Sportsmanship Research Articles

Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes.

Given the psychological aspects of sports nutrition, understanding one's athletic identity (AI) may improve targeted nutrition education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine nutrition habits and AI among uninjured youth athletes. Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) and custom Sports Nutrition Assessment for Consultation (SNAC) scores collected prospectively at local sporting events were retrospectively assessed via Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, logistic regression, and ANCOVA tests (95% CI). Among 583 athletes (14.5 ± 2.1 years; 59.9% female), the total AIMS scores did not differ by sex (males 39.9 ± 7.2; females 39.3 ± 7.5; maximum 70). The Social Identity (p = 0.009) and Exclusivity (p = 0.001) subscores were higher in males, while the Negative Affectivity subscores were lower (p = 0.019). Females reported frequent associations between SNAC and AIMS, particularly Negative Affectivity, which was positively associated with stress fracture history (p = 0.001), meal-skipping (p = 0.026), and desiring nutrition knowledge (p = 0.017). Males receiving weight recommendations reported higher Negative Affectivity subscores (p = 0.003), and higher total AIMS scores were observed in males with fatigue history (p = 0.004) and a desire for nutrition knowledge (p = 0.012). Fatigue and stress fracture history predominated in high-AI males and females, respectively, suggesting that poor sports nutrition may present differently by sex. As suboptimal nutrition was frequently related to high Negative Affectivity subscores, these habits may increase following poor sports performance.

Where Are the Sore Losers? Competitive Authoritarianism, Incumbent Defeat, and Electoral Trust in Zambia's 2021 Election.

How do electoral turnovers shape citizen perceptions of election quality in competitive authoritarian regimes? We argue that electoral outcomes are crucial for determining perceptions of electoral quality. While detailed evaluation of electoral trust is complex in competitive autocracies with institutional uncertainty and polarized electoral environments, turnovers send strong and unequivocal signals about election quality. Previous literature has noted a strong partisan divide in electoral trust in competitive authoritarian regimes, but turnovers can boost trust among both incumbent and opposition supporters. We test this argument in the case of Zambia's 2021 election, a case where a ruling party lost despite electoral manipulation and strong control over the Election Management Body (EMB). Empirically, we leverage the first-ever panel survey carried out during Zambian elections. Comparing trust in elections before and after the election, we find that perceived election quality increased after the 2021 electoral turnover among both losers and winners. We find that trust in elections increased the most among winning opposition supporters. Moreover, despite the outgoing president's attempt to portray the election as fraudulent, losing ruling-party supporters also increased their trust in elections after the turnover. The study has important implications for the literature on democratic consolidation and institutional trust.

The Sportsman Ship Orientation of Generation Z

In the research, it is purposed to analyze the sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between 2000-2004 in terms of some variables. This research is a study that aims to examine some demographic characteristics (gender, age, sports club membership, regular exercise) and sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between 2000-2004. The sample of the study consists of 233 Z generation individuals, 115 female and 118 men. As it is a means of collected information in the research; Developed by Vallerand, Briere, Blanchart and Provencher (1997), the original Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale (MSOS) and the Turkish adaptation of Gülfem Sezen Balçıkanlı (2010) was applied. The obtained data were examined by using the SPSS 22 package program. Percentage, frequency and mean values were used in the descriptive analyzes of the demographic characteristics of the participants in our study. “T-Test” was used for samples in the analysis of paired groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used in the comparative analysis of three or more groups, and Post-Hoc tests were used to determine which groups the differences originated from. As a result of the tests, it was seen that the sportsmanship orientation of the Z generation individuals born between the years 2000-2004 was at the "Medium" (79,36) level. In the base dimensions of "conforming to social norms, obedience to rules and management and showing respect for the other competitors", "Medium" sportsmanship orientations of the Z generation individuals were observed, and "High" level of sportsmanship orientation was observed in the "responsibility in sports" sub-dimension.

Differences in perceived energy and macronutrient requirements across divisions in NCAA athletes.

