Ethnopharmacological Studies Research Articles

The protective effects and mechanisms of essential oil from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaves in allergic rhinitis based on the NF-κB and T-bet/GATA-3 signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevancePreliminary studies showed that Shanlameiye granules are derived from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. Leaves ameliorate inflammatory responses in mice with Allergic Rhinitis (AR). The essential oil from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. Leaves (CLO) have been identified as the key active substances in these granules. However, whether CLO constitutes the primary mechanism for the mitigation of AR-related inflammation by these granules has not yet been investigated. Aim of the studyThis experiment was to validate the effects and mechanism of CLO on inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells and AR rat model. Materials and methodsAn inflammatory model was induced in RAW264.7 cells by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) & Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulation. AR rat model was established using both systemic and local challenges with Ovalbumin (OVA). ResultsIn cell experiments, CLO obviously decreased the secretion of cytokines and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway activation. In animal experiments, CLO decreased the number of eosinophils in the blood and lowered the levels of cytokines in nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Additionally, CLO inhibited the expression of STAT6, GATA-3, and p-p65, while increasing the expression of STAT4 and T-bet in the nasal mucosa. ConclusionIn AR rat model, CLO may play an anti-inflammatory role in AR rat model by regulating NF-κB and T-bet/GATA-3 signaling pathways.

Trade-off between herbal and allopathic treatments: An ethnopharmacological case study in Rema-kalenga wildlife sanctuary, Bangladesh

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is a protected forest in Bangladesh that houses a variety of rare flora and fauna and supports the sustenance of 13 ethnic communities. This forest's indigenous and other inhabitants traditionally have a strong cultural connection to the plants, particularly medicinal plants. Due to modern allopathic medicine's rapid growth and commercial tree species prioritization, many medicinal plants are now on the verge of endangerment. Under such circumstances, it is crucial to explore how the local community perceives the importance of herbal treatments in contrast to allopathy, the underlying reasons for their perceptions, and the specific ailments for which they use the plants. The main objectives are: 1) to evaluate the perceptions of the local community towards allopathy and herbal medicine using Nussbaum's central capabilities approach, 2) to identify medicinal plant diversity, therapeutic usages, and quantitative indices, 3) to determine the factors that influence the use of medicinal plants. Repeated interviews and field surveys were conducted at the RKWS, interviewing 145 people, including the indigenous community (72.42 %) and traditional healers (8.27 %) from the surrounding seven villages. The study identified 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 families for their potent medicinal properties in treating various ailments. The predominant parts of the plants used in the treatments were leaves and roots. The uses were classified into 12 categories according to Nussbaum's central capabilities. The findings identified Aloe vera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Azadirachta indica as highly culturally important species. In contrast, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, and Azadirachta indica were found to have the highest relative importance. The underlying determinants influencing the preferences of individual users towards herbal medicine were income from agroforestry, beliefs, knowledge, and ethnicity, as revealed by the analysis of the ordinal logit model. The respondents viewed their strong inclination toward herbal medicine with many positive attitudes. Herbal medicine users held a negative perception of allopathy except for affiliation and practical reasons being viewed as the positive outcomes. Conversely, allopathic medicine users expressed mixed perceptions towards the treatment, with both positive and negative aspects being identified. Promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation efforts is imperative for the benefit of present and future generations in this region.

Phytochemical Analysis of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Led to the Isolation of Anti-Staphylococcal Compounds

