Ethnographic Procedures Research Articles

PRINCIPLE NATURE OF ETHNOGRAPHY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD IN ANTHROPOLOGY

The research study highlights the principal nature of ethnography while considering it an essential product of anthropological research. Nevertheless, the study not only has a focus on ER whilst considering it an essence of anthropology but also carries importance for overall qualitative research field. It has mainly discussed the core definitions of ethnography, history, and background with respect to its relevance in anthropology. In the beginning, the researcher formulated the experimental question of what standard procedure must execute for conducting ethnography and how it could be found constructive in ethnographic research. The study has a basic purpose to build a guidance module for the ethnographers and researchers, especially in the domain of anthropology across social sciences. The researcher has employed SLR methodology to generate analysis on the sourced data in relevance to research question. The collection of data administered through retrieving sample of articles that was 21 and sourced via database i.e. googlescholar.com with the administration of SLR based sampling technique. The data was screened in a repeated manner for analysis purpose while building LS (Link strengths among articles) to end the research with striking conclusions. The study has brought forth the results about a number of steps for execution of ER (Ethnographic Research). The significant research findings have provided the pathways to learn the standard procedure of ethnography and identified gaps in the already conducted previous ethnographic research that can ultimately orient the researchers to be mindful in avoiding the production of ambiguous ethnographic research that are non-standard as per the demanding criteria of research in anthropology. KEYWORDS: Ethnography; Product Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Ethnographic Procedures.

PRINCIPLE NATURE OF ETHNOGRAPHY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD IN ANTHROPOLOGY

The research study highlights the principal nature of ethnography while considering it an essential product of anthropological research. Nevertheless, the study not only has a focus on ER whilst considering it an essence of anthropology but also carries importance for overall qualitative research field. It has mainly discussed the core definitions of ethnography, history, and background with respect to its relevance in anthropology. In the beginning, the researcher formulated the experimental question of what standard procedure must execute for conducting ethnography and how it could be found constructive in ethnographic research. The study has a basic purpose to build a guidance module for the ethnographers and researchers, especially in the domain of anthropology across social sciences. The researcher has employed SLR methodology to generate analysis on the sourced data in relevance to research question. The collection of data administered through retrieving sample of articles that was 21 and sourced via database i.e. googlescholar.com with the administration of SLR based sampling technique. The data was screened in a repeated manner for analysis purpose while building LS (Link strengths among articles) to end the research with striking conclusions. The study has brought forth the results about a number of steps for execution of ER (Ethnographic Research). The significant research findings have provided the pathways to learn the standard procedure of ethnography and identified gaps in the already conducted previous ethnographic research that can ultimately orient the researchers to be mindful in avoiding the production of ambiguous ethnographic research that are non-standard as per the demanding criteria of research in anthropology. KEYWORDS: Ethnography; Product Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Ethnographic Procedures.

Implementation of Cultural Values of Traditional Houses in Learning

This study aims to the identification of cultural values contained in the Mbaru Niang traditional house as a guide in the life of the Wae Rebo community, which can be applied to learning. The methods of this research are qualitative, using an ethnographic approach, which can be applied in learning so that an in-depth description and analysis of cultural values is obtained. Data collection by interview guidelines, observation, and documentation of two research subjects who are direct descendants of the owner of Mbaru Niang with the ethnographic procedures. The Data analysis uses ethnographic techniques as an attempt to thoroughly characterize the characteristics of cultural values that influence people's social behavior and adopt to learning. The findings of this study indicate that there are cultural values can be applied in learning to support the strengthening of the Pancasila student profile as launched by the government. The results of the study can be understood that in the culture of Mbaru Niang, are cultural values that can be transferred into learning, namely cultural values, including religious, mutual cooperation, nationalist, independence, and integrity.

