Ethnic Situation Research Articles

Языковые основы субэтнической, этнической и этнополитической идентичности

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the concepts of “ethnos” and “language” in the peripheral zone of ethnic self-determination where some part of the society considers itself a separate ethnic group, but this belief is not supported by its linguistic separateness. The material is the data on the ethnic situation in a number of countries around the world which is obtained either from social surveys or based on ethnographic descriptions of the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-identification in different countries. The study applies the method of correlation analysis to establish the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-determination. The work also uses the method of sociolinguistic interpretation and the method of sociolinguistic reinterpretation which is based on the analysis of secondary material, that has already entered in scientific circulation, for sociolinguistic purposes. The basis for identification processes is the linguistic identification of an ethnic nation, on the basis of which ethnographic, ethnic and ethnopolitical national unity is formed. As a result the study highlighted four situations which are based on the correction of ethnic identification according to language identity. Firstly, a situation of ethnic transition, when a person, who defines himself as belonging to a nation “by blood”, according to his linguistic identity moves to another national group. Secondly, a situation of subethnic transition, when an ethnic subgroup designates itself as part of a nation, that uses the regional dialect or dialect of a given nation. Thirdly, the situation of ethno-political identity, when the nationality is determined by the political factor such as citizenship while preserving the language of the ethnic nation living in another, base state. Finally, multiethnic political identification, which is a type of ethnopolitical identity, when several ethnic nations, which are speakers of different languages, are united into one political nation. This interpretation of the “ethnos – language” relationship allows us to adjust the parameters of sociolinguistic and social stratification of society.

Детские погребения городища «Белинское» и его некрополя

The research studies children’s burials at the ancient settlement “Belinskoye” and its necropolis. The authors conclude that the ritual of these burials strongly depended on a concrete military, political and ethnic situation in this western boundary area of the European Bosporus. Up to the middle of the 3 rd century AD, infants’ burials in the necropolis of “Belinskoye” fortified settlement generally corresponded to the similar rites in other ancient necropolises. However, later in the course of the changing ethnic composition of the population, the practice of burying adults and children directly in the settlement spread there. These actions were aimed at providing maximum divine protection to the settlement, by this time already completely deprived of defensive walls and virtually defenseless against enemies’ attacks.

On the Differences between Chinese Languages Education in Xinjiang and Economically Developed Cities under the New Curriculum Standard

By examining the ancient and modern educational approaches in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, this study analyzes the changes and processes based on the analysis of Xinjiang’s location, ethnic situation, and educational resources and studies the differences between language education in Xinjiang and the general region, which proposes the importance of the popularization of the common national language for language education. It also analyzes the relationship between the common national language and Chinese language education.The paper is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the background. The second part introduces language education under the new curriculum standards and explores in depth through language learning requirements, teaching materials, and school-based resources. The third part analyzes the current situation of the use of national languages by ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and explores it through students, language teachers, and learning. The fourth part concludes. The shift from “bilingual education” to full Chinese language teaching has been a long-standing educational goal in Xinjiang, and it has been achieved. However, the version of language teaching materials in the region lags, the curriculum reform is slow, and teachers and language curriculum resources are relatively scarce. This will provide some reference for future research and exploration of language education in Xinjiang. This study finds that the versions of the language teaching materials lag, the curriculum reform is slow, and the teacher strength and the language curriculum resources are relatively scarce.

Этническая ситуация в Северном Причерноморье и Приазовье по данным Певтингеровой карты