Article Phytochemical Analysis of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Led to the Isolation of Anti-Staphylococcal Compounds Holly Siddique 1,2,* and Mukhleshur Rahman 3 1 Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK 3 Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sports and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, UK * Correspondence: h.siddique@herts.ac.uk Received: 20 June 2024; Revised: 26 August 2024; Accepted: 12 September 2024; Published: 24 September 2024 Abstract: Antibacterial resistance is a major threat to global health. Due to its new resistance mechanisms, it is spreading and emerging widely, thereby threatening the treatment of common infectious diseases. Ancient history and ethnopharmacological studies highlighted the importance of natural sources in treating resistance infections. This study involved bioassay-directed phytochemical investigation on Bangladeshi medicinal plants selected by an ethnopharmacological survey to explore antibacterial compounds against Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In 2016, an ethnopharmacological survey conducted in Bangladesh led to the recommendation of 71 medicinal plants by 127 respondents (71 Ayurvedic/Unani practitioners, 21 Ayurvedic patients and 35 local inhabitants) for the treatment of infectious diseases. Based on the literature review, data analysis of the ethnopharmacological survey and ease of availability of the plants, 18 plants were initially selected and collected from Bangladesh. After the initial antibacterial screening of 18 plants, five plants with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 32–512 µg/mL were chosen based on potential antibacterial activity. These are (Zingiber montanum, Uraria picta, Diospyros malabarica, Cynometra ramiflora, Swertia chirayita. Extensive phytochemical work using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques on five Bangladeshi medicinal plants led to the isolation and identification of 24 compounds. Eight terpenes (zerumbol (3), zerumbone (4), buddledone A (5), germacrone (6), furanodienone (7), (−) borneol (1), camphor (2) and 8(17), 12-labdadiene-15, 16-dial) (8) were isolated from Zingiber montanum with the MIC (32– >128 µg/mL). Eugenol (14) and steroids were isolated from Uraria picta (MIC 64– >128 µg/mL). Lupane-type triterpenoids (Lupeol (20), betulin (21), betulinaldehyde (23), betulone (24) and messagenin (22) were isolated and identified from Diospyros malabarica with the MIC (64– >128 µg/mL), while pentacyclic triterpene (glutinol (10), glutinone (11)), simple phenolic (ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate (9)) and steroids were isolated from Cynometra ramiflora with MIC (64– >128 µg/mL). A series of xanthones (swerchirin (16), swertiaperenin (17), bellidifolin (18) and decussatin (19)) were identified from Swertia chirayita with MIC (>128 µg/mL). 4-ethoxybenzoate (9) and messagenin (22) were identified as new natural compounds among these compounds. In terms of activity, 8(17), 12-labdadiene-15, 16-dial (8) (32 µg/mL against ATCC 5941) and zerumbol (3) (32 µg/mL against EMRSA 15) exhibited potential antibacterial activity. Phytochemical discoveries of Bangladeshi medicinal plants gave a new dimension to exploring anti-staphylococcal compounds.

Ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, socioeconomic and floristic studies of aromatic and medicinal plants from Boulemane region in Morocco

These studies were conducted to uncover the potential and traditional knowledge of aromatic and medicinal plants (AMP) in the Boulemane province of the Middle Atlas, an area previously unexplored. The objectives were to inventory and identify AMP used in the region’s traditional medicine, gather extensive information from locals and professionals on their usage and exploitation, and identify the most promising species for further studies, to be highlighted in future publications. The floristic study enabled the identification of 71 families out of 155 existing in Morocco, comprising 313 genera and 618 species and subspecies, which represent 11% of the global Moroccan floristic richness. Additionally, 84 taxa from 20 families are endemic with 78% being exclusive to Morocco. The ethnopharmacological study revealed that 88.47% of the informants use AMP for therapeutic purposes in 58.21% of the cases. A catalog of traditional practices was compiled, documenting 79 species across 38 families. Rosemary, sagebrush, pennyroyal, thyme, berber cedar, lavender sage, and clubroot were the most frequently cited species, mainly used to treat stomach and respiratory problems. However, only 17.6% of the population exploits this wealth through the creation of cooperatives and/or associations. This study assessed the role of AMP in fostering sustainable development in the region. The evaluation was based on a series of studies, with particular emphasis on the ethnopharmacological aspect. The latter has facilitated the promotion of awareness of sustainable usage practices and the training of professionals to implement these practices while ensuring the conservation of botanical resources against over-exploitation.

Role of Mandukparni (Centella asiatica Linn Urban) in neurological disorders: Evidence from ethnopharmacology and clinical studies to network enrichment analysis

Centella asiatica Linn Urban (C. asiatica), aka Mandukparni, is one of the flagship herbs used in traditional medicines to effectively manage neurological problems. Although this plant has a wealth of comprehensive preclinical pharmacological profiles, further clinical research and execution of its molecular mode of action are still required. We searched electronic databases (Google Scholar, SciFinder, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Science Direct, and PubMed) using relevant key words to retrieve information pertaining to C. asiatica till June 2023 and performed network pharmacology to understand the mechanism related to their neurobiological roles. This study extensively analyses its pharmacological properties, nutritional profile, ethnomedical uses, safety, and mechanistic role in treating neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, a network pharmacology study was performed which suggests that its phytomolecules are involved in different neuroactive ligand-receptor pathways, glial cell differentiation, gliogenesis, and astrocyte differentiation. Hopefully, this report will lead to a paradigm shift in medical practice, research, and the creation of phytopharmaceuticals derived from C. asiatica that target the central nervous system.