Socioemotional competencies and behaviour management at school: An exploratory socio-educational intervention

Socioemotional competencies are based on self-knowledge, self-regulation, social awareness, relational skills and responsible decision-making, presenting a close relationship with the efficient management of behaviours in the classroom. In collaboration with 3 schools in the interior of Portugal, an exploratory socio-educational intervention project was developed over a period of 3 months, with the purpose of promoting the socioemotional competencies of 41 primary school children, as a basis for building classroom behaviour management strategies that would facilitate the teachers’ educational action. The intervention involved a process based on collaborative work between teachers, psychologists and educologists, having been able to produce 8 activities that promote socioemotional competencies. Ethnographic procedures, namely, the use of participant observation, field notes and informal interviews, were used to produce scientifically valid and socially useful knowledge. The results show that each activity works on more than one socioemotional skill. The data allowed to outline 6 efficient strategies to manage classroom behaviour. This exploratory project, besides contributing to enriching the educational project of these schools, proved to be a production of knowledge capable of contributing to filling the gap in terms of guidelines for socioemotional education in Portugal based on field evidence.

Prosthesis preferences for those with upper limb loss: Discrete choice study of PULLTY® for use in regulatory decisions.

The patient's voice in shared decision-making has progressed from physician's office to regulatory decision-making for medical devices with FDA's Patient Preference Initiative. A discrete-choice preference measure for upper limb prosthetic devices was developed to investigate patient's risk/benefit preference choices for regulatory decision making. Rapid ethnographic procedures were used to design a discrete-choice measure describing risk and benefits of osseointegration with myoelectric control and test in a pilot preference study in adults with upper limb loss. Primary outcome is utility of each choice based conjoint (CBC) attribute using mixed-effects regression. Utilities with and without video, and between genders were compared. Strongest negative preference was for avoiding infection risk (B = -1.77, p < 0.001) and chance of daily pain (B = -1.22, p, 0.001). Strongest positive preference was for attaining complete independence when cooking dinner (B = 1.62, p < 0.001) and smooth grip patterns at all levels (B = 1.62, B = 1.28, B = 1.26, p < 0.001). Trade-offs showed a 1% increase in risk of serious/treatable infection resulted in a 1.77 decrease in relative preference. There were gender differences, and where video was used, preferences were stronger. Strongest preferences were for attributes of functionality and independence versus connectedness and sensation but showed willingness to make risk-benefit trade-offs. Findings provide valuable information for regulatory benefit-risk decisions for prosthetic device innovations. This study is not a clinical trial reporting results of a health care intervention so is not registered.

Ethnography in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis: Both, neither, or something else altogether?

This article focuses on various ethnographic procedures and findings in ethnomethodology (EM) and conversation analysis (CA), addressing the question of how EM and CA relate to ethnography. Given the obvious answer that EM includes ethnography, we also argue that CA does as well, though just how EM and CA do so needs to be qualified and specified. Ethnographic procedures have been used in EM for decades, although often in non-standard ways, and currently with some ambivalence. In CA, it is more common to disavow ethnography in favor of recorded and transcribed interactional exchanges. However, we argue that CA often makes use of ethnographic insights drawn from extended study of recordings, while also identifying “ethnographic” inquiries of a sort that take place within the organizational settings studied. Our aim is to identify the place of ethnography within EMCA by taking an inventory of ways “ethnography” has been used, invoked, produced, and/or disavowed in particular studies and to highlight what is distinctive about those various EMCA uses of ethnography in contrast with more conventional ethnography.

Reading trajectories in children with language disorders

Background: The literature on typically developing children’s literacy acquisition provides a conventional model of development; however, little is available regarding how children with communicative disorders develop literacy abilities over time. This study describes the temporal trajectories of reading development in three children with diagnoses of language disorders and histories of reading difficulty. Method: A qualitative research design employing ethnographic data collection and analysis procedures was used. One male (age 8 years 9 months) and two females (ages 7 years 8 months and 7 years 11 months) identified as having impaired language and a history of reading difficulty were followed for 10 months as they engaged in literacy instruction. Results: Each child demonstrated a unique trajectory of literacy improvement. Trajectories of development were observed across the complexity of the materials read, as well as across variables reflective of comprehension. Variables included formal miscue analysis data, retelling of stories read, and text complexity. Discussion/conclusion: This study suggests that each language-impaired individual should be considered separately in how they progress and in how progression is manifested. If norm-referenced, standardized evaluation methods had been applied, or if only one sampling period had been used, the changes and progress noted in each of these participants may have been missed.