The purpose of the article is to determine the ethnic situation in the steppe zone of the Northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea according to the Tabula Peutingeriana and to date this information. The article avoids the cities of the Bosporus and the North Caucasus. Changes of the ethnic and political situation in the steppe zone of Europe under the influence of migrations of nomads and other peoples (for example, Goths) permit to date the information on the Tabula Peutingeriana. The attention is mostly paid to the locations of such peoples as Roxolani, Sarmatians of Central Europe, Maeotians, Caucasian Alans. At the same time such ethnonyms like Siraces, Aspurgiani, Psaccani, being in accordance with anticient tradition, prevent narrowing the chronological framework of the Tabula’s data. The Maeotians of the Lower Don existed from the boundary of the two eras till the middle of the 3rd century. The Roxolani dwelled between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dnieper from the middle of the 1st century to about the middle of the 3rd century. Caucasian Alans could not appear on the Tabula earlier than the 2nd century. Archeological realities permit to supplement and arrange the ethnic situation. Also, the author draws attention to the peoples which are not present on the Tabula Peutingeriana, such as Goths, Alans and Aorsi in the Northern Black Sea, and Huns. All these data permit to suggest that the Tabula shows the location of the peoples of the Northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea between mid-2nd and mid-3rd centuries or maybe rather between the boundary of the 2nd/3rd centuries and the first half of the 3rd century. One can clearly see that the central idea of the Tabula Peutingeriana is its being a comprehensive itinerary, a bunch of the roads connecting the Roman Empire and the Orient. Therefore, everything behind the road net, the Tabula’s edge, its periphery, is not very important. Its source was not a literary tradition (like in the case of Ammianus Marcellinus’ work), but rather more contemporaneous data. Apparently, the author of the version of the 3rd century desired to fill the space of the oikumene with relevant information, but did not delve into the information on the regions distant from the road net.

ETHNIC DIALOGUE OF THE AFGHAN PEOPLE IS A WAY TO ACHIEVE STABILITY

The relevance of this topic is determined by the state of the modern system of international relations, economic globalization and the growing interdependence of the world as a whole, and the fact that the situation at any point in it affects the entire globe. Human development is greatly influenced by the situation in the least developed countries of the world, that is, it is impossible to predict the consequences of the instability of the military-political situation in them. Afghanistan, which is currently experiencing the longest armed conflict, is a clear example of this. The civil war led to the disintegration of the Afghan people. One of the important indicators of these processes is the lack of a strong central government and the continuing ethnic division of the country. The fact that the Civil War has been going on for more than 30 years indicates that tensions within ethnic relations are increasing and deepening. The national issue is one of the most difficult problems in the socio-political life of the country. Although the roots of this crisis go back to the long history of Afghan statehood, it was not long before it manifested itself in exactly this way. The study of the ethnic and national composition of the civil war in Afghanistan will help to find the dynamics of its development and its solution. Ethno-political processes have a direct impact on the development of any profession. In this case, an analysis of the ethnic situation of the Afghan state over the last 250 years is crucial.

PIDHIRTSI GROUP OF SITES: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE FUTURE RESEARCHES

The paper is devoted to the history and historiography of the research of the Pidhirtsi group of sites of the Upper and Middle Dnieper basins of the Scythian Age. The source base includes 131 sites (82 of the Pidhirtsi type and 49 of the Mylohrad culture), which are located within the administrative boundaries of modern Ukraine. Chronological range is defined extending from the middle of 7th to the second quarter of 4th century BC. The territory covers the Middle Dnipro, Desna, Upper Horyn and Southern Buh basins which are the border between the forest-steppe and the mixed forests zones.
 The majority of the sites were explored during fieldwalking survey with prospect trenches. On the excavated Pidhirtsi settlement special openwork bronze adornments identical to the Pidhirtsi treasure were found. Based on these materials in 1950 V. M. Danylenko singled out the Pidhirtsi group of sites.
 There are four stages of research of the Pidhirtsi sites — from the accumulation of the materials to the interpretation. The first one (1915—1950s) is associated with the formation of the source base. In the second stage (1950—1970s) systematic study of the sites of the Upper and Middle Southern Buh and Lower Dnieper basins began. The third stage (1970—1990s) is characterized by attempts to systematize the identified materials. In the fourth stage (since the 1990s), researchers begin focusing on the interpretation of Pidhirtsi type adornments and implement the results for reconstructing the ethnic and cultural situation of the Middle Dnieper region in the Early Iron Age.
 For a fact, the openwork bronze (bimetallic) adornments are cultural and chronological markers of the Pidhirtsi group of sites. In conclusion, topical issues of future research will be related to technological and morphological aspects of the Pidhirtsi type adornments, the origin, classification and dating.

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA IN THE LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURIES ON THE POPULATION AND ETHNOTOPONYMS

This article summarizes the researcher's views on the ethnic situation and political-administrative structure of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara living in the middle reaches of the Amu Darya in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It mainly deals with the administrative-territorial structure of the Emirate of Bukhara, its population, population structure, the territory where ethnic groups are located, and the language spoken. The author also emphasizes the importance of the middle reaches of the Amudarya in the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara and the issue of ethnotoponyms. During the period of study in the middle basin of the Amudarya, the majority of the population of the emirate was Turkic-speaking Uzbeks. The researcher tried to reveal the existence of Persian-speaking Tajiks on the basis of many scientific sources and historical records. The work is summarized.