Sports nutrition is an impactful component to sports performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the sports nutrition knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association collegiate athletes and assess self-reported perceived requirements for energy and macronutrient intake. A secondary aim was to evaluate the awareness of physical and emotional perceptions associated with mindful eating. Participants included NCAA Division I (DI, n = 45), II (DII, n = 31), and III (DIII, n = 47) athletes. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sports nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements. Daily energy intake values were calculated using a recommended relative energy intake value of 40, 50, and 60 kcal/kg/day for low, moderate, and high activity levels, respectively. Carbohydrate recommendations were calculated using 4, 6, and 8 g/kg/day, protein recommendations were calculated using relative intakes of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 g/kg/day, and fat recommendations were calculated from a relative percentage of total predicted daily energy requirements, equating to 15, 25, and 30% of daily energy. Additionally, athletes completed a questionnaire to assess mindfulness regarding eating habits. Overall, athletes answered 45.5 ± 13.5% of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with significant differences observed between male (48.6 ± 13.6%) and female athletes (43.6 ± 13.2%; p = 0.044), as well as significant differences observed between DI athlete scores (38.8 ± 14.1%) and DII athletes (47.7 ± 11.4%; p = 0.002), and DI athletes and DIII athletes (51.71 ± 11.83%; p = <0.001). All athletes significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated daily energy intake requirements (female, 2,112 ± 575 kcal/day; male, 3,283 ± 538 kcal/day). The mindfulness eating habits total score was significantly higher in male athletes (65.1 ± 6.5) compared to female athletes (60.9 ± 9.5; p = 0.009). Division I, II, and III collegiate athletes have poor sports nutrition knowledge, with Division I athletes having exhibited lower scores compared to Division II and III athletes on the sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Athletes from all levels of collegiate sports underestimated their energy and macronutrient requirements. Differences in mindful eating habits among female and male athletes were also evident.

Особенности мотивации студентов, занимающихся пулевой стрельбой (по опроснику Sport Motivation Scale)

In this article the author studies the motivation of students involved in rifle shooting in the sport club of the uni-versity, using the Sport Motivation Scale questionnaire. The study involves 68 student shooters. It is empha-sized that the results of processing the answers provided by the respondents revealed intrinsic motivation as the leading one for the students-shooters of different courses. Demotivation of learners is investigated in detail in the study. Demotivation is correlated with internal motivation and the motive of goal displacement. Shooting students of the second and third years of study, especially those without sports categories, have a high level of demotivation; they also have a lower level of motives for self-development and learning new things. It is as-sumed that increased levels of demotivation are associated with poor sports results. Also, the levels of motiva-tion and demotivation depend more on the duration of classes, including in combination with existing catego-ries, rather than on sports categories as such.

Try, Try Again? Are Unsuccessful Leadership Contestants Sore Losers?

ABSTRACT Elections, even intra-party ones, create winners and losers. A number of recent studies have revealed a ‘sore losers’ effect among a number of party actors. The evidence suggests that those who support a losing candidate in an internal party election are significantly less likely to remain active and involved in party politics compared to those who supported the winner. Much less, however, is known about the losing candidates themselves. This paper explores whether losing leadership candidates also exhibit a ‘sore losers’ tendency. Drawing on an original dataset of unsuccessful leadership contestants in three Canadian parties, results reveal that losing leadership candidates do not exit their party en masse but rather they remain generally committed to their party, often seeking re-election during the next general election. The results provide important insight into the behaviour of leadership candidates and provide nuance to the sore losers debate by examining an understudied cohort of party actors: the losing candidates themselves.

Exploring the impact of organizational culture on employee performance: The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior

This study examines how important human resources are for gaining competitive advantages in businesses that are hard for competitors to copy. It suggests that both private and public organizations should closely examine and take action on policies and strategies related to employee performance behaviors at work. The focus of the research was to understand the role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as a middle step between organizational culture (OC) and the performance of employees in their assigned roles (In-role performance or IP). To collect data, online surveys were sent to employees in Thailand, which were designed based on previous research and checked for reliability using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. The study received 211 responses, which was a satisfactory number based on calculations from the G*Power program and analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings showed that OC positively affects all aspects of OCB, including civic virtue (CV), conscientiousness, courtesy (CY), altruism (AL), and sportsmanship (SP), with CY and CV having a positive impact on IP. OC was found to indirectly influence IP through two aspects of OCB, CY, and CV, with statistical significance. Structural equation modeling showed that these relationships could explain up to 79.1% of the variation in IP. The study concludes that by fostering a culture that promotes CV and CY, organizations can enhance their competitive and cultural advantages through improved employee performance.