Bringing absence to the fore: Conversations around two experiences of applied theatre with homeless people in Spain

This article addresses the potential of applied theatre to build spaces of visibility and recognition for homeless people. It describes the logics, achievements and challenges of Teatro de la Inclusión and Fuera de la Campana, two theatrical experiences coordinated by the authors in southern Spain. These cases have been investigated and documented through ethnographic procedures that have included participant observation and in-depth interviews with the group’s participants, among other data-collection techniques. Through the voices of their protagonists, the authors critically discuss the perceived benefits of the experiences by studying their potential for recognition and the artistic teaching methodologies put into play. They also analyse the convergences and divergences in the aesthetic-political conceptions of each of the groups and their consequences in their respective contexts.

Staying with discomfort: Early childhood teachers’ emotional themes in relation to children's peer-culture aggression

This research examines one lead teacher's and two assistant teachers’ emotional discomfort as they participated in an eight-month collaborative ethnography of 19 children's peer-culture aggression in an early care and education classroom in the USA. Two questions guided this analysis: (1) What are the emotional themes of teachers in relation to children's peer-culture aggression? (2) How did the teachers utilize an ethic of discomfort when responding to children's peer-culture aggression? Collaborative ethnographic procedures, along with a post-structural account of teacher emotion, were used in a qualitative thematic analysis to determine salient themes and patterns. The data consisted of participant observation, field notes, video recordings of children's play, audio-recorded teacher team meetings, classroom artifacts, informal discussions, and a data-revisiting journal. Over the course of the study, the three teachers moved from resistance to emotional discomfort with children's peer-culture aggression, to a less resistant and more reflexive position toward emotional discomfort and child aggression. This shift occurred as the teachers began to release the goal of certainty and instead acknowledge and accept the unknowing and complexities associated with an ethic of discomfort. The implications center on the importance of teachers’ openness to “staying with” emotional discomfort, as well as making time and space to uncover a range of teacher and child emotions.

Complementing standard western measures of depression with locally co-developed instruments: A cross-cultural study on the experience of depression among the Luo in Kenya.

Our present understanding of depression relies on a Western nosology that might not be generalizable across diverse cultures around the world. As a consequence, current clinical research and practice may not capture culturally salient features of depression. Expanded cross-cultural research that uses ethnographic methods and local instruments may yield information of clinical utility to enhance culturally sensitive research and practice. In this mixed methods study, we used ethno-semantic interview procedures based on the DSM-5's cultural formulation process to elicit a broad range of depression features reported by the Luo people of western Kenya. We identified how the Luo conceptualize depression, including idioms of depressive distress, moods associated with persistent negative affect, and other features including context, stressors and support systems. This information informed the co-development of a Luo Depression Questionnaire (LDQ-17). We used the LDQ-17 in a cross-sectional community survey (N = 116) to investigate its association with a standard Western instrument (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9). Factor analysis revealed a one-factor model for the PHQ-9 but not the LDQ-17 for which exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor model including cognitive, affective, and physical symptoms. Psychological, environmental/social, and even supernatural causes (i.e., ancestors, God and devil) of these symptoms were identified, as were support systems. Finally, visualizations through multidimensional scaling approaches showed some overlap between the LDQ-17 and the PHQ-9, but the local LDQ-17 identified salient features the Luo associated with depression that the PHQ-9 missed. Our findings illustrate how simple ethnographic procedures may guide the development of local instruments to complement current standardized instruments, potentially enhancing cultural relevance.

The Process of Organizing and the Meaning of the Long Amulet Ceremony (Ethnographic Study at Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon)

The Process of Organizing and the Meaning of the Long Amulet Ceremony (Ethnographic Study at Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon)

Volviendo a pensar la alfabetización a través de los métodos mixtos: un estudio desde la mirada de los alumnos, las familias y el profesorado en la Educación Primaria en España

Los métodos mixtos presentan una alternativa sobre la investigación de la alfabetización como un fenómeno complejo. Este artículo analiza la integración de enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos para hacer inferencias causales entre la alfabetización como práctica social y los diferentes espacios de interacción. Este estudio se realizó siguiendo un diseño secuencial de métodos mixtos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.540 niños, 1.438 familias y 74 maestros. El proceso de recogida de información combinó cuestionarios y procedimientos etnográficos. Los datos se analizaron mediante la realización de análisis correlacionales, modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para grupos múltiples y análisis cualitativos comparativos. La integración aplicada en este estudio permitió identificar e interpretar las inferencias causales que existen entre las prácticas de alfabetización de estudiantes, familias y docentes que tienen lugar dentro y fuera de la escuela. Este estudio destaca la necesidad de considerar en profundidad los procesos de integración y difracción de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos en la investigación sobre alfabetización.

