soaking in different DMA, DMF, ethyl alcohol solvent and adding different targeted objects. Photo-luminescent studies show that 1 can be used as highly sensitive and selective “turn-off” fluorescent probe for antibiotic nitrofurazone (Ksv: 2.26 × 105 M−1 and detection limit: 0.0229 µM). On the other hand, 1 shows highly sensitive and selective “turn-on” response to lysine (KBH: 1.99 × 106 M−1 and detection limit: 0.0096 µM). Additionally 1 also exhibits good recyclable detection performance, after four numbers of detection cycles, the detection efficiency of nitrofurazone and lysine still can reach 93.86% and 88.82%, respectively. Further, in the UV-vis light excited at 365 nm, the fluorescent ink based on 1 with the addition of lysine can be observed in naked eye. As a result, 1 could be applied as a bifunctional recyclable stable sensing material for highly sensitive detection of nitrofurazone and lysine and fluorescent ink using 1 with the addition of lysine.

Reclaim and Valorization of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) By-Product: Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Characterization.

The by-product resulting from the production of the sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) juice may be a functional food ingredient, being a valuable source of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, minerals, and fatty acids. For checking this hypothesis, two extracts were obtained by two different methods using 50% ethyl alcohol solvent, namely through maceration–recirculation (E-SBM) and through ultrasound extraction (E-SBUS), followed by concentration. Next, sea-buckthorn waste (SB sample), extracts (E-SBM and E-SBUS samples) and the residues obtained from the extractions (R-SBM and R-SBUS samples) were characterized for the total polyphenols, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, mineral contents, and fatty acids profile. The results show that polyphenols and flavonoids were extracted better by the ultrasound process than the other methods. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the E-SBUS sample was 91% higher (expressed in Trolox equivalents) and approximately 45% higher (expressed in Fe2+ equivalents) than that of the E-SBM sample. Regarding the extraction of minerals, it was found that both concentrated extracts had almost 25% of the RDI value of K and Mg, and also that the content of Zn, Mn, and Fe is significant. Additionally, it was found that the residues (R-SBM and R-SBUS) contain important quantities of Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, and Fe. The general conclusion is that using the ultrasound extraction method, followed by a process of concentrating the extract, a superior recovery of sea-buckthorn by-product resulting from the juice extraction can be achieved.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF PAPAYA SEED ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AGAINST SALMONELLA TYPHI THAT CAUSES TYPHOID FEVER

Salmonella typhi is a bacteria that causes typhoid . In Indonesia, the disease is an endemic throughout the year. Papaya that is often found to have efficacy as an antibacterial agent. The research is aimed to detect the antibacterial ability of ethanol extract papaya seeds to Salmonella typhi . Extraction method was done by soaking using 70 % ethyl alcohol solvent then agar diffusion method was used to find out Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in antibacterial testing. The statistics will be examined through analysis of variance (one way ANOVA with p-value (α) set at 0.05). Liquid dilution method is utilized to assess Minimum inhibitory concentration while drop plate method is made to determine Minimum bactericidal concentration. The research discovered that ethanol extract of papaya seeds contain secondary metabolite compounds such as : phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids at 100 % concentration was effective to inhibit Salmonella typhi growth with an area of 6,86 mm inhibition zone which is categorized as moderate. In this study, Ciprofloxacin was used for positive control and distilled water for negative control. The percentage of sample concentrations used are: 3%, 6%, 12%, 25%, 50% and also 100%. The research used Ciprofloxacin The ethanol extract of papaya seeds was not found to be an effective bactericidal agent against Salmonella typhi.

Mid-infrared Q-switch performance of ZrC

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) with layered structure and nanoparticle morphology was prepared by sonication in an ethyl alcohol solvent. The morphology and saturable absorption properties of the ZrC were systematically analyzed. By using ZrC nanoparticle coated substrates as saturable absorbers, stable Q-switched 3 μm Er : Lu 2 O 3 lasers were realized. Pulse durations of 50 ns with pulse energies of 20 μJ and peak power of 0.4 kW are the shortest obtained with novel-material-based Q-switched lasers in the 3 μm wavelength range.