The Prevention and Nursing Care of Common Injuries in Long-Distance Running of College Students

As a favorite sport of teachers and students, long-distance running can enhance physical fitness. However, due to nonstandard movements in sports, teachers and students get injured psysically. Taking the prevention of long-distance running injuries of teachers and students in colleges and universities as the research goal, this article investigates the teachers and students of a physical education college in Shanxi Province by means of questionnaire survey, counts the functional indexes of teachers and students in long-distance running for one year and analyzes the injuries. The results show that the injury rate of teachers and students is 45.5%; Teachers and students with only one injury are the most, and knee injuries are the most common, with a mild injury rate of 60.98% and concentrated in November-December and June-July. The main reasons for the injuries of teachers and students are poor physical fitness, insufficient warm-up, and poor sports equipment. Through full warm-up exercise and adequate rest, common injuries in long-distance running can be effectively prevented.

LESÕES ESPORTIVAS DE ESPORTES NACIONAIS TRADICIONAIS EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are 56 ethnic groups in China. Many ethnic groups have their sports, which can cause sports injuries to the human body. Objective: This paper analyzes the impact of national sports on college students' physical health, investigates the most common sports injuries in college students, and specifies scientifically-based prevention and intervention measures. Methods: 312 college students who regularly participate in various national sporting events at 10 colleges and universities volunteered to investigate common injuries sustained by participating in national sporting activities. The main injury factors were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: The investigation shows that college students' errors of judgment regarding accidents, risky behaviors, and poor sports facilities are the main causes of sports injuries. Injuries are mainly concentrated in the lower limbs and pelvic girdle. Conclusion: College students' participation in national sports activities is conducive to improving their physical and mental health. However, attention to preventing injury factors in the sports process is needed to ensure safe and healthy participation in national sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Anthropometric prediction of DXA-measured percentage of fat mass in male karate athletes.

In karate, high percentages of fat mass (%FM) are often associated with poor sport performance. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can accurately measure the %FM (%FM-DXA), but it may not be practical in some sport settings, where anthropometry has long been used as an alternative. This study aimed to explore the ability of sixteen available anthropometric equations to estimate the %FM (%FM-AE) in karate athletes using the %FM-DXA as the criterion. Furthermore, two population-specific predictive equations to estimate the %FM-DXA were developed from anthropometric measurements. Forty-six male athletes aged 21.7±3.8 years underwent anthropometry and a whole-body DXA scan. The results showed that in male karate athletes all the considered anthropometric equations are mostly inaccurate in estimating the %FM-DXA within a range of the limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman analysis, which ranged from 6.43% to 13.37%. Regression analysis yielded two statistically significant models (P<0.001 for both) to predict the %FM-DXA. In the first model (cross-validated estimation of R2=0.85), the predictors were the abdominal, triceps, calf, and biceps skinfolds and in the second model (cross-validated estimation of R2=0.77), the predictor was the sum of nine skinfolds (i.e., biceps, triceps, subscapular, chest, axilla, suprailiac, abdominal, anterior thigh and calf skinfolds). These results underlined the need for sport-specific anthropometric equations to accurately estimate the %FM-DXA in male karate athletes. The two predictive anthropometric equations presented in this study provided a promising tool for professionals dealing with body composition in this athletic population to accurately estimate the %FM-DXA by means of anthropometry.

Data Analysis and Optimization of Youth Physical Fitness Training Based on Deep Learning

