Ethnicity Status Research Articles

A Nationwide Multidimensional Examination of Early Care and Education Access: Links Between Access Profiles, Equitable Enrollment, and Public Funding Policies

ABSTRACT Research Findings: As a result of inequitable early care and education access, state and federal policies have prioritized improving access and better serving diverse and traditionally underserved families. This study uses a multidimensional conceptualization of access, which includes reasonable effort, affordability, child development, and family needs, to classify early education centers that serve 4-year-olds into latent profiles. Using nationally representative data from the 2019 NSECE (n = 6066), latent profile analysis revealed four distinct early education center access profiles characterized by meeting a few (but not all) dimensions of access: (1) Most Features of Access; (2) Limited Features of Access; (3) Most Affordable; (4) Available for 4-Year Olds. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were then used to identify equitable enrollment trends and policies associated with access profile membership. Results identify disparities in access related to children’s ability, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status but suggest that enrollment priority policies in place for publicly funded early education programs may promote more equitable access. Practice or Policy: Findings suggest the need for enhanced policy attention to early care and education access and expanded financial investment in high-quality, affordable early care and education that supports child development and meets family needs in an effort to promote more equitable access.

Intersectional trends in poor mental health and health inequities across the US

Though mental distress poses a large and growing threat to population health, our understanding of how its social distribution has changed over time and what these changes imply for mental health equity is limited. To address this, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to non-parametrically describe how age-standardized prevalence of frequent mental distress (FMD) and social inequities in FMD have changed in the United States between 1993 and 2019 for intersectional social groups defined by ethnicity, race, sex, educational attainment, and household poverty status. We find that age-standardized FMD prevalence has increased for almost all social groups, that health inequities between more and less privileged groups have mostly widened in absolute terms but narrowed relatively, and that relying solely on common group FMD summaries masks substantial heterogeneity across intersectional subgroups. Our findings show an urgent need to address the sociopolitical determinants of mental distress, prioritizing policies which would address the growing inequitable burden experienced by those less privileged.

A Review on Knowledge of Diabetes, Medication Adherence, and Factors associated with Non- adherence among Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients

Background: This review paper addresses the critical issue of medication adherence among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This review paper aims to evaluates the current literature on prevalence of medication adherence among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, assesses the level of knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus and its association with medication adherence. In addition, to identify and analyse the factors contributing to non-adherence to medication among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: The authors conducted a thorough literature review using databases such as ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. They focused on peer-reviewed articles published between 2019 and 2024, employing keywords related to medication adherence, knowledge, and sociodemographic factors. A total 25 studies selected for inclusion, utilizing various methodologies including quantitative, qualitative, and interventional approaches. Results: The findings revealed significant variability in medication adherence rates among T2DM patients, ranging from 35.8% to 67.5%. Key factors influencing adherence included sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level, and economic status. Higher levels of diabetes knowledge were associated with better adherence, although the relationship was not universally significant, indicating that other factors also play a role. Conclusion: The review concludes that enhancing medication adherence among T2DM patients requires targeted interventions that address identified barriers, including educational deficits and socioeconomic challenges. Further research is recommended to develop effective educational strategies tailored to diverse patient populations, ultimately aiming to improve health outcomes and adherence rates in this critical area of public health.

Index of functional impairment in older people: analysis by ethnicity.

Aging in Mexico is heterogeneous considering the ethnic diversity and social inequality that prevails. The condition of ethnicity allows us to delve deeper into the social and health inequalities that do not allow for healthy aging. The objective of this article is to compare the levels of functionality of older people by ethnicity and its associated factors in Mexico. People aged 60 years and over were selected from the 2020 Census sample, grouping according to their ethnic status (Indigenous, Afro-Mexican and non-Indigenous and non-afro Mexican). As a dependent variable, the Functional Impairment Index (IDF) was constructed with principal components analysis, using the battery of disability questions; Generalized linear models were performed to analyse the factors associated by ethnicity status. Indigenous older people have higher IDF values, followed by Afro-Mexican. Indigenous women and those who live in rural areas have higher values of functional impairment. It is necessary to address the needs of the older Indigenous and Afro-Mexican population who face an old age with greater social disadvantage and functional deterioration.