Implementation of Accreditation-Based Management Standards at the Pontianak Green Community Learning Activity Center

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this study is to describe the planning of accreditation-based management standards at the community learning center (PKBM) of Pondok Hijau in Pontianak and describe the planning of accreditation-based management standards at the learning center of Pondok Hijau Pontianak community. The approach used in this study is qualitative research, with ethnographic procedures, because researchers intend to explore in-depth and comprehensive information, then analyze, and interpret individual patterns or behaviors that develop over time in non-formal education units, namely PKBM. As for the object of research or data sources (informants) are: Chairperson, GTK, parents of students, figures/forums representative of the local community, Department of Education and Culture, as well as partners of education units that are used as research objects in PKBM Pondok Hijau Pontianak, and research results more emphasis on meaning than generalization. The results obtained from this study are 1) planning for the implementation of management standards has met the maximum achievement according to the PKBM unit accreditation assessment rubric; 2) implementation of management standards still need to be more intensively involved with related parties; 3) supervision of&lt;br /&gt;the implementation of management standards has not met the maximum achievement according to the accreditation guidelines; and 4) reports on the implementation of management standards meet the maximum achievements according to the rubric of accreditation assessment for PKBM clusters, both the results of activities and finances are reported in full per activity, submitted periodically to the relevant parties.&lt;/p&gt;

A reescritura de textos no ensino superior: uma análise de operações linguístico-discursivas da crítica genética

Neste artigo, analisaremos o trabalho com a reescritura no ensino superior, no que se refere às operações utilizadas, bem como aos sentidos produzidos a partir das alterações executadas nos textos. Nossa discussão teórica está fundamentada em uma concepção de produção de texto enquanto “atividade verbal”, na qual lidamos com duas figuras distintas – Escritor Ativo e Leitor Interno (MARCUSCHI, 2008; SAUTCHUK, 2003). Recorremos, ainda, aos conceitos advindos da Crítica Genética, que se ocupa da relação entre texto e gênese (HAY, [1975]2002; DE BIASI, [2000]2010; GRÉSILLON, [1990]2008; [1992]2002; SALLES, 2008). A metodologia desta pesquisa é qualitativa e utiliza procedimentos etnográficos. Os dados foram coletados em uma sala de aula do 1º período do curso de licenciatura em Letras, da UERN, campus de Pau dos Ferros, e serão analisados a partir das operações linguísticas identificadas pela gramática gerativa e retomadas por Lebrave e Grésillon (2009). Pudemos confirmar que a reescritura vem mostrar-se como uma atividade de extrema importância para o processo da escrita. A substituição foi a operação mais utilizada, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de a substituição, de acordo com o que propõe a Crítica Genética, constituir a origem de toda rasura.

“Developing culturally sensitive affect scales for global mental health research and practice: Emotional balance, not named syndromes, in Indian Adivasi subjective well-being”