Adolescents are the future of national development, but according to effective surveys, it can be found that the health of the youth system in my country is in a state of decline. At present, the reasons for the decline of the youth system in our country are caused by many factors, such as poor sports awareness and too much academic stress. The main reason is lack of exercise. Based on the deep learning method, this paper analyzes the importance of physical fitness training for adolescents, and proposes to improve the service system of physical fitness training for adolescents, and promote the formation of a guarantee mechanism for physical fitness training for adolescents. The research results of the article are as follows: (1) Before receiving the training, the test results of various indicators of the experimental group and the control group were basically the same, and there was no major difference. The T test results showed that the P values ​of the two groups were both above 0.05. Explain that before training, the initial situation of the two groups can be regarded as the same. After receiving the special training, the general condition of the members of the conventional training group was slightly improved compared with the test before the training. Compared with the experimental group, they performed pull-ups, throwing a 2Kg medicine ball on the spot, running 30 meters, reaching a height on approach, moving half a meter, and repeating. The P values of the cross-test scores are all less than 0.05, indicating a large gap between the two. Among them, the P value of the 30-meter run is lower than 0.000, which has a very significant difference, while the P value of the fast clean and jerk 20 kg and the 60s double shake is greater than 0.05. It can be seen that there is no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group after these two assessments. The experimental results also show that the trainees who received the mode training method have been improved in various indicators of physical fitness, and the experimental results and the traditional mode training have been greatly optimized. (2) In the simulation test analysis experiment, the statistical average of exercise time is 5.784, which is the highest statistical average among the five variables, and the statistical average of physical fitness is 2.436, which is the lowest in the statistical results. There is no significant difference between the statistical average of the quality and the daily exercise situation. In the sensitivity test, the evaluation accuracy of the deep learning methods is the highest among all models. When the number of iterations reaches 50, the evaluation accuracy can reach 1. (3) After running on the test set, the article proposes that the accuracy rate of the physical training model based on the deep learning algorithm is 89.12%, and the improved accuracy rate can reach 92.46%, which is the one with the highest index value among the four models in the experiment. The AUC curve values ​of the article and the improved system are very stable. The AUC value before the improvement remains around 0.90, and the AUC value after the model improvement also remains at 0.97. After running on the mixed test set, the performance of the four methods has declined to a certain extent, but the performance of the model proposed in this article is still the highest among the four models, and the AUC curve values ​of the improved system are very stable. Yes, the AUC value has been maintained at 0.95, and the AUC value before the improvement is stable within the range of 0.90-095. The research data also show that the recognition accuracy of the physical training method of the deep learning algorithm is the highest.

The Beginning of Memory

The Beginning of Memory

A Scenario of Sports Facilities &amp; Their Role in Preventing Injuries in Sports

The present study has been design to investigate the role of sports facilities in prevention of sports injuries. The main purpose of the study was to highlight the importance of protective gears using in sports. Almost every sports person knows about the protective gears but they do not use them during practice or competition. Poor sports facilities increase the chance of injury. An injury can cause many serious defects for a sportsperson such as decrease in performance, not able to resume game again, physical disability and death in some cases. So, it is very important for a coach as well as players to make awareness about these serious hazards. For accomplish the study the researchers studied related literature and scan many journal and thesis to find out the important facts related to this study. In the end the researchers conclude that the sport facilities have a great role in prevention of sports injuries. The player who use better facilities have low injuries rate then who do not use them.

Clinical Radiological and Pathological considerations of Epiphysitis and Apophysitis

A prospective longitudinal study of 157 patients between the ages of five and 16 years, high-performance athletes, who were treated with epiphyseal and / or apophyseal injuries due to chronic stress in our service, was carried out in the period between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2020, at the Mártires del 9 de Abril University Hospital in Sagua La Grande, Villa Clara province, Cuba. Of these patients, 102 are male, the most frequent ages of the affected children are between 13 and 14 years, pain and poor sports performance were the predominant symptoms, 67.7% (n = 106) were in radiological stage II and 70.9% (n = 7) in pathological anatomical stage II, which is closely related, but not the clinical stages.

Sore Losers: Does Terrorism and Approval of Terrorism Increase in Democracies When Election Losers Refuse to Accept Election Results?

A necessary component of peaceful democratic rule is the willingness of election losers to accept election defeats. When politicians and parties acknowledge defeat in democratic elections, they reinforce the peaceful transition of power that sustains political order. When election losers in democracies reject election results, the public’s confidence in democratic institutions is weakened, grievances and polarization abound, and the potential for violent mobilization grows. In this environment, terrorist activity is more likely. I test this proposition using cross-national time series panel data and within-country public opinion data for a wide set of democracies. I find that democracies experience significantly more domestic terrorist casualties when election losers reject election results. Moreover, I find that public willingness to tolerate and justify terrorism as a tactic increases in democratic countries where election losers reject election results.

The role of leptin in monitoring training loads during rowing: a systematic review