In vivo hypotensive effect of a chemically characterised extract from the leaves of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br

Lippia alba (erva-cidreira) is often mentioned in Brazilian ethnopharmacological studies. Although its leaves have been used to treat hypertension, few studies have evaluated its hypotensive effects. This work aimed to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of Lippia alba methanolic extract and to characterise its chemical composition. Normotensive rats received an intravenous injection of L. alba extract. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures, and electrocardiographic data were analysed.1H-qNMR and LC-MS were used to assess the chemical composition. L. alba extract had significant hypotensive effects on systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. Acteoside was identified as major compound (292.6 ± 2.7 mg/g). Sixty-one other compounds were tentatively identified, mainly phenylethanoids, flavonoids, and iridoids. L. alba extract reduces systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and appears to be associated with a reduction in heart rate. Acteoside, a known hypotensive compound, may be responsible for these effects, but other structurally similar minority compounds may also contribute.

Therapeutic Potential of Cornus Genus: Navigating Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Studies, and Advanced Delivery Approaches.

The genus Cornus (Cornaceae) plants are widely distributed in Europe, southwest Asia, North America, and the mountains of Central America, South America, and East Africa. Cornus plants exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidative, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities. These plants are exploited to possess various phytoconstituents such as triterpenoids, iridoids, anthocyanins, tannins and flavonoids. Pharmacological research and clinical investigations on various Cornus species have advanced significantly in recent years. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of focus has also been made into developing new delivery systems for Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis. This review focuses on the morphological traits, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical studies on extracts and active constituents from plants of Cornus genus. The review also highlights recent novel delivery systems for Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis extractsto promote sustained and targeted delivery in diverse disorders. The overwhelming body of research supports the idea that plants from the genus Cornus have therapeutic potentialand can be investigated in the future for treatingseveral ailments.

Qianyang yuyin granule ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction of hypertensive myocardial remodeling

Ethnopharmacological relevanceClinical studies have found that Qianyang Yuyin granule (QYYYG), a kind of oral Chinese patent medicine, had definite clinical effect for hypertensive myocardial remodeling. However, the potential mechanism is not entirely clear. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this research was to explore the underlying mechanism QYYYG on the treatment of hypertensive myocardial remodeling. Materials and methodsAnalysis the transcriptome data from the NCBI public platform GEO database and our study to explore the key pathological change of myocardial tissues in hypertensive mice and the main pathway of QYYYG in treating hypertensive myocardial remodeling. Network pharmacological analysis was used to predict the potential target of QYYYG. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation was used for molecular binding analysis of specific compounds and target proteins. In the experiment in vivo, the effect of QYYYG on hypertensive myocardial remodeling and myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertensive mice caused by Ang Ⅱ was estimated. In the experiment in vitro, the Ang Ⅱ-induced myocardial remodeling model in H9c2 cells was constructed, and the effect of QYYYG on ameliorating myocardial remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction was evaluated. ResultsTranscriptome analysis suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction was a key pathological change of myocardial tissues in hypertensive mice, and QYYYG could improve hypertensive myocardial remodeling through enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis to repair myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction. Network pharmacological analysis predicted that SIRT1 was an important potential target of QYYYG in treating hypertensive myocardial remodeling, and basically all the active components, especially quercetin, had a great binding affinity with SIRT1. Experiments in vivo proved that QYYYG had great efficacy hypertensive myocardial remodeling in Ang Ⅱ-treated mice. It was found that QYYYG improved the quality and quantity of mitochondria, and increased SIRT1 levels in myocardial tissue of Ang Ⅱ-treated mice. In Ang Ⅱ-treated H9c2 cells, with intervention of QYYYG, myocardial remodeling and myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction was ameliorated. In addition, QYYYG up-regulated SIRT1 expression and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in Ang Ⅱ-treated H9c2 cells. ConclusionThis study suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction was an important pathological change of myocardial tissues in hypertensive mice. QYYYG might ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction of hypertensive myocardial remodeling through up-regulating SIRT1 expression to enhance the mitochondrial biogenesis.

Anti-Infection of Oral Microorganisms from Herbal Medicine of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.