Intersectional inequalities in mental health by education, income, gender, and age before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study

BackgroundIt remains unclear how COVID-19 has disproportionately affected the mental health of different vulnerable groups. This study explores how mental health inequalities changed between 2014 (pre-COVID-19) and 2021 (during COVID-19) in the Netherlands across intersectional social strata defined by interplays of educational attainment, income level, gender, and age.MethodsUsing 2014 and 2021 self-reported cohort data on health and living conditions of the adult population of Eindhoven and surroundings (N = 1,157), a Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) was applied to explore intersectional inequalities in mental health in 2014, 2021, and in mental health changes (2014–2021). We examined this using the Mental Health Inventory-5 across 53 intersectional social strata based on interplays of education, income, gender, and age in 2014.ResultsThere were substantial differences in mental health trajectories across social strata. Between-stratum mental health inequalities were patterned additively, indicating that inequality patterns along one axis (such as income) tended to be consistent across other axes of comparison. Additive trends revealed that women with a low income were at highest risk of poor mental health in 2014 and 2021, and people over 65 were at highest risk of mental health setbacks over time. Nonsignificant educational inequalities were found in 2014 and 2021. Income inequalities persisted, but slightly decreased in 2021 due to stronger mental health setbacks among those with high incomes. Women experienced persisting disadvantages that slightly flattened over time, and the mental health advantages of older age diminished over time.ConclusionsInequalities in mental health add up for those who experience multiple axes of disadvantage, such as women and those with low incomes, but no disproportionate intersectional interaction effects were found. Effort is needed to ensure that mental health support is accessible for all, especially those with low incomes. Given the especially strong mental health declines among those over 65, responses to future crises need to include measures to protect the mental health of the elderly. Future research should investigate intersectional inequalities along other axes of disadvantage, such as ethnicity, employment and family status.

Oral health inequities over time among older adults of different racial/ethnic backgrounds: a comparative decomposition analysis across Australia and the United States

BackgroundAlthough the prevalence of poor oral health among older populations in Australia and the United States is higher, the contribution of ethnicity status is unknown. We aimed to estimate the contribution of social inequalities in oral health among older populations in Australia and the United States.MethodsCross-sectional study design using data from Australia’s National Survey of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH 2004–06 and 2017–18) and the United States’ National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–04 and 2011–16). Participants included in the analysis were aged 65 + years. Oaxaca-Blinder type decomposition analysis was used to assess the contribution of demographic (age, sex), socioeconomic position (educational attainment, household income) and dental behaviors (last dental visit) to changes in prevalence of edentulism and non-functional dentition, and mean number of missing teeth by ethnicity status over time in Australia and the United States.ResultsThe number of participants aged 65 + years who provided clinical and sociodemographic/dental behaviour data was 1043 and 1269 in NSAOH 2004–06 and 2017–18, and 1372 and 1328 in NHANES 2003–04 and 2011–16 respectively. The prevalence of edentulism was from 13 percent (NHANES 2011–16) to 28 percent (NSAOH 2004–06), while the prevalence of non-functional dentition was from 41 percent (NSAOH 2017–18 and NHANES 2011–16) to 61 percent (NHANES 2003–04). The mean number of missing teeth was from 11 (NSAOH 2017–18) to 18 (NHANES 2003–04). The prevalence of edentulism and non-functional dentition, and the mean number of missing teeth were higher among older Australians identifying as White and the opposite results were observed among older Americans identifying as Non-White. For older adults in Australia, risk factors with the greatest impact on oral health outcomes by ethnicity status were educational attainment and household income. For older adults in the United States, the most dominant risk factor for non-optimal oral health outcomes by ethnicity status was last dental visit.ConclusionsThere are important policy translation implications from our findings, as they indicate that social and structural systems in Australia and the United States operate differently in the context of oral health over time among culturally diverse older citizens. This information will help inform initiatives that both target effective oral health promotion for older, culturally-diverse populations and provide evidence for the distribution of resources in the public dental health setting for this age group and cultural demographic.