Objective: In competitive sports, too small or too large loads lead to poor sports results. Situation of overload are particularly dangerous to the body, which may lead to overtraining. In this work, the literature on the possibility of assessing training loads with the use of leptin concentration measurement in men and women practicing rowing was analysed. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using the Scopus, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases between 1995-2020. After an initial analysis of 56 articles and taking the analysed topics into account, 25 articles were included in this review. As part of the review, data for 75 rowers were analysed. The usefulness of leptin - a hormone produced by adipose tissue - as a marker of training loads in several sports disciplines, with particular emphasis on rowing, was evaluated. Within this context, the role of leptin may be to control these loads due to its relatively high sensitivity in response to increases in training intensity or volume. The presented general characteristics of rowing and the physiological basis of exercise are the background for considerations on the possibility of using leptin as a burden marker in this discipline. Results: Due to the fact that the concentration of leptin correlates with the content of adipose tissue and BMI (Body Mass Index), its changes may inform about training loads directly related to the amount of energy expenditure. A review of the literature from the last 25 years, i.e. from the moment when this hormone was discovered, allowed to formulate the thesis that leptin may be a marker of training loads, however, determining its concentration makes sense when the same factors that may affect its secretion are taken into account each time. Conclusions: Training in rowing, that involves high training loads, causes significant changes in blood leptin levels. Training periods with high exercise load, associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure, lead to a decrease in resting leptin concentration, while periods with less load increase it. The main factor determining changes in leptin concentration during training is the amount of energy expenditure, which in the case of rowing involving very large muscle groups, is very high. Although the amount of energy expenditure in training, leading to a decrease in leptin concentration is difficult to determine, the energy expenditure cannot be less than 800 kcal in a single training unit.

Voting and winning: perceptions of electoral integrity in consolidating democracies

ABSTRACT How do voters in consolidating democracies see electoral integrity? How does election affect the change in perception of electoral integrity among these voters? What role does winning play in seeing an election as free and fair? Building on the theory of the winner-loser gap, we answer these questions using original two-wave panel surveys we conducted before and after three parliamentary elections in Southeast Europe in 2018 and 2020. The article focuses on changes of perception of electoral integrity as a function of satisfaction with the electoral results in contexts where the quality of elections has always been at the centre of political conflict. We specifically explore the socialization effect of elections in environments with notoriously low trust in political institutions and high electoral stakes. The article goes beyond the “sore loser” hypothesis and examines voters’ both political preferences and personal characteristics potentially responsible for the change in perception of electoral integrity over the course of electoral cycle.

Exploring adolescent girls’ experiences of body talk in non-aesthetic sport

IntroductionBody image concerns may contribute to poor sport experiences and low sport participation in girls. Objectification theory and evidence from studies in non-sport contexts suggests body talk may elicit an environment that fosters negative body image. However, the phenomenon of body talk within adolescent girls sport is not well-understood from an in-depth person-centered perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore adolescent girl athletes’ experiences of body talk within sport. MethodsTwenty Canadian girl athletes (ages 14–18 years) enrolled in team-based non-aesthetic sports participated in one semi-structured interview. Using a qualitative description approach, an inductive thematic analysis was used to generate three themes. Results“Body talk as a performance tactic” highlighted complimentary and negative body talk pertaining to sport performance came from coaches, opposing players, and parents. “Casual conversations and body talk” reflected body talk from teammates and male spectators that was not specific to sport but occurred in the sport context. “Coping with body talk” reflected strategies athletes used to combat negative body talk from teammates, and reflected the athletes’ perceptions that negativity towards the body is normative. ConclusionsBody talk served many purposes within sport; researchers should further explore the diverse motivations and perceived utility of body talk across sport stakeholders. Creating standardized resources and policies to eliminate body talk may foster more positive and supportive sport experiences for girls.

Designing a Model of Developing Sportsmanship in Iran Sports

Designing a Model of Developing Sportsmanship in Iran Sports

‘Can you move your fat ass off the baseline?’ Exploring the sport experiences of adolescent girls with body image concerns

ABSTRACT Body-related self-conscious emotions such as shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment are highly prevalent in sport contexts and are associated with poor sport experiences and lower participation among adolescent girls. However, little is known about how body self-consciousness impacts quality sport among adolescent girls. The current study aimed to explore the sport experiences of girls with high body self-consciousness. Eleven adolescent girls (M age = 14.5 years) with an average of six years of experience in sport were purposefully sampled and participated in semi-structured interviews. Using a thematic analysis, six themes were identified: (i) navigating the culture of ‘body talk’, (ii) managing appearance- and fitness-related social comparisons, (iii) tension between appearance and sport competence evaluations, (iv) evaluation and competition in the sport culture, (v) compensatory behaviours (i.e. exercise) and restrictive eating to manage body self-consciousness, and (vi) duality of the body within and outside of sport. Collectively, the findings highlight the need to improve social practices in sport among girls in an effort to enhance adolescent girls’ sport experiences.