The WHO Global Status Report on Oral Health 2022 reveals that oral diseases caused by infection with oral pathogenic microorganisms affect nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide. Oral health problems are caused by the presence of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Various strategies have been implemented to overcome this problem. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but they have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Therefore, it is important to look for safe anti-infective alternatives. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies suggest that Red Betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) could be a potential source of oral anti-infectives. This review aims to discuss the pathogenesis mechanism of several microorganisms that play an important role in causing health problems, the mechanism of action of synthetic oral anti-infective drugs in inhibiting microbial growth in the oral cavity, and the potential of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) as an herbal oral anti-infective drug. This study emphasises the importance of researching natural components as an alternative treatment for oral infections that is more effective and can meet global needs.

Ethnopharmacology, ethnomedicine, and wildlife conservation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThere are longstanding traditions of animal-derived products being employed as medicines, and they continue to be important in many traditional cultural healthcare practices. However, the populations of numerous so-used animals are known to be threatened with extirpation by such practices. Ethnopharmacological studies documenting these animal-derived drugs are not only interesting from an anthropological standpoint, but they are also relevant from a wildlife conservation perspective – especially since ethnopharmacologists are intermediaries between indigenous and scientific communities, placing them at the forefront of being able to ethically access information to address these issues. MethodsUsing the example of documenting culturally acceptable substitute materials for animal products (which ultimately also extends to flora), we explore the intersection of ethnopharmacology, biocultural resources, and wildlife conservation. ResultsPharmacological efficacy and symbolism are factors influencing the utilization of traditional medicines. Achieving the integration of conservation aims with ethnopharmacology requires a nuanced understanding of both factors, along with fair adjudication when conservation and cultural aims diverge. Ethnopharmacology is suitably placed for making conservation-orientated recommendations – including investigating more sustainable substitutes for animal products in the context of medical efficacy, and for engaging ethically with local communities to facilitate information generation aimed at protecting the environment and their traditions. ConclusionWe suggest an integrative approach to ethnopharmacological studies investigating medicinal bioresource use. This approach is considerate of species' conservation profiles, the substitutability and pharmacological efficacy of biocultural resources, indigenous and cultural rights, and a collaborative ethos for stakeholder engagement.

Traditional medicine Xianglian pill suppresses high-fat diet-related colorectal cancer via inactivating TLR4/MyD88 by remodeling gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism

Ethnopharmacological relevancePrevious studies have revealed that a high-fat diet (HFD) promotes the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) in close association with disturbances in the intestinal flora and metabolic disorders. Xianglian pill (XLP) is a well-established traditional prescription with unique advantages in controlling intestinal flora imbalance and inflammation. However, its therapeutic effects on HFD-related CRC remain largely unknown. Aim of the studyThe primary objective of this research was to investigate the anticancer mechanism of XLP in countering HFD-related CRC. Materials and methodsThe protective effect of XLP was evaluated using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC model of mice exposed to a HFD. The degree of colorectal carcinogenesis, including body weight, colon length, and histopathology, was measured in mice treated with XLP and untreated mice. The effect of XLP on gut microbiota and its metabolites was detected using 16S rDNA and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, a “pseudo-sterile” mouse model was constructed using antibiotics (Abx) to verify whether the gut microbiota and metabolites play a role in the pathogenesis of CRC. ResultsXLP inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent fashion. Our findings also highlighted that XLP protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Mechanistically, XLP inhibited the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Notably, the XLP treatment increased the proportion of probiotics (particularly Akkermansia) and significantly reduced fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA), a microbiota-derived metabolite of bile acids (BA) closely related to Muribaculaceae. Furthermore, after Abx treatment, XLP showed no clear antitumor effects on CRC. Simultaneously, DCA-supplemented feedings promoted colorectal tumorigenesis and provoked obvious colonic inflammation, M1 macrophage infiltration, and colonic injury. In vitro, the results of RAW-264.7 macrophages and normal intestinal epithelial cells treated with DCA corroborated our in vivo findings, demonstrating consistent patterns in inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier protein expression. ConclusionOur findings suggest that XLP inhibits colorectal cancer associated with HFD via inactivating TLR4/MyD88 by remodeling gut microbiota composition and BA metabolism.