What is inclusion? Children perspective on education at primary schools in rural Afghanistan

Inclusive education remains a distant goal in Afghanistan threatened by issues of discrimination based on gender, disability, ethnicity, cultural beliefs and socioeconomic status. To promote more inclusive practices, we conducted 120 participatory workshops in three rounds, including 1187 volunteer children aged 9 to 12 years old from grades three, four and five in 40 primary rural schools of Badakhshan, Ghazni and Takhar provinces of Afghanistan between 2018 and 2021. Children described inclusion as the combination of allowing all children to access school and to effectively learn. Children were able to meaningfully define the state of education while articulating coherently what motivates them, their teachers, and parents and what actions need to be taken to improve the whole school system. In a political context limiting girls’ education, children voiced their need for a school environment that is enriching, supportive and adapted to their needs and expectations to keep motivated and engaged.

Telomere length and chronotype among women in the California Teachers Study (CTS)

ABSTRACT While links between certain chronotypes and poorer health outcomes have been well established in previous studies, few studies have examined the relationship between chronotype and cellular aging. Using data from the California Teachers Study (CTS), the present study evaluates the relationship between cellular aging and chronobiology through an analysis of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and chronotype among 817 predominantly postmenopausal women with no history of cancer and occupations not associated with night-shift work. Unconditional logistic regression models were run to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for each chronotype category, adjusted for age, ethnicity, and smoking status. Analyses were then stratified by potential modifiers to assess whether results varied among specific subgroups within the sample. Women who reported being current evening types and evening types from teen years to now were significantly less likely to have short LTL compared to women who reported being current morning types or morning types from teen years to now (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.53-0.98; OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.39-0.84). Our results suggest that women with no history of cancer who identify as evening chronotypes may undergo decreased cellular aging compared to women in the same population who identify as morning types. Further studies on populations of postmenopausal women are warranted.

Proportional Trends in Pediatric Opioid Prescribing Between 2005 and 2016 by Age Group, Sex, Ethnicity, Race, Language, and Payer Status from a Large Children's Hospital in the Southwest United States.

Prescription opioid use before adulthood is typically effective for acute pain control and is also associated with adverse short- and long-term consequences. This study examined pediatric opioid prescribing trends over time across different age groups (early childhood, school age, adolescence, young adult) and sociodemographic subgroups (sex, ethnicity, race, language, payer type) from 2005 to 2016. Utilizing 42,020 first outpatient opioid prescriptions for youth aged 0-21 years from a large US children's hospital, this research found notable trends and disparities. Prescription rates increased by 35% from 2005-2007 to 2008-2010, then decreased by 14% from 2008-2010 to 2011-2013, and decreased again by 22% from 2011-2013 to 2014-2016. Chi-squared tests indicated significant changes in prescription rates across all sociodemographic subgroups, though only age group, ethnicity, and payer type (i.e., the party responsible for payment for hospital services) had changes with non-negligible effect sizes (Cramer's V). Specifically, age group showed small to medium effects (V = 0.16), while ethnicity and payer demonstrated small effects (V = 0.10 each). This study highlights variations in opioid prescribing trends, particularly among different age groups, ethnicities, and payer statuses up to 2016. These findings reveal differing trends in pediatric opioid prescribing during the peak of the opioid epidemic, highlighting the importance of considering age and sociodemographic variables for understanding prescribing patterns fully and raising potential concerns about inequities in pain management. Future studies should explore similar trends from 2016 onward.

Variation of subclinical psychosis as a function of population density across different European settings: Findings from the multi-national EU-GEI study.

Urbanicity is a well-established risk factor for psychosis. Our recent multi-national study found an association between urbanicity and clinical psychosis in Northern Europe but not in Southern Europe. In this study, we hypothesized that the effect of current urbanicity on variation of schizotypy would be greater in North-western Europe countries than in Southern Europe ones. We recruited 1080 individuals representative of the populations aged 18-64 of 14 different sites within 5 countries, classified as either North-western Europe (England, France, and The Netherlands) with Southern Europe (Spain and Italy). Our main outcome was schizotypy, assessed through the Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised. Our main exposure was current urbanicity, operationalized as local population density. A priori confounders were age, sex, ethnic minority status, childhood maltreatment, and social capital. Schizotypy variation was assessed using multi-level regression analysis. To test the differential effect of urbanicity between North-western and Southern European, we added an interaction term between population density and region of recruitment. Population density was associated with schizotypy (β = 0.248,95%CI = 0.122-0.375;p < 0.001). The addition of the interaction term improved the model fit (likelihood test ratio:χ2 = 6.85; p = 0.009). The effect of urbanicity on schizotypy was substantially stronger in North-western Europe (β = 0.620,95%CI = 0.362-0.877;p < 0.001) compared with Southern Europe (β = 0.190,95%CI = 0.083-0.297;p = 0.001). The association between urbanicity and both subclinical schizotypy and clinical psychosis, rather than being universal, is context-specific. Considering that urbanization is a rapid and global process, further research is needed to disentangle the specific factors underlying this relationship.