Przemiany narodowościowe w Kraju Kłajpedzkim w XX wieku

Population Transformations in the Klaipeda Region in the 20th CenturyThe Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory’s population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian.The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and ethnic situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.

Issues of Teaching Linguistic Disciplines to Migrant Students at Higher Education Institutions

This paper is based on the authors’ long-term observations of migrant students studying at universities in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area — Yugra. The paper is devoted to the current issues that nearly every higher education institution in Russia is aware of. Most non-native-speaking students have a low level of Russian language knowledge, which poses challenges for mastering linguistic disciplines, on the one hand, and challenges for teaching, on the other hand. The paper examines the historical background of the modern ethnic situation in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area — Yugra. Socio-economic conditions in the area attract immigrants not only from other regions of the Russian Federation but also from post-Soviet countries. The authors describe the social profile of a migrant student, and provide a review of unresolved issues in teaching the discipline of Russian Language and Speech Culture to students of non-philological majors, while paying special attention to the challenges in teaching the Russian Dialectology and Modern Russian Language Morphology disciplines to students majoring in philology. The pressing issues of teaching migrant students should not be ignored. The authors suggest ways to address these issues. One of these is based on stricter requirements for applicants applying for philological majors. The other one suggests simultaneous training and correction of missing Russian language skills.
 Keywords: KhMAO-Yugra, migrant students, university, Russian language

Сведения о Коми крае в книге «Russia seu Moscovia itemque Tartaria. Commentario topographico atque politico illustratÆ», напечатанной в городе Лейдене в 1630 году

The paper introduces into scientific circulation a new West European historical source of the XVII century describing the geography of the Komi region, the ethnic situation and peculiarities of the economic activity of the local population, as well as the role the region played in the transit route to Siberia. The connection of this source with earlier Western evidence about the Komi region is considered; the original Latin text, its Russian translation and comments providing a more complete understanding of the text are given. The study of the source allows us to conclude that although some of the information in it is borrowed from earlier authors of the XVI century, other parts of the information are original, not found anywhere else.

Политические позиции ливийских племен в ходе гражданской войны (2019–2020 гг.)

In this article, the author analyzes one of the most difficult problems in the Arab region, the civil war in Libya after the overthrow of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. The author focuses on the fresh round of the escalation of the conflict (2019–20) between the eastern and western centers of power. The paper presents the importance of the political positions of Libyan tribes in the course of hostilities and their impact on the internal situation. The key issue of the study considered in the article directly concerns the political positions of the main clans within Libya. The author explains why some of the clans decided to participate in the military campaign on the side of the Libyan National Army, while the other defended the Government of National Accord; there were also those who adopted the position of non-interference in national affairs, since they sought to maintain autonomy. The main purpose of this work is to demonstrate the specifics of the Libyan problem, which is not only the desire of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan for their autonomous existence but also the internal contradictions between different tribes. It remains one of the most important factors hindering the unification of the country. After analyzing the publications in the modern Arabic-language press, the author offered her vision of the reasons for the ongoing armed confrontation in Libya and also presented and analyzed the full range of political positions and the role of the main Libyan tribes during the civil conflict, especially its latest round, which gives an idea of the complexity of the internal situation in Libya. The conclusion indicates the main reasons why Libya as a country cannot currently be a single and whole entity. The problem lies mainly in the complex ethnic and tribal situation as well as in the desire of individual tribes for an autonomous existence.

On the Despotate of the Morea’s Service: The Participation of Albanian Population in the Political Events in the Peloponnesos in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century

In the late fourteenth century, Albanian tribes moved from Thessaly and settled in the Peloponnesos getting the permission from the Despotes of the Morea, Theodore I Palaiologos (1383–1407). Although this migration changed the ethnic situation in the despotate, it solved some economic and demographic problems. In particular, the Albanians replenished the army of the despotes. This article analyzes the participation of the Albanian tribes in the political events in the Despotate of Morea in the first half of the fifteenth century. The aim is to reveal whether the Albanian warriors really got a privileged status in the Morea and to determine their significance for the policy of the despotai of the Morea. The source base of this research is the fifteenth-­century Byzantine epistolary and narrative sources, as well as the official documentation of the rulers of the Morea. It has been revealed that the Byzantine despotai actively encouraged the Albanians to military service, thus contributing to their promotion in the despotate. A significant number of Albanians were involved in the defense of the peninsula from the Ottoman Turks. Despite the privileges granted to their leaders, the Albanians remained strangers to the Romaioi: as long as the mid-fifteenth century, they were a particular ethnic group of the population of the Morea; as soon as they got an opportunity, the Albanians rebelled against the Byzantine rulers and declared themselves as an independent political force of the Morea.

The language problem of minorities in a homogeneous state.

In this paper, I aim at presenting the language situation of some regional minorities in Poland: Silesians (Ślązacy), Kashubians (Kaszubi) and the residents of Wilamowice. Protection of language minorities is extremely important from the point of view of cultural development of countries. Throughout a long period of its existence, Poland has been a multi-cultural country populated by representatives of different national, regional and ethnic groups. However, the national and ethnic situation of Poland changed radically after the Second World War. Today Poland is one of the most homogenous states not only in Europe but also worldwide. However, Poland is not free from the discussion about minority rights. Shaping a strong regional identity, which was particularly true for the Silesians and Kashubians and residents of Wilamowice, was a social and cultural phenomenon, completely unknown in the long history of Poland. The Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages dated January 6, 2005, allows to use of Kashubian language as a “supporting language” before the municipality authorities, the smallest ad-ministrative unit. The other obvious point of this description concerns the demanding of similar linguistic rights by Silesians. The study also highlights the efforts of the residents of Wilamowice to preserve their unique language.

The Chinese path of integration and development among all ethnic groups from a comparative perspective between China and the west

By comparing five aspects between China and the West—ideas, model of political participation, path of economic and social development, pattern of protection of language and culture rights, and construction of national cohesion and social (Minzu) solidarity, this paper reveals that the Chinese path of integration and development among all ethnic groups has the following characteristics: the ideas of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony among all ethnic groups; the integrative participation model of all ethnic groups under the unified leadership of the Communist Party of China; the integration on the economic and social development (common prosperity and development); equal protection of the language and culture rights of all ethnic groups; strong sense of national cohesion and social solidarity of fifty-six ethnic groups, based on the equal emphasis on the individual and collective rights as well as the close integration between political value and traditional cultural value. In general, China’s ethnic policies embody both specific rights and the level of community with a common future. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, relations between ethnic groups are harmonious and positive, and development of all ethnic groups tends to achieve a real equality. In Western countries, ethnic (or racial) relations remain relatively stable with fluctuations from time to time, and the development gap between ethnic groups has a trend of further expansion. Different ideas, systems and cultural concepts lead to different ethnic relationships and current situations of development between China and the West.

RAIKY CULTURE IN THE MIDDLE DNIEPER

The paper is devoted to the Raiky culture in the Middle Dnieper. It reveals major issues of the phenomenon of Raiky culture and their possible solutions considering the achievements of Ukrainian archeologists in this field. The genesis, chronology and features of the development of material culture of the Raiky sites in the 8th—9th centuries of the right-bank of the Dnieper are analyzed. In general the existence of the Raiky culture in the Middle Dnieper region can be described as follows. It was formed in first half of the 8th century in the Tiasmyn basin. The first wheel-made pottery has begun to manufacture quite early, from the mid-8th century (probably at the beginning of the third quarter). At the first stage, the early vessels have imitated the hand-made Raiky forms as well as the Saltovo-Mayaki imported vessels. Significant development of the material culture occurs during the second half of the 8th century. At the same time, the movement of the people of Raiky culture and the population of the sites of Sаkhnivka type has begun in the northern direction which was marked by the appearance of the Kaniv settlement, Monastyrok, and possibly Buchak. This stage is characterized by the syncretism both in the ceramic complex and in the features of design of the heating structures. Numerous influences of the people of Volyntsevo culture (and through them – of Saltovo-Mayaki one) are recorded in the Raiky culture. It is observed not only in direct imports but also in the efforts of the Raiky population to imitate the pottery of Volyntsevo and Saltovo-Mayaki cultures, however, based on their own technological capabilities.
 The nature of the relationship between the bearers of these cultures is still interesting. The population of Raiky accepts the imported items of Saltovo-Mayaki and Volyntsevo cultures, tries to imitate high-quality pottery of them, and even one can see the peaceful coexistence of two cultures in one settlement — Monastyrok, Buchak, Stovpyagy. However, the reverse pulses are absent. There are no tendencies to assimilate each other. Although, given the number and size of the sites, the numerical advantage of the Volyntsevo population in the region seems obvious. There is currently no answer to this question.
 The first third of the 9th century became the watershed. The destruction of the Bytytsia hill-fort and the charred ruins to which most of the settlements of the Volyntsevo culture has turned, is explained in the literature by the early penetration of Scandinavians into the region or as result of the resettlement of Magyars to the Northern Pontic region. In any case, this led to a change in the ethnic and cultural situation in the Dnieper basin. According to some researchers, the surviving part of the population of Volyntsevo culture migrated to the Oka and Don interfluve.
 For some time, but not for long, the settlements of Raiky culture remained abandoned. Apparently, after the stabilization of situation, the residents have returned which is reflected by the reconstruction of the Kaniv settlement and Monastyrok; in addition, on the latter the fortifications have been erected. The final stage of the existence of culture is characterized by contacts with the area of the left bank of Dnieper, the influx of the items of the «Danube circle», as well as the rapid development of the forms of early wheel-made pottery. The general profiling of vessels and design of the rim became more complicated, the rich linear-wavy ornament which covers practically all surface of the item became characteristic. This suggests the use of a quick hand wheel which has improved the symmetry of the vessels, as well as permitted to create the larger specimens. The evolution of the early wheel-made ceramic complex took place only by a variety of forms, however, technological indicators (dough composition, firing, density and thickness of vessel walls) indicate the actual invariability and sustainability of the manufacture tradition. The discontinuance of the functioning of the latest Raiky sites (Monastyrok and Kaniv settlements) can be attributed as the consequences of the first stages of consolidation of the Rus people in the Middle Dnieper dating to the late 9th — the turn of the 9th—10th centuries.

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE HISTORY OF POPULATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT-BANK AREA IN THE MID-7th — EARLY 3rd CENTURY BC

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE HISTORY OF POPULATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT-BANK AREA IN THE MID-7th — EARLY 3rd CENTURY BC

ГЕНЕТИЧНО ТЮРКСЬКІ ОЙКОНІМИ ОДЕЩИНИ: ВМОТИВОВАНІСТЬ / НЕВМОТИВОВАНІСТЬ ПЕРЕЙМЕНУВАНЬ РАДЯНСЬКОГО ПЕРІОДУ. 1

during the Turkish-Tatar (Nogai) history of this region. Much attention is given to the genetic Turkic names, which the Bulgarian settlers moved to a new place of residence from their homeland in the late XVIII — in the first half of the XIX century, and which were renamed during 1944‒1945. It is specially noted formation of the oikonomy of Odessa region during the end of XV‒XVIII centuries took place in a Turkic-speaking environment. This is confirmed by names of settlements such as Akmangit, Bugaz, Karamahmet, Tatarbunary, etc., which appeared here. It should be stressed that the stable linguistic and ethnic situation in this area was disturbed by the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768‒1774, 1787‒1791, 1806‒1812, 1828‒1829, as a result of which, with the assistance of the government of the Russian Empire, the processes of foreign development of this territory intensified, primarily immigrants from across the Danube, who brought here from their land many Turkic names, such as: Burguji (now Vynohradivka Bolgrad district), Iserli (Esirli; now Vilne Bolgrad district). Such names of settlements organic supplemented mainly the Turkish-Tatar component of the local oikonymicon. The greatest changes in the oiconymic system of Odessa region took place in the Soviet period, after 1944, when the new government initiated the renaming of the so-called unsympathetic and etymologically opaque names of Turkic origin. As a result of such administrative intervention, many historical oikonyms disappeared, for example: Anadolu became Dolynsky (now Izmail district), Tashlyk became Kamyansky (now Bolgrad district), Turlak became Vypasny (now Belgorod-Dniester district), and so on. From etymological and structural-semantic analysis of genetically Turkic oikonyms of Odessa region, one may conclude that most of the renamed names do not take into account either the derivational model, according to which the primary oikonym was introduced, or the internal form (appellate meaning) of its solid basis, which led to the appearance of random, artificial names. In independent Ukraine, especially in the Odessa region, the process of restoring the historical names of settlements continues, it is necessary to intensify it, to return the settlements to their original, historically formed, names.