We present a perspective to analyze mental health without either a) imposing Western illness categories or b) adopting local or “native” categories of mental distress. Our approach takes as axiomatic only that locals within any culture share a cognitive and verbal lexicon of salient positive and negative emotional experiences, which an appropriate and repeatable set of ethnographic procedures can elicit. Our approach is provisionally agnostic with respect to either Western or native nosological categories, and instead focuses on persons’ relative frequency of experiencing emotions. Putting this perspective into practice in India, our ethnographic fieldwork (2006–2014) and survey analysis (N = 219) resulted in a 40-item Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), which we used to assess the mental well-being of Indigenous persons (the tribal Sahariya) in the Indian states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Generated via standard cognitive anthropological procedures that can be replicated elsewhere, measures such as this possess features of psychiatric scales favored by leaders in global mental health initiatives. Though not capturing locally named distress syndromes, our scale is nonetheless sensitive to local emotional experiences, frames of meaning, and “idioms of distress.” By sharing traits of both global and also locally-derived diagnoses, approaches like ours can help identify synergies between them. For example, employing data reduction techniques such as factor analysis—where diagnostic and screening categories emerge inductively ex post facto from emotional symptom clusters, rather than being deduced or assigned a priori by either global mental health experts or locals themselves—reveals hidden overlaps between local wellness idioms and global ones. Practically speaking, our perspective, which assesses both emotional frailty and also potential sources of emotional resilience and balance, while eschewing all named illness categories, can be deployed in mental health initiatives in ways that minimize stigma and increase both the acceptability and validity of assessment instruments.

The Impact of a High Stakes Teacher Evaluation System: Educator Perspectives on Accountability

The use of student achievement data to evaluate an individual teacher's effectiveness has become a new focus in educational policy. This article focuses on the underresearched teacher perception of this new policy measure. Drawing on ethnographic research procedures, this article explores how first-grade teachers in one state navigated a new high-stakes teacher evaluation system. Although the results indicate that teachers have a desire for accountability, findings also show a variety of beliefs on the validity of teacher evaluation, as well as differing applications of scoring measures across school contexts.

Strategies for Municipal Participatory Governance and Implementing UN-Habitat's New Urban Agenda: Improving Consultation and Participation in Urban Planning Decision-Making Processes Through Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedure

Based on the findings of an urban legal anthropology project in Toronto, Canada that tracked municipal decision-making practices in relation to development, redevelopment, and heritage preservation in the city and the often unforeseen and unacknowledged effects these can have on marginal, transgressive, and subaltern (subcultural) communities and their community cultural spaces and practices, this article will first turn to a few neighbourhood examples of public consultation processes underway in Toronto and observations of visual (vocal) resistance to faulty consultation practices. These examples reveal some of the realities of public consultation design in Toronto and how it is experienced on the ground where not all segments of a neighbourhood, community, or those who use a space targeted for (re)development are effectively included or accessed. This article will also examine an example of urban artistic protest to current consultation and development practices before turning to existing sustainable (re)development frameworks, theory, and best practices. Finally, the paper will engage with Sherry Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation to move towards an argument for the application of Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures to municipal public and community consultation practices as a means of effective citizen engagement in municipal (re)development and local cultural heritage preservation decision-making processes that are in line with the principles of the New Urban Agenda.

Experiences Associated with Pediatric Dysphagia: A Mother’s Perspective

Background : Pediatric dysphagia arises from various etiologies but often coincides with complex health issues. Tasks associated with the management of pediatric dysphagia are often unfamiliar and arduous, leaving a heavy burden on the primary caregiver. Little is known regarding how these experiences affect caregivers and family systems. Aims : This study was conducted to examine dysphagia and its vast implications from a caregiver’s perspective in order to reveal a perceived role in management. Methods & Procedures : A qualitative case study design was chosen. Consistent with this tradition of inquiry, naturalistic data were collected through ethnographic interviewing procedures, collection of artifacts for analysis, and multiple lamination sessions obtained through electronic mail messages. These data were analyzed inductively, in which authors independently reviewed data several times and coded the data line by line with a category of idea or action that represented the raw data. As data collection and analysis continued in a cyclical fashion, several initial categories clumped into more abstract overarching themes related to the participant’s experience with dysphagia. Outcomes & Results : Data interpretation suggests that encounters associated with caring for multiple children with dysphagia are multifaceted and that consequences of dysphagia extend far beyond the individual with dysphagia and into the entire family system. Conclusion : This paper argues for further consideration of social and affective factors in pediatric dysphagia management and the inspection of dysphagia from a dynamic lens that accounts for all layers of the disorder.