Cross-sectional association between area deprivation and biological ageing: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study

BackgroundWhile area deprivation impacts healthy ageing, the impact across multiple organ systems is not well understood, particularly in younger and middle-aged adults. This study examines the associations between area deprivation and biological ageing across entire adult age span in Great Britain. MethodsWe used data from 13 130 participants (7278 female and 5852 male) aged ≥16 years from UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). Molecular and organ system-level measurements of ageing included PhenoAge and DunedinPACE DNA methylation algorithms, and Biological Health Score (BHS). Individual-level ageing health outcomes were physical and cognitive function (memory and non-memory domains), self-rated health, and health-related quality of life. The exposure was area deprivation, including quintile of Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), Townsend Score, and Carstairs Index. Associations between area deprivation and biological ageing were analysed using regression models with confounder adjustment (ethnicity, age groups, sex, urbanity, and partnership status). Mediating role of molecular and organ system-level measurements of ageing between area deprivation and individual-level ageing health outcomes was assessed using mediation models. FindingsThree area deprivation indicators were independently associated with eight ageing measurements across various age groups. For instance, when using IMD, individuals aged ≥16 years in the most affluent areas had significantly lower BHS in England compared to those in the most deprived areas: males were 0·70 lower (95% CI [–1·15 to –0·25], p<0·001), and females were 1·27 lower (95% CI –1·67 to –0·88], p<0·001). Area deprivation was associated with poorer functioning, among middle (53–65 years) and older age groups (66 years and over). Molecular and organ system-level measurements of ageing partially mediated the pathway from area deprivation to individual-level ageing health outcomes. InterpretationResidents in deprived areas exhibit accelerated biological ageing at molecular, organ system, and individual level. These findings highlight the importance of addressing residential inequalities to mitigate health disparities and optimize age-related policies and interventions. FundingWW is a PhD student at Soc-B project of Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (ESRC ES/T00200X/1, project reference numbers: 2765592). YB is supported by the ESRC (ES/N00812X/1). MK is supported by the University of Essex, ESRC (RES-596-28-0001) and ESRC (ES/S012486/1; ES/T014083/1).

The impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on fertility-sparing management of early-stage cervical cancer

The impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on fertility-sparing management of early-stage cervical cancer

Aging with CF: Characteristics of people with CF aged 40 and older in the United States

We conducted a descriptive analysis of people with CF 40 years of age and older using CF Foundation Patient Registry data from 2022 to provide a current estimate of the population size and characteristics. We summarized demographic details including biological sex, race, ethnicity, insurance and employment status. Clinical data including body mass index, lung function, respiratory infections, hospitalization rates, prevalence of CF-related complications and CF therapy prescriptions were collated. A total of 5,243 individuals aged 40 years or older contributed data to the CFFPR: 2,687 (51 %) people aged 40–49 years; 1,410 (27 %) people aged 50–59 years; and 1,146 (22 %) people aged 60 years or older. The ≥60 year old group have unique characteristics compared to younger individuals, with later diagnosis of CF and greater proportion of females (58 %). These results highlight heterogeneity in the older CF adult population and the need to develop and individualize CF care practices.

How Pedagogy Makes the Difference in U.S. Schools

Abstract Emerging from the modern U.S. civil rights era, scholars have promoted ethnic and multicultural studies as strategies for improving the educational performance of students who have traditionally been marginalized in classrooms nationwide. Among the most marginalized are students who have experienced historic discrimination because of their racial, ethnic, linguistic, and immigrant status. The student population of United States comprises diverse groups. Marginalization and school failure are highest among African American, Latine, Indigenous, and some Asian students. In this essay, I speak to the necessity of more than curricular changes and explore the more than thirty years of research that addresses the demand to employ pedagogical philosophies and strategies that meet the needs of marginalized students. I conclude by describing the impact of COVID-19 on teaching and learning in underserved communities.