Exploring potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenases, and glutathione reductase from Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. based on multi-target ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking

Ethnopharmacological relevanceParasitic infections impose a significant burden on public health worldwide. European pharmacopoeia records and ethnopharmacological studies indicate that Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. has traditionally been used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, while the potential antiparasitic compounds remain ambiguous. Aim of the studyAcetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenases (LDH), and glutathione reductase (GR) are the key target enzymes in the survival of parasites. The aim of our work was to screen antiparasitic compounds targeting AChE, LDH, and GR from H. abyssinica. Materials and methodsUltrafiltration-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UF-LC–MS) combined with molecular docking was used in this study. Therein, the alamarBlue® and Ellman's methods were employed to reveal the antitrypanosomal effect and AChE inhibitory activity. Meanwhile, the UF-LC–MS was carried out to screen the potential active compounds from H. abyssinica. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding mechanisms of these active compounds with AChE, LDH, and GR. Finally, the AChE inhibitory activity of potential inhibitors was detected in vitro. ResultsH. abyssinica exhibited significant antitrypanosomal and AChE inhibitory activity. Corilagin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, brevifolin, quercetin, and methyl ellagic acid were recognized as potential AChE inhibitors by UF-LC–MS, while methyl brevifolin carboxylate was identified as AChE, LDH, and GR multi-target inhibitor, with binding degree ranged from 20.96% to 49.81%. Molecular docking showed that these potential inhibitors had a strong affinity with AChE, LDH, and GR, with binding energies ranging from −6.98 to −9.67 kcal/mol. These findings were further supported by the observation that corilagin, quercetin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and methyl brevifolin carboxylate displayed significant AChE inhibitory activity compared with the positive control (gossypol, 0.42 ± 0.04 mM), with IC50 values of 0.15 ± 0.05, 0.56 ± 0.03, 0.99 ± 0.01, and 1.02 ± 0.03 mM, respectively. ConclusionsThis study confirms the antiparasitic potential of H. abyssinica, supporting the traditional use of H. abyssinica in local ethnopharmacology to treat parasites. At the same time, corilagin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, brevifolin, quercetin, methyl ellagic acid, and methyl brevifolin carboxylate exert their anti-parasitic effects by inhibiting AChE, LDH, and GR, and they are expected to be natural lead compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases.

Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants with activity on the Central nervous system in the Eastern Region of Cuba

Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants with activity on the Central nervous system in the Eastern Region of Cuba

Ethnobotany of Limnocharis Flava (L.) Buch in Bakumpai Dayak Community of Bagus Village, Barito Kuala District as A Popular Scientific Book

Ethnobotany describes the relationship between plant benefits and communities over generations. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. is one of the plants utilized by Bakumpai Dayak community in Bagus Village and can be studied ethnobotanically. This research aims to describe the ethnobotanical study of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. in the Bakumpai Dayak community of Bagus Village, Barito Kuala District, and to determine the validity and readability of the content of the popular scientific book developed on the ethnobotany of genjer. This research used the development research method based on Plomp's model (1997) to develop teaching materials in the form of a popular scientific book. The results of this development research show six aspects/studies of genjer ethnobotany: genjer botanical study has a round stem (globosus), genjer ethno-pharmacological study as a remedy for tonsillitis and appetite enhancer supplement, genjer ethno-ecological study based on its growing conditions already meeting optimal conditions, genjer ethno-socioanthropological study as a complementary vegetable for wedding and celebration events, genjer ethno-economic study used as a mixture for raw vegetables and sold in markets, and genjer ethno-linguistic study named "genjir" by the Bakumpai Dayak community due to its aligned growth. The validity test results for developing the popular scientific book show highly valid results with an average score of 3.5. The readability test results for the content of the popular scientific book show very good results, with an average score of 89.5%.

Checklist of the medicinal flora used by the local population in the province of Taza (north-eastern Morocco) through an ethnobotanical study

Background: Taza province presents enormous richness and biodiversity. Updating their medicinal plant inventories is crucial for conserving traditional knowledge, sustainable use, health and well-being, economic opportunities and collaborative research. Question: What new species and families of medicinal plants can we report by widening the ethnobotanical study area in Taza province compared to previous work? Studied species: 202 medicinal plant species. Study site and dates: 28 communities in the province of Taza (Morocco), between March and October 2021. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey including 340 interviewees using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: 91 medicinal taxa belonging to 48 families were inventoried. 12 species including three spontaneous: Atriplex halimus L., Citrullus colocynthis L. Sch and Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. were reported for the first time. The most frequent species are respectively Salvia officinalis L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. The most frequent families are respectively Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Seven new vernacular names have been listed. Most of the plants were spontaneous (55.9 %). The comparative analysis with previous work led to obtaining a checklist of 202 taxa (75 families) of which 65 have specific endemism and 77 (48 spontaneous) are on the red list. The scientific names of 28 species and nine families have been updated. Conclusions: This checklist (202 taxa) traduces the plant heritage richness of Taza province and constitutes a great database for future scientific research. The 12 newly listed species constitute an added value that deserves to be valued through ethnopharmacological studies.