Meeting National Standard 8: Ground-truthing Social Indicators of Fishing in South Atlantic Coastal Communities

National Standard 8 of the reauthorized Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Management Act mandates that fi sheries managers consider a community’s dependence on fi sheries when crafting regulations. This article compares fi ndings regarding dependence on commercial and recreational fi sheries from direct observations and interviews in 21 U.S. South Atlantic communities to fi ndings from publicly available data sources such as the U.S. census. The comparisons revealed that, in over 80% of the 21 ports examined, data developed from direct observations and interviews and those developed from publicly available data sources yielded similar National Standard 8 and South Atlantic Fisheries Based on fi eld research in 21 South Atlantic coastal communities reaching from Wanchese, N.C., to Palm Beach Shores, Fla., this article compares data from direct observations and interviews in the communities to data from publicly available sources such as fi sheries statistics and the U.S. census, providing baseline information for social impact assessments, fi sheries management plans, and other policy initiatives. The study emerged from ongoing attempts to meet the mandate of National Standard 8 (50 CFR Ch. VI (01 Oct 10 Edition: §600.345:60): “Conservation and management measures shall...take into account the importance of fi shery resources to fi shing results. Where there were large discrepancies between the two sets of fi ndings, in most cases, the ports were located in large metropolitan areas where fi shing constituted a small proportion of the economy. These fi ndings indicate that the use of publicly available data sources is an effi cient way for fi sheries managers and others to meet the mandate of National Standard 8 in a timely fashion, yet they also suggest that rapid ethnographic procedures can aid in characterizing fi shing communities that differ in terms of size, rural vs. urban settings, gentrifi cation, resilience, and other features that could assist fi shery managers in evaluating the impacts of fi shing regulations. communities by utilizing economic and social data that are based upon the best scientifi c information available...” While concern for fi shing communities is secondary to the concern for rebuilding and maintaining healthy fi shery resources, National Standard 8 (NS8) nevertheless demands that social and economic data be developed to address questions such as a community’s dependence on or engagement with fi shery resources, its ability for sustained participation in fi sheries, and whether or not a Fishery Management Plan or policy initiative will adversely affect the community. National Standard 8 defi nes a fi shing community as “a community that is substantially dependent on or substantially engaged in the harvest or processing of fi shery resources to meet social and economic needs, and includes fi shing vessel owners, operators, and crew, and fi sh processors that are based in such communities. A fi shing community is a social or economic group whose members reside in a specifi c location and share a common dependency on commercial, recreational, or subsistence fi shing or on directly related fi sheries-dependent services and industries (for example, boatyards, ice suppliers, tackle shops)” (50 CFR Ch. VI (1 Oct 10 Edition: §600.345:61). The 21 fi shing communities we profi led range from small, unincorporated communities like Wanchese and Sneads Ferry, N.C., to large metropolitan areas like Wilmington, N.C., Charleston, S.C., Savannah, Ga., or the heavily populated strip of south Florida coast around Palm Beach Shores. In addition to those just mentioned, the others were: Hatteras Village, Beaufort, Morehead City, Atlantic Beach, and Wrightsville Beach in North Carolina; Little River and Murrells Inlet in South Carolina; Brunswick, St. Simons Island, and St. Marys in Georgia; and Fernandina Beach, St. Augustine, Cape Canaveral, Sebastian, Ft. Pierce, and Palm Beach Shores in Florida (Fig. 1).

Boholano Olfaction

ABSTRACTThis article explores the domain of odors and olfaction on the island of Bohol, The Philippines. It recounts how my research interests were drawn to this domain by local preoccupations with smell as an aspect of everyday sociality, expressed in speech, modes of interaction and evaluation, and the discursive construction of ethnicities and other social kinds. Bohol's long and complex history and its place in the contemporary world entail a complex, differentiated sociocultural present, which is also reflected in the domain of odors and Boholanos' experiences thereof. Accordingly, the article makes a case for an approach to this domain that flexibly deploys basic ethnographic procedures and more formal techniques, specifically, domain and cultural consensus analysis. This dual methodology, it is argued, is sensitive to the differences between differentially positioned agents, but also demonstrates the degree of sharedness—of experience, categorical schemes, and historicity—that jointly characterize this domain. I use a partial set of results, pertaining to human body odors, to exemplify the approach and to depict a key dimension of Boholano social experience; one that speaks to the place of individuals in the local setting and to the position of the population generally in the commodified world of cosmetics.