Financial Toxicity and Quality-of-Life Outcomes on a Phase 1 5-fraction Stereotactic Partial Breast Irradiation Protocol for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

PurposeWe report the financial toxicity and quality-of-life outcomes of our prospective phase 1 dose-escalation study of 5-fraction stereotactic partial breast irradiation (S-PBI) for early-stage breast cancer. Materials and MethodsWomen with unifocal in situ or invasive epithelial histologies, clinical stages 0, I, or II with tumor size < 3 cm treated with lumpectomy were enrolled in our phase 1 5-fraction S-PBI dose-escalation trial. Our institutionally generated questionnaire on the “Patient Perspective Cost and Convenience of Care” and the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-level questionnaire were administered to patients treated at follow-up. ResultsBetween 2010 and 2015, 68 of the 75 patients who enrolled and completed treatment on trial completed at least some component of either the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-level questionnaire or the “Patient Perspective Cost and Convenience of Care” questionnaire. Nearly all patients reported very high satisfaction with their treatment overall, particularly the shortened length of treatment. Over half of the patients reported some level of financial toxicity (FT) despite a significantly shortened treatment time. Patients who reported any FT were significantly younger than patients with no financial burden of treatment (means 59.2 and 63.7, respectively, P = .03). There was no difference in those who reported any level of FT based on patient race, ethnicity, marital, or employment status. This S-PBI regimen did not significantly affect quality of life over a 4-year follow-up. ConclusionsThese patient-reported outcomes suggest that the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation may offer low FT rates in breast cancer care, particularly for disadvantaged patient groups.

Individual and contextual factors associated with measles infection in Malaysia: a multilevel analysis.

Despite effective vaccination strategies, measles remains a global public health challenge. The study explored individual and contextual factors associated with measles infection in Malaysia from 2018 to 2022, informing the development of targeted public health interventions. This cross-sectional study utilised data from the Ministry of Health, the Department of Statistics, and the Department of Environment Malaysia. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed to examine individual-level factors, including age, sex, ethnicity, nationality, contact history, travel history, and vaccination status. Concurrently, contextual factors were assessed, encompassing district-level determinants such as population density, median household income, urbanisation, the number of health and rural clinics, vaccination rates, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) levels, relative humidity, and temperature, to determine their impact on measles infection risk. Measles infection was significantly associated with various individual factors. These included age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.03), ethnicity, non-Malaysian nationality (aOR, 34.53; 95% CI, 8.42- 141.51), prior contact with a measles case (aOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 2.07-2.69), travel history (aOR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.13-4.70), and vaccination status (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.79). Among contextual factors, urbanisation (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16- 2.10) and the number of clinics (aOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99) were significant determinants. This multilevel logistic regression analysis illuminates the complexities of measles transmission, advocating public health interventions tailored to individual and contextual vulnerabilities. The findings highlight the need for a synergistic approach that combines vaccination campaigns, healthcare accessibility improvements, and socioeconomic interventions to effectively combat measles.

Trends in Location of Death for Individuals With Primary Bone Tumors in the United States.

Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with primary bone cancer, provision of high-quality end-of-life care concordant with patient preferences is critical. This study aimed to evaluate trends in use of dedicated end-of-life care settings and investigate sociodemographic disparities in location of death among individuals with primary bone cancer. A retrospective, population-based review of patients who died of primary bone cancer-related causes was performed using the Underlying Cause of Death public use record from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database for the years 2003 through 2019. A total of 24,557 patients were included. Over the study period, the proportion of primary bone cancer-related deaths occurring at home and in hospice increased, whereas those occurring in hospital, nursing home, and outpatient medical facility/emergency department settings decreased. Several sociodemographic factors were found to be associated with location of death, including age, marital status, and level of education. Moreover, patients of racial and ethnic minority groups were at significantly lower risk of experiencing death at home or in outpatient medical facility/emergency department settings relative to a hospital compared with White patients. Although rates of in-hospital death from primary bone cancer are decreasing, marked racial and ethnic disparities in use of dedicated end-of-life care settings exist. These gaps must be addressed to ensure all patients with primary bone cancer have equitable access to high-quality end-of-life care regardless of racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic status. [Orthopedics. 202x;4x(x):xx-xx.].

Associations of psychotic symptom dimensions with clinical and developmental variables in twin and general clinical samples.

Positive, negative and disorganised psychotic symptom dimensions are associated with clinical and developmental variables, but differing definitions complicate interpretation. Additionally, some variables have had little investigation. To investigate associations of psychotic symptom dimensions with clinical and developmental variables, and familial aggregation of symptom dimensions, in multiple samples employing the same definitions. We investigated associations between lifetime symptom dimensions and clinical and developmental variables in two twin and two general psychosis samples. Dimension symptom scores and most other variables were from the Operational Criteria Checklist. We used logistic regression in generalised linear mixed models for combined sample analysis (n = 875 probands). We also investigated correlations of dimensions within monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs concordant for psychosis (n = 96 pairs). Higher symptom scores on all three dimensions were associated with poor premorbid social adjustment, never marrying/cohabiting and earlier age at onset, and with a chronic course, most strongly for the negative dimension. The positive dimension was also associated with Black and minority ethnicity and lifetime cannabis use; the negative dimension with male gender; and the disorganised dimension with gradual onset, lower premorbid IQ and substantial within twin-pair correlation. In secondary analysis, disorganised symptoms in MZ twin probands were associated with lower premorbid IQ in their co-twins. These results confirm associations that dimensions share in common and strengthen the evidence for distinct associations of co-occurring positive symptoms with ethnic minority status, negative symptoms with male gender and disorganised symptoms with substantial familial influences, which may overlap with influences on premorbid IQ.

Social Determinants of Successful Smoking Cessation: An Eight-Year Analysis of Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Data.

Smoking cessation is a crucial public health goal due to its substantial impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. However, significant disparities in smoking cessation success persist across socioeconomic groups in the United States. This study aimed to examine differences in smoking cessation rates among daily smokers based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, spanning waves 1 to 6 (eight years). Longitudinal data from PATH were analyzed, focusing on baseline daily cigarette smokers followed over an eight-year period to assess cessation outcomes. SES was measured by education and poverty status. Successful smoking cessation was defined as sustained abstinence from cigarettes for 12 months or more at the final wave. Logistic regression models identified predictors of successful cessation, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, nicotine dependence, and access to cessation resources. The analysis revealed significant disparities in cessation success across racial, ethnic, and SES groups. Smokers living in poverty and those with lower educational attainment were less likely to achieve cessation success than their counterparts. Race (Black) and ethnicity (Latino) were also significantly associated with lower cessation success. This study highlights the social determinants of smoking cessation success among U.S. adult smokers, with lower success rates observed among those in poverty and with less educational attainment. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that address the unique barriers to cessation faced by low-SES groups. Public health strategies should prioritize equitable access to cessation resources and culturally tailored interventions to reduce these disparities and improve cessation outcomes among all smokers.

Nutrient intake of young South African adults from the baseline of the African-PREDICT cohort study.

This study aimed to describe and compare the nutrient intake of young adults in the African Prospective Study on the Early Detection and Identification of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension (African-PREDICT) study according to ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Cross-sectional analysis of baseline nutrient intakes in the African-PREDICT study. North West Province, South Africa. Black and white adults (n=1153), aged 20-30 years, were classified into three SES groups. Dietary data were collected using three multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recalls. Among all participants, over 70% failed to meet the Estimated Energy Requirements and the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for 17 of the 19 reported micronutrients. Across SES groups, more than 50% of participants consistently did not meet the EAR for calcium, magnesium, folate, pantothenic acid, and biotin, as well as vitamins A, C, D, and E. Participants' distribution by nutrient pattern tertiles showed high adherence to two patterns: one rich in animal protein and saturated fat, and the other in magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and fiber. This was seen only in white participants and high SES. Black participants and low SES showed higher adherence to a plant protein, B-vitamins, zinc, and iron nutrient pattern. The dietary intake of young adults in this study was restricted, with none of the groups meeting nutrient requirements for essential nutrients. Further research is needed to establish a direct link between nutrient patterns and the early detection and identification of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.