Pharmacological and phytochemical insights on the pancreatic β-cell modulation by Angelica L. roots

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAngelica roots are a significant source of traditional medicines for various cultures around the northern hemisphere, from indigenous communities in North America to Japan. Among its many applications, the roots are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, this application is not mentioned often. Ethnopharmacological studies have reported the use of A. japonica var. hirsutiflora, A. furcijuga, A. shikokiana, and A. keiskei to treat diabetes symptoms, and further reports have demonstrated the three angelica roots, i.e., A. japonica var. hirsutiflora, A. reflexa, and A. dahurica, exhibit insulin secretagogue activity. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to phytochemically characterize and compare angelica roots monographed in the European Pharmacopeia 11th, isolate major plant metabolites, and assess extracts and isolates' capability to modulate pancreatic β-cell function. Materials and methodsRoot extracts of Angelica archangelica, Angelica dahurica, Angelica biserrata, and Angelica sinensis were phytochemically profiled using liquid chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry. Based on this analysis, simple and furanocoumarins were isolated using chromatography techniques. Extracts (1.6–50 μg/mL) and isolated compounds (5–40 μmol/L) were studied for their ability to modulate insulin secretion in the rat insulinoma INS-1 pancreatic β-cell model. Insulin was quantified by the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence method. ResultsForty-one secondary metabolites, mostly coumarins, were identified in angelica root extracts. A. archangelica, A. dahurica, and A. biserrata root extracts at concentration of 12.5–50 μg/mL potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion, which correlated with their high coumarin content. Subsequently, 23 coumarins were isolated from these roots and screened using the same protocol. Coumarins substituted with the isoprenyl group were found to be responsible for the extracts' insulinotropic effect. ConclusionsInsulinotropic effects of three pharmacopeial angelica roots were found, the metabolite profiles and pharmacological activities of the roots were correlated, and key structures responsible for the modulation of pancreatic β-cell function were identified. These findings may have implications for the traditional use of angelica roots in treating diabetes. Active plant metabolites may also become lead structures in the search for new antidiabetic treatments.

Ethno-Knowledge of Medicinal Plants to Treat Uterine Problems in Amapá Communities, Amazon, Brazil: An Integrative Review

Purpose: Review ethnobotanical studies carried out in the state of Amapá on the uses of medicinal plants for treating infection and inflammation in the uterus and subsequently identify the pharmacological effects described in the literature of these plant species Theoretical framework: In Brazil, the use of medicinal plants helps in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, and it is commonly used by women from traditional communities to treat gynecological conditions. Method: Integrative literature review. In order to search for articles, sources of information found in the following databases were used: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, LILACS and Medline. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies carried out in Amapá from 2001 to 2021 and experimental studies (in vivo and in vitro) carried out in the period from 2018 to 2022 were included. Results and conclusion: 23 medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of uterine infection and inflammation in Amapá communities were identified, highlighting Fridericia chica and Stryphnodendron adstringens, which presented studies proving their antifungal efficacy against fungi of the genus Candida, mainly Candida albicans. The study helps to recover popular knowledge about medicinal plants used alternatively for the treatment of gynecological conditions Research implications: This study contributes to the identification of plant species traditionally used in gynecological pathologies and identifies the pharmacological effects of these vegetables in the literature, serving as a support for biotechnological development and the discovery of new drugs. Originality/value: This review sought to present to the scientific and pharmaceutical community what is currently being researched on bioactive compounds from medicinal herbs aimed at treating infection and inflammation that affect women's gynecological health.

A Brief Dig into the Potent Medicinal Plant Phyllanthus Amarus Schum. and Thonn.