Synthesis and characterization of Fly ash /Wooden fiber reinforced Epoxy resin polymer composite

Composite is made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The mechanical property of a composite depends mainly on the physical and chemical properties of not only the resin, reinforcement used but also the hardener and solvent used. This paper highlights the experimental investigation on the effect of Acetone and Ethyl Alcohol solvent on composite laminates of teak wood powder and fly ash reinforcement with epoxy. The function of the solvent is to reduce the viscosity of the matrix to ensure the uniform distribution of the particulate reinforcement in the matrix upon stirring. Against this background, the present research work has been undertaken to explore the effect of acetone and ethyl alcohol solvent on wood powder and fly ash reinforced with epoxy. Hardener is added to the resin reinforcement mixture to ensure faster and uniform curing of the composite laminate at room temperature. But the hardener used (hy 951) being hydrophilic, absorbs moisture on exposure to atmosphere. The absorbed moisture adversely affects the curing of epoxy resin. This effect is more pronounced when the composite contains wood particles which also hydrophilic and absorbs moisture. Thus the present research also explores the effect of moisture on the curing properties of the composite. The present work thus aims to compare the effect of the ethanol and acetone solvent as well as the hardener properties on the flexibility of wood-flyash epoxy resin fiber reinforced polymer composites using SEM, XRD, FT-IR test results.

Photoreduction of Benzophenone in Green Chemistry Using an Alternate Solvent Ethyl Alcohol

Green chemistry is an approach to the synthesis, processing and use of chemicals that reduces risks to humans and the environment. A synthesis of benzopinacol from benzophenone is carried out using ethanol as a solvent. This is a free radical reaction and reduction of benzophenone occurred by sunlight via UV radiation. Benzopinacol is a catalyst of the formation of unsaturated polyesters. It is also used as an organic synthesis intermediate and as an initiator of polymerization by free radicals. Characterization of Benzopinacol was done by using spectroscopic technique like IR, NMR etc. Results positively show that solvent ethyl alcohol can be used as an alternative for photoreduction of benzphenone in case of non-availability of isopropyl alcohol.

Optimizing formulations of silver organic decomposition ink for producing highly-conductive features on flexible substrates: The case study of amines

Highly conductive silver patterns that can be cured at low temperatures were achieved by proper selection of the kinds of amines in the formulation of metal organic decomposition (MOD) ink. The inks were synthesized via a complexing reaction between silver tartrate and various amines in ethyl alcohol solvent. Four monoamines and two diamines with increased carbon chain lengths were used. The kinds of amines affected the thermal decomposition temperature of silver ink as well as the sheet resistance and microstructure of the obtained silver films significantly. The film from 1,2-diaminopropane ink showed the lowest resistance and uniform surface morphology among all the inks developed. The microstructural evolution of the cured silver films was well correlated with the formulations of the inks. The underlying mechanism was discussed. The ink formulations were further elaborated by proper selection of Ag/NH2 molar ratios. Highly conductive silver films with excellent flexible stability and great adhesion were achieved using optimized silver MOD inks.

Ultrafiltration-based degumming of crude rice bran oil using a polymer membrane

Membrane technology has been gaining momentum in industrial processes, especially in food technology. It is believed to simplify processes, reduce energy consumption, and eliminate pollutants. The objective was to study the performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) polymeric membranes in the degumming of the miscella of crude rice bran oil by using a bench-scale tangential filtration module. In addition, oil miscella filtration techniques using hexane and anhydrous ethyl alcohol solvents were compared. All membranes showed the retention of phospholipids and high flow rates. However, the best performance was observed using the 50-kDa PVDF membrane in miscella hexane solvent, with a 95.5% retention of the phosphorus concentration (by a factor of 1.4), resulting in a permeate with 29 mg·kg−1 of phosphorus and an average flow rate of 48.1 L·m−2·h−1. This technology can be used as a low-pollution, economical alternative for the de-gumming of crude rice bran oil, being effective in the removal of hydratable and non-hydratable phospholipids, resulting in oils with a low phosphorus content.

극한 저온 추출 공정을 처리한 지치의 면역활성

This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of immunomodulatory activities of Lithospermum erythrorhizon by extreme process. The extracts are WE100 (water extract for 24 hours at 100℃), WE80 (water extract for 24 hours at 80℃) and EPE (extreme process for 30 minutes at 25℃, 500MPa after 70%ethyl alcohol extracts for 3 hours at 40,50, 60℃). Extraction yield was increased up to 5~10% by extreme process, compare to the normal extraction such as water solvent extraxtion,70%ethyl alcohol solvent extraction. The cyto-toxicity of the extracts was showed in the range of 12.68 ~ 15.89% at 1.0mg/㎖ for human lung cell (HEL299). The EPE40 was showed the lowest cytotoxicity 12.68%. The EPE60 extracted by extreme process in creased the growth of human B and T cells up to 12.12 × 10⁴cells/㎖, and 14.88 × 10⁴cells/㎖, respectively and the EPE60 greatly increased the cytokine secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-α. The extracts by extreme process also exhibited higher levels of nitric oxide production from macrophages than the lipopolysaccaharides. It can be concluded that Lithospermum erythrorhizon has immune activities and The extreme process could increase higher immune activities possibly by immunomodulatory compounds.

Toxicological Properties of Achras Zapota (Linn) Plant Parts on the Predatory Fishes Heteropneustes Fossilis (Bloch) and Channa Punctatus (Bloch)

Toxicological properties of the indigeneous plant Achras zapota (Linn) (Family: Sapotaceae) (locally known as 'Safeda' in Bangla) were assessed on two predatory fishes, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and Channa punctatus (Bloch), after 24 h exposure under normal laboratory conditions (25 ± 3ºC). Distilled water, 50% and absolute ethyl alcohol solvent extrarcts of the dry seed, leaf, bark and root of A. zapota were tested upon the fishes. Exposed fishes showed hyperactivity with increased opercular movement and accumulation of mucus on the body surface. Increase in the concentration of the extracts caused an increase in the fish mortality. The LC50 values of the distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol and absolute ethyl alcohol extracts of A. zapota plant parts for H. fossilis were 320.80, 222.26, 98.49 ppms, respectively in seed; 480.91, 279.37, 235.76 ppms, respectively in leaf; 630.86, 151.39, 85.21 ppms, respectively in bark and 218.12, 122.89, 111.62 ppms, respectively in root. Whereas, the LC50 values of the corresponding plant parts for C. punctatus were 218.12, 146.84, 88.83 ppms, respectively in seed; 279.35, 175.89, 125.69 ppms, respectively in leaf; 132.36, 102.91, 78.11 ppms, respectively in bark and 63.87, 39.46, 33.27 ppms, respectively in root. On the basis of the LC50 values of absolute ethyl alcohol extracts, for H. fossilis, the order of toxicity was found to be: bark > seed > root > leaf and for C. punctatus it was: root > bark > seed > leaf. Of the two test fishes H. fossilis was more tolerant and less sensitive to the effects of the plant part extracts than C. punctatus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12900 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1): 109-119, 2012

초고압 가공 공정을 통한 지치 추출물의 항암 활성 증진

This study was performed to enhance anticancer activities of Lithospermum erythrorhizon by eluting high amount of shikonin through ultra high pressure process. Extraction yield was increased up to 5~10% by ultra high pressure process, compare to the normal extraction processes such as water solvent extraction, 70% ethyl alcohol solvent extraction. The cytotoxicity of the extracts () from ultra high pressure process was showed the lowest cytotoxicity 13.4% for human lung cell (HEL299). The anticancer activities showed 80~85% by adding of the extracts from ultra high pressure process in several cancer cell lines such as AGS, Hep3B, MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Among them, MCF-7 cell of the endocrine system was highest inhibited than other cells. The anticancer activities of the extracts from ultra high pressure extraction process showed 10~15%, which was higher than the extracts from normal extraction processes. From HPLC analysis of the extracts, the contents of shikonin in the extracts from ultra high pressure process was 11.42% (w/w), which was 20% higher than others. This results indicate that ultra high pressure process could increase the extraction yield of shikonin and other contents, which resulted in higher anticancer activities.

Effect of Solvation Film on the Viscosity of Colloidal Dispersions

AbstractViscosity is one of the most important properties of colloids in mixing, transportation, stabilization, energy consumption, and so on. According to Einstein's viscosity equation, the viscosity of a colloidal dispersion increases with the increase of particle concentration. And the equation can be applicable to all micro‐particle dispersions, because the effect of solvation films coated on particles can be neglectable in that case. But with the decrease of particle size to nano‐scale, the formation of solvation films on nano‐particles can greatly affect the viscosity of a dispersion, and Einstein's equation may not be applicable to this case. In this work, one kind of micro‐size silica particle and two kinds of nano‐size silica particles were used to investigate the effect of solvation films on dispersion viscosity, dispersed in water and ethyl alcohol solvents, respectively. The results of theoretical calculation and experimental investigation show that the increase of viscosity is contributed from solvation films by more than 95 percent for nano‐particle dispersions, while less than 10 percent for micro‐particle dispersions.

The impregnation of oxygen, sulfur, boron, carbon, and nitrogen into the surface of high-speed steel cutters in a gaseous medium

The DYGS process is a new lowtemperature, 540 to 560 °C (1000 to 1040 °F) thermochemical treatment for the combined diffusion of the elements oxygen, sulfur, boron, carbon, and nitrogen into the surface of W18Cr4V (T-1) high speed steel cutters. Cutters are treated in an ordinary pittype furnace with a gaseous medium produced by the dissociation of a drip fed liquid, this liquid consisting of a formamide and ethyl alcohol solvent with materials containing sulfur and boron. The properties, the chemical compositions, the phase constituents, and the microstructures of the several different layers formed on the surface of high speed steel cutters treated by this process were investigated by various metallo graphic and physicochemical methods. The functions of simultaneous boron diffusion are discussed.Cutting experiments and production experience have shown that the durability of high speed steel cutters treated by DYGS is 45 pct greater than that of identical cutters treated under similar conditions where sulfur, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are diffused without a boron addition. The DYGS process consistently increases durability by a factor of two or three when compared with similar cutters that have not been diffusion treated. The causes for this improvement are a diffusion layer which gives high surface hardness and improved red hardness and thin layers of boron oxide, iron oxide and noncontinuous epsilon iron nitrides (ε-Fe3N) with fine FeS distributed on them; these oxides and nitrides have good antiseizure and selflubricating characteristics. Additionally, the toughness of the diffused case produced by the DYGS process may contribute to the improved performance of the cutters.

Effect of Bishkatali, <i>Polygonum hydropiper</i> L. plant extracts against the red flour beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> Herbst

Toxicity, repellency and residual effects of Bishkatali plant extracts in chloroform and ethyl alcohol solvents were evaluated against the red flour beetle. Five concentrations viz. 500, 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25mg/ml of Bishkatali plant extracts of both solvents were used in the experiment. The plant extracts in both solvents were moderately toxic to Tribolium castaneum. The toxicity of ethyl alcohol extract was more than chloroform extract after 24 and 72 hours treatment on the insect. Bishkatali plant extract in both solvents showed strong repellency against T. castaneum in which chloroform extract was better than ethyl alcohol extract. The rate of repellency was increased with the increment of concentration. Both the extracts have produced remarkable residual effect in reducing the progeny of T. castaneum. The lowest numbers of F1 adult progeny (32.7, 25.3 and 27.0) emerged from the wheat flour treated with 500mg/10g chloroform extract when parent released at 7, 12, 17 days after treatment respectively. Whereas with 500mg/10g ethyl alcohol extract, 38.0, 29.7 and 30.3 F1 adult progeny emerged when parents released at 7, 12, 17 days after treatment respectively. Bishkatali plant extracts in both chloroform and ethyl alcohol had remarkable residual effects on T. castaneum by reducing the production of F1 progeny and/or by increasing the population mortality. 
 
 Key words: Botanical, solvent, red flour beetle, mortality, progeny, repellency, residual 
 
 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 26, 2007. pp. 93-97