Knowledge and practice of handwashing with soap among mothers of children aged under 11 in some mountainous provinces in Vietnam, 2019

Handwashing with soap (HWWS) practice among mothers is critical in preventing childhood illnesses. This study aims to describe HWWS knowledge and practice among mothers of children aged under 11 and associated factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 319 mothers in 4 provinces in Vietnam, namely Dien Bien, Tuyen Quang, Hoa Binh, and Dak Lak, representing the region Northern Mountains and Central Highlands 2019. Knowledge of HWWS is measured through questionnaire interviews. HWWS practice is measured by the “Sticker Diary” method. Results show that while the proportion of mothers with knowledge on HWWS after defecation/toilet/using latrine is 84.6%, only 19.4% of mothers said that they need to HWWS after cleaning a child’s bottom/child’s feces, 17.6% before feeding children, and 39.2% HWWS before cooking/serving food. Less than 50% of mothers practice washing their hands with soap at critical times. The study shows a signifcant association between attributes such as educational level, occupation, economic status, and knowledge of HWWS. The study also fnds an association between the ethnic group, fnancial situation, knowledge, and practice HWWS among mothers of children under age 11.

Факторы формирования веротерпимости (на примере социологического опроса городского населения Дагестана)

The problem of interreligious tolerance, the nature of relations between followers of different faiths is actualized in the multi-confessional and multi-ethnic space. As part of the study of religious identity and cult behavior of the urban population of Dagestan, the issue of religious tolerance, as well as factors of deterioration in the interreligious sphere, was touched upon. Empirical data show that the spread of new religious movements, alien to traditional Islam, appearance of political parties and leaders using religious feelings of the population for political ends, the desire of Islamic organi-zations to get an exclusive position in Dagestani society and the struggle and ambitions of spiritual leaders (imams) for influence, – all contribute to religious intolerance in contemporary Dagestani society. In the mass consciousness of urban population in general, one can observe a positive atti-tude towards proselytism and proselytizing activities, although the subgroups identifying themselves as unbelievers and vocal unbelievers emphasize the destructive role of this process with the motiva-tion of deteriorating, firstly, the ethnic situation, and, secondly, the inter-religious relations in socie-ty. In addition, empirical data show that the urban population surveyed believes that the main func-tion of clergy is public ministry, assistance to the needy, spiritual and moral education. At the same time religious organizations are viewed as unable to effectively resolve the problems of interethnic confrontation and ethnic conflicts.

Причини та джерела сепаратизму в Джамму та Кашмірі

Indian society is distinguished by an extraordinary diversity of ethnic, confessional, caste and social. Ethnic groups inhabiting the country are different in size, levels of economic development and national identity, degree of consolidation and autonomy. In addition, the ethnic situation in India is complicated by the religious factor. Approximately 85% of the population of India belongs to the Hindu community, the rest are minority communities (Muslims, Christians of various denominations, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains). In addition, as a political unity, modern India was created artificially, as a result of the British conquest. Therefore, the national feeling arose after the fact, and not in the natural process of the national consolidation of the country. It is not surprising that due to this heterogeneity of the population, India over the years of independence has faced many conflict situations caused by dissatisfaction with its position on the part of various ethnic, social and religious groups, as well as contradictions between their interests. Such protests of minorities, as well as conflicts on ethnic and religious grounds, always pose a threat to political stability, and sometimes – to the territorial integrity of the country. In this regard, movements pursuing separatist goals pose a particular danger to the unity of the Indian state. Some of them (for example, the movement for the creation of an independent Dravidistan in southern India) were allowed within the federal system through the creation of the so-called linguistic states after the territorial reorganization in 1956. But even now, separatist movements continue in different parts of India. of varying intensity. The central and regional authorities of the country are making great efforts in the fight against separatism. To do this, they use the entire available arsenal of means and methods: from options for suppressing separatists by military force to peace negotiations and considering the possibility of a political settlement of the problem.