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., a plant of substantial medicinal significance, is known for its usage in the ‘Ayurvedic’ system of medicine for over 2000 years. This herb grows throughout the world including India. P. amarus along with other species of its genus has been a vital part of several herbal formulations available in the Indian market under the trade name Bhuiamlaki. Several pharmacognostic evaluations over the years established the genus Phyllanthus of great commercial value. Ethnopharmacological studies conducted with P. amarus to date have shown its diverse therapeutic usage globally. This owes to the vast array of secondary metabolites present in the herb, substantially in the leaf tissue. Different analytical and phytochemistry studies performed across the globe revealed that P. amarus is a hub of various classes of secondary metabolites viz. lignans like phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, sterols, volatile oil, ellagitannins including simple and complex tannins, etc. Different analytical techniques have been employed over the past years for isolating and studying these varied secondary metabolites. Further, bioactivities and pharmacological properties of P. amarus that were mainly due to the presence of these wide arrays of secondary metabolites have also been explored extensively across the globe by several research groups. This plant has also been explored at molecular and transcriptome level, although relatively lesser but its extensive molecular and transcriptome analysis have only been performed from our lab. Thus, P. amarus has considerable potential to be explored in the future as a significant therapeutic source not only in the traditional medicinal system but also in the modern pharmaceutical industry.

Medicinal plants used in the management of cancer and other diseases in Swat District, Pakistan

Abstract. Ali S, Munazir M. 2024. Medicinal?plants used?in the management of?cancer?and other diseases in Swat District, Pakistan. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 8-18. The provision of healthcare in impoverished nations is significantly influenced by traditional medicine. It has been revealed that many cancer patients use traditional medicine, either as a complementary therapy or as a primary treatment. Among noncontagious infections, cancer is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to determine the plants that people in the Swat regions, Pakistan used to treat cancer through traditional medicine. Interviewing consenting individuals about the ethno-medicinal plants they use to treat cancer was done using a structured questionnaire. Also, an assessment of the literature published on the mentioned plants was done. Questions about plants used to cure cancer, parts of plants used, the form of cancer cured, therapeutic applications of the plants, and the preparation and administration of the plant parts were posed to the practitioners and the locals. About 12 plants in all, comprising five herbs, three climbers, three trees, and one shrub, were used to treat cancer. About 50% of plants contain flavonoids, compounds with various anticancer properties. Fruits accounted for 41% of all the parts used in the documented species, with leaves coming in second at 25%, bark at 17%, roots at 17%, and the entire plant at 8%. However, the highest RFC was shown by Vitis vinifera L. (0.56), the lowest was shown by Viola biflora L. (0.03), while the highest FL was shown by Hedera nepalensis K.Koch (83), and the lowest was shown by V. biflora (30). According to the study, the gathered plants were used to treat a variety of malignancies: general tumors were treated by 75% of the plants, breast cancer was treated by 17%, and lung cancer was treated by 8%. The reported uses of the medicinal plants from prior ethno-pharmacological studies conducted in Swat regions align well with the traditional uses of the plants mentioned in this study. Therefore, if sufficiently investigated, the Swat district's indigenous herbs used to treat cancer may play key roles in searching for and creating anticancer medications.

Traditional medicinal plants used for rheumatoid arthritis and immune system disorders treatment in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco: An ethnopharmacological study

Rheumatoid arthritis, classified as an immune system disorder, stands as a prevalent condition that presents considerable challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. This study was delving into the realm of traditional medicine to explore the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and immune system disorders in the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. With a focus on ethnopharmacological insights, a comprehensive survey was conducted involving 372 participants, including herbalists and patients, to document the local knowledge and practices associated with these conditions. The findings revealed a noteworthy reliance on traditional medicinal knowledge, with a prominent role played by females across different age groups. A diverse spectrum of 88 plant species hailing from 45 distinct families was identified, where in the Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, and Zingibneraceae families garnered prominence as the most endorsed choices. Noteworthy among these, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa emerged as highly favored species, boasting robust anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory attributes. The study also offers insight regarding preferences concerning administration methods, highlighting the salience of oral consumption and infusion as the predominant modes of preparation. Nevertheless, the observed variability in dosage utilization underscores the traditional therapeutic paradigmsintricacies. Geographic disparities were discernible as well, with certain species displaying a region-specific usage pattern, further enriching the understanding of local herbal practices. Moreover, the study identified endemic species such as Olea europaea, Teucrium polium, Argania spinosa, and Withania adpressa contributing to the safeguarding of the region's indigenous botanical heritage. In conclusion, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the traditional management of RA and immune system disorders in the Casablanca-Settat region. The documented plant species, practices, and preferences offer valuable insights into potential sources of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents.