Ethnic Medicine Research Articles

A strategy of Q-markers identification based on effect, property flavour material basis and rapid quantitative evaluation via near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods for the quality control of Flos Trollii (FT)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlos Trollii (FT) is the dried flower of Trollius Chinensis Bunge of Ranunculaceae with the pharmacological properties of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-oxidative. The herb FT is not only a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) but also an extensively utilized ethnic medicine, employed by diverse ethnic groups including Mongolian, Tibetan, and Kazakh. Aim of studyFT was taken as an example to construct a strategy of quality markers (Q-markers) identification based on effect, property flavor material basis, and rapid quantitative evaluation using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometric methods of TCM. Materials and methodsInitially, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of FT from three places of origin was evaluated using the RAW264.7-cell inflammatory model, and the bitter property flavor was characterized using an electronic tongue. The high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprint of FT was generated, and the quality of FT from different origins was evaluated employing chemometrics. Next, potential anti-inflammatory and bitter property flavor compounds were screened utilizing a fingerprinting-effect relationship and fingerprinting-property flavor relationship model using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The Q-markers of the FT were confirmed based on the testability principle. Then, a swift, uncomplicated, and precise Q-marker content of the FT prediction model was developed by adopting NIR. ResultsThe main common fingerprinting peaks affecting FT's efficacy and property flavor were screened. Five of these compounds, 2″-O-beta-L-galactopyranosylorientin, orientin, vitexin, veratric acid, and isoquercitrin, characterized using HPLC and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), could be regarded as Q-markers of FT. Q-marker content of the FT prediction model developed adopting NIR spectroscopy was rapid and effective. ConclusionAccording to the strategy proposed in this study, a quantitative NIR spectroscopic method to identify Q-markers could be a tool to improve the QC efficiency of TCM.

Modulation of liver metabolism and gut microbiota by Alhagi-honey alleviated heat stress-induced liver damage

Alhagi-honey (AH) is a well-established traditional ethnic medicine with advantageous effects against diarrhea and headaches. We aimed to explore the preventive effect of AH on liver damage induced by heat stress (HS) and its underlying mechanism. HS models were established by thermostat, and mice were treated at 39 ℃ for 10 h, lasting for 7 days. Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were used for histological observation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for ultrastructure examination of hepatocytes. Gut microbiota (GM) composition and liver metabolites were respectively analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolome sequencing. AH pretreatment alleviated liver damage caused by heat stress in mice. The main manifestation was that AH alleviated serum aspartate transferase (AST) and aspartate transaminase (ALT). It was found that AH improved symptoms of hepatocyte damage. In addition, the relative abundance of f_Rikenellaceae, g_Incertae_Sedis and s_Staphylococcus_Orisratti, g_Lachnoclostridium, g_GCA-900066575, and s_Alistipes_inops were modified by AH and these bacterial genera showed association with 6 metabolites (2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acetamide, 3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic acid, PC (17:0/17:1), Y-L-Glutamy-L-glutamic acid, L-Isoleucine, 5-Methyluridine, 8,8-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4H,8H-pyrano [2, 3-h] chromen-4-one). The Pearson analysis also showed a strong correlation between these microbes and 2 risk indicators (AST and ALT) of liver damage. AH alleviated HS-induced liver damage by regulating liver metabolism and maintaining normal GM. It demonstrated that AH held potential as a prophylactic drug for the prevention of HS-induced liver damage.

Diterpenoids of Caryopteris trichosphaera W. W. Sm. inhibiting MRSA and VRE in vitro and in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCaryopteris trichosphaera W. W. Sm., a traditional ethnic medicine, was recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica for treating wound infection by pathogenic infection. However, its antibacterial potential and bioactive compositions against drug-resistant bacteria need to be validated. Aim of the studyTo investigate the chemical constituents of C. trichosphaera and explore its anti-MRSA component in vitro and in vivo, together with the antibacterial mechanism. Materials and methodsBioactive constituents investigation was carried out by phytochemical method and antibacterial screening. The antibacterial mechanism was predicted by network pharmacology, which was further validated by time-kill analysis, membrane function tests, multigenerational resistance induction assay and biofilm test, and metabolomics analysis in vitro. In addition, MRSA-induced epidermal infection in mice was selected to evaluate its pharmacological effect in vivo. ResultsSix antibacterial diterpenoids against MRSA and VRE with MIC values 4–32 μg/mL from C. trichosphaera were reported for the first time, in which the major compound cativic acid (1) disrupted MRSA cell membranes by modulating permeability, depolarization, and fluidity while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. It also displayed remarkable anti-biofilm activity without inducing bacterial resistance or cytotoxicity. Moreover, cativic acid affected MRSA biosynthesis of cofactors, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism by metabolomics analysis. Furthermore, cativic acid accelerated wound healing in MRSA-infected mouse skin wounds, even better than vancomycin. ConclusionsThe results supported the traditional use of C. trichosphaera, and presented unreported anti-MRSA agent, cativic acid, as a plant-derived bactericide in vitro and in vivo for the first time.

Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) Water Extracts Reduce Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress in the Caenorhabditis elegans.

Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) (Kidney tea) is a very distinctive ethnic herbal medicine in China. Its leaves are widely used as a healthy tea. Many previous studies have demonstrated its various longevity-promoting effects; however, the safety and specific health-promoting effects of Clerodendranthus spicatus (C. spicatus) as a dietary supplement remain unclear. In order to understand the effect of C. spicatus on the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), we evaluated its role in C. elegans; C. spicatus water extracts (CSw) were analyzed for the major components and the effects on C. elegans were investigated from physiological and biochemical to molecular levels; CSw contain significant phenolic components (primarily rosmarinic acid and eugenolinic acid) and flavonoids (primarily quercetin and isorhamnetin) and can increase the lifespan of C. elegans. Further investigations showed that CSw modulate stress resistance and lipid metabolism through influencing DAF-16/FoxO (DAF-16), Heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), and Nuclear Hormone Receptor-49 (NHR-49) signalling pathways; CSw can improve the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of C. elegans and prolong the lifespan of C. elegans (with the best effect at low concentrations). Therefore, the recommended daily use of C. spicatus should be considered when consuming it as a healthy tea on a daily basis.

Establishment of an HPLC Fingerprint and Cluster Analysis for Miao Ethnic Medicine Osbeckia opipara

: Osbeckia opipara, a traditional Miao medicine, is commonly used by the renowned national-level Chinese Traditional Medicine practitioner Zhengshi Wu for the treatment of diarrhea due to its strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal effects. This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint for O. opipara to provide new evidence and technical means for the scientific evaluation and effective quality control of O. opipara. The procedure involved isolation with a Nano ChromCore C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), using a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, a column temperature of 30°C, an injection volume of 10 μL, and detection at a wavelength of 254 nm. Under these chromatographic conditions, fingerprint analysis was conducted on 11 batches of O. opipara collected from different origins. The National Pharmacopoeia Committee developed the 'Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System' (2004A version) for automated comparison, similarity computation, and analysis of chromatographic data. The results revealed 13 common peaks across the 11 batches of O. opipara samples, with a similarity to the automatically generated reference spectrum exceeding 0.9. SPSS 26.0 software was used to conduct cluster analysis on the peak areas of the 13 common peaks. The observations indicated that the reference spectrum generated from the 11 batches could serve as the standard fingerprint profile for O. opipara, providing sufficient characteristic information extraction.

A Concise Review on Therapeutic Potential, Phytochemistry and Traditional Applications of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)

Background: In traditional medicine, Safed musli is a very popular herb. Natural sex tonics like Chlorophytum borivilianum (C. borivilianum) are effective in alleviating sexual disorders. Local healers in indigenous communities of India mostly use it for ethnic medicine. The circulation of blood is one of the functions it improves to enhance strength and energy. Since ancient times, the tuber roots of the plant Safed musli have been used to treat weakness and male impotency. Objective: The aim of this work is to bridge the scientific evidence with the pharmacological, phytochemical, and folkloric claims reported in different sources belonging to C. borivilianum. Methods: To build the manuscript, a detailed literature review was carried out by thoroughly analyzing globally accepted scientific research databases. Results: Safed musli is widely recognized for its efficacy in addressing male impotence. The abundant presence of phytoconstituents, particularly saponins, contributes to the nutritional and multifaceted therapeutic significance of C. borivilianum. Conclusion: The current review enlightens the pharmacotherapeutic potential of C. borivilianum, comprising its origin and distribution, botany, proximate composition, method of enhancing seed germination, pathology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses. The scope for future research is provided by the present review, which also furnishes a gateway for filling the existing gap in its various aspects of investigation.

Cultural Significance and Pharmacological Insights of Yunnan Ethnic Herbal Medicine: An Anthropological Perspective

Yunnan's ethnic herbal medicines possess potent pharmacological effects, offering promising treatments for various ailments while embodying rich cultural heritage. This paper explores the intricate nexus between Yunnan's ethnic medicinal materials, cultural traditions, and human ecology. Through theoretical analysis and comprehensive literature review, it elucidates the transmission and dissemination of herbal knowledge among diverse ethnic groups, highlighting the preferences for specific herbal medicines rooted in climatic, geographical, and cultural influences. The study delves into the profound cultural meanings embedded within herbal medicine practices, revealing their role as symbols of cultural identity, emotional ties, and historical inheritance among ethnic communities. Additionally, an anthropological perspective unveils the complex interplay between culture, ecology, and herbal medicine practices, shedding light on environmental challenges and emphasizing the importance of sustainable living practices rooted in cultural values. While providing valuable insights, this study acknowledges the limitations of relying solely on theoretical analysis and literature review, advocating for interdisciplinary approaches integrating ethnographic fieldwork and biomedical research for a comprehensive understanding of herbal medicine use in Yunnan.

Gasdermin D could be lost in the brain parenchyma infarct core and a pyroptosis-autophagy inhibition effect of Jie-Du-Huo-Xue decoction after stroke.

The Chinese ethnic medicine Jie-Du-Huo-Xue Decoction (JDHXD) is used to alleviate neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia (CI). Our previous studies have confirmed that JDHXD can inhibit microglial pyroptosis in CI. However, the pharmacological mechanism of JDHXD in alleviating neuroinflammation and pyroptosis needs to be further elucidated. New research points out that there is an interaction between autophagy and inflammasome NLRP3, and autophagy can help clear NLRP3. The NLRP3 is a key initiator of pyroptosis and autophagy. The effect of JDHXD promoting autophagy to clear NLRP3 to inhibit pyroptosis on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion inflammatory injury is currently unknown. We speculate that JDHXD can inhibit pyroptosis in CI by promoting autophagy to clear NLRP3. Chemical characterization of JDHXD was performed using LC-MS. Model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was established in SD rats. Neurological deficits, neuron damage, and cerebral infarct volume were evaluated. Western Blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect neuronal pyroptosis and autophagy. 30 possible substance metabolites in JDHXD medicated serum were analyzed by LC-MS (Composite Score > 0.98). Furthermore, JDHXD protects rat neurological function and cerebral infarct size after CI. JDHXD inhibited the expression of pyroptosis and autophagy after CI. Our western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that JDHXD treatment can reduce the expression of autophagy-related factors ULK1, beclin1, and LC3-Ⅱ. The expression of NLRP3 protein was lower in the JDHXD group than in the I/R group. Compared with the I/R group, the expressions of pyroptosis-related factors caspase-1 P 10, GSDMD-NT, IL-18, and IL-1β decreased in the JDHXD group. Furthermore, we observed an unexpected result: immunofluorescence demonstrated that Gasdermin D (GSDMD) was significantly absent in the infarct core, and highly expressed in the peri-infarct and contralateral cerebral hemispheres. This finding challenges the prevailing view that GSDMD is elevated in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere. JDHXD inhibited pyroptosis and autophagy after MCAO/R. JDHXD suppressed pyroptosis and autophagy by inhibiting NLRP3, thereby alleviating CI. In addition, we present a different observation from previous studies that the expression of GSDMD in the infarct core was lower than that in the peri-infarct and contralateral non-ischemic hemispheres on day 3 of CI.

Clinical efficacy and safety of the self-developed Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture combined with conventional treatment in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global public health issue. Modern medical treatments have both benefits and limitations, prompting increasing attention from scholars worldwide on traditional ethnic medicine, and the Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture is a newly developed formula derived from the effective components of classical Tibetan medicine to treat chronic respiratory diseases. This study aims to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture combined with conventional treatment in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Sixty AECOPD patients admitted to the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from May 2021 to May 2023 were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups, with 30 patients in each group. The control group received conventional treatment, including bronchodilators, anti-infection agents, expectorants, and oxygen therapy. The experimental group received the Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture in addition to conventional treatment. The treatment duration was 7 d for both groups. Baseline data such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification, COPD course, and the number of COPD exacerbations in the past year were collected. The primary efficacy indicators were assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale and the modified Borg scale. Secondary indicators included arterial lactic acid (LAC) and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Safety indicators included liver and kidney function [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), serum creatinine (SCr), serum uric acid (SUA)], coagulation function [activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-dimer]. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture. Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in general baseline data, grading of mMRC dyspnea scale, score of modified Borg scale, arterial LAC, ALT, AST, SCr, SUA, APTT, FIB, and D-dimer between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). However, serum TNF-α and PT levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (both P<0.05). GLMM analysis showed that after adjusting for pre- and post-treatment, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, GOLD classification, COPD course, and the number of COPD exacerbations in the past year, the experimental group demonstrated significantly lower grading of mMRC dyspnea scale (coefficient=-0.329, P=0.036), score of modified Borg scale (coefficient=-1.077, P=0.001), serum TNF-α level (coefficient=-14.378, P<0.001), and arterial LAC level (coefficient=-0.409, P=0.012) compared to the control group. The Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture had no significant effect on liver, kidney, or coagulation function indicators (all P>0.05). The Zangsiwei Qingfei Mixture combined with conventional treatment can improve clinical symptoms and promote homeostasis in AECOPD patients, demonstrating safety and reliability. Combining modern medicine with traditional ethnic medicine offers a feasible approach to treating chronic respiratory diseases in the future.

Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Mongolian Medical Warm Acupuncture in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Objective: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of LDH with Mongolian medical warm acupuncture were manually searched in the Chinese Journal of Ethnic Medicine, Chinese Journal of Mongolian Medicine, Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, and Journal of Inner Mongolia Medical University. The search time limit was from January 2000 to October 2023. RevMan5.4 software was used to analyze the included and excluded literature. Results: A total of 8 RCTs involving 1,042 patients with LDH were included, with 551 patients in the observation group and 491 patients in the control group. The results of the meta-analysis showed that a total of 8 randomized controlled trials were included in the treatment of LDH with Mongolian medical warm acupuncture compared with simple acupuncture (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = [1.12, 1.23], P &lt; 0.00001). Conclusion: The total effective rate of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture for LDH is higher than that of simple acupuncture. However, due to the low quality of the literature included in this study, multi-dimensional, large sample size, and more rigorous clinical randomized trials are needed for further verification in the future.

The role of TrkB signaling-mediated synaptic plasticity in the antidepressant properties of catalpol, the main active compound of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (RGL) is a famous ethnic medicine contained in antidepressant Chinese medicine formulas and is traditionally clinically used for depression. We have recently confirmed that RGL enhanced synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Chinese medical syndrome and that catalpol may be the representatively pharmacological component responsible for its improvement in synaptic plasticity and treatment of depression. Impaired synaptic plasticity is closely linked to major depression. Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling has recently been discovered as a key pathway for synaptic plasticity improvement and antidepressant discovery. However, to date, it is unknown whether the target of catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity involves TrkB and whether its antidepressant mechanism involves synaptic plasticity mediated by TrkB signaling. Aim of studyThis study aims to elucidate the potential antidepressant target and mechanisms of catalpol, the main active compound of RGL, through TrkB signaling-mediated synaptic plasticity. Materials and methodsWe have recently predicted through molecular networking strategy (including network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation) that catalpol may exert its antidepressant effects by regulating TrkB signaling and thus modulating essential synaptic plasticity proteins. Then, this study used classic behavioral tests, targeted diagnostic reagents, Nissl and Golgi staining, immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Real-time PCR to confirm the potential target and signaling of catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity for the treatment of depression. ResultsThe data showed that catalpol could improve synaptic plasticity and depressive behaviors, and its action pathway was predicted to involve TrkB signaling. Subsequently, the blockade of TrkB abolished the improvement of synaptic plasticity by catalpol and its antidepressant properties, which validated that TrkB signaling was the key pathway for catalpol to improve synaptic plasticity and exert antidepressant properties. Inhibition of COX-2 was likely to be a necessary facilitator for the antidepressant efficacy of catalpol via the TrkB target and TrkB-mediated synaptic plasticity. ConclusionTrkB signaling-mediated synaptic plasticity plays a key role in the antidepressant properties of catalpol. This study provides critical information for the development of new and targeted antidepressant therapies or treatment strategies by catalpol. However, considering the existence of sex differences in depression (female depression is 2–3 times than that of males) and not exploring the antidepressant sex specificity of catalpol is a limitation, we will investigate the sex specificity of the antidepressant effects and molecular mechanisms of catalpol on sex-specific animals in the future to provide a preclinical basis for more accurate and targeted medication of catalpol.

MMPs/pH synergically responsive XTS-Prussian blue nanoparticles inhibiting proliferation and migration of RAFLS assisted with laser irradiation

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a condition in which the joints are in a weakly acidic environment. In RA, RA fibroblastlike synoviocytes( RAFLS) in the joints become abnormally activated and secrete a large amount of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), and the receptor protein CD44 on the cell membrane is specifically upregulated. Xuetongsu(XTS), an active ingredient in the Tujia ethnomedicine Xuetong, is known to inhibit the proliferation of RAFLS. However, its development and utilization have been limited due to poor targeting ability. A biomimetic XTS-Prussian blue nanoparticles(PB NPs) drug delivery system called THMPX NPs which can target CD44 was constructed in this study. The surface of THMPX NPs was modified with hyaluronic acid(HA) and a long chain of triglycerol monostearate(TGMS) and 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid(PBA)(PBA-TGMS). The overexpressed MMPs and H+ in inflammatory RAFLS can synergistically cleave the PBA-TGMS on the surface of the nanoparticles, exposing HA to interact with CD44. This allows THMPX NPs to accumulate highly in RAFLS, and upon near-infrared light irradiation, generate heat and release XTS, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and migration of RAFLS. Characterization revealed that THMPX NPs were uniform cubes with a diameter of(190. 3±4. 7) nm and an average potential of(-15. 3± 2. 3) m V. Upon near-infrared light irradiation for 5 min, the temperature of THMPX NPs reached 41. 5 ℃, indicating MMPs and H+-triggered drug release. Safety assessments showed that THMPX NPs had a hemolysis rate of less than 4% and exhibited no cytotoxicity against normal RAW264. 7 and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes(HFLS). In vitro uptake experiments demonstrated the significant targeting ability of THMPX NPs to RAFLS. Free radical scavenging experiments revealed excellent free radical clearance capacity of THMPX NPs, capable of removing reactive oxygen species in RAFLS. Cell counting kit-8 and scratch assays demonstrated that THMPX NPs significantly suppressed the viability and migratory ability of RAFLS. This study provides insights into the development of innovative nanoscale targeted drugs from traditional ethnic medicines for RA treatment.

DIREN mitigates DSS-induced colitis in mice and attenuates collagen deposition via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin and focal adhesion pathways

BackgroundDIREN is a SHE ethnic medicine with stasis-resolving, hemostasis, clearing heat, and removing toxin effects. It is clinically used in the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, such as ulcerative colitis (UC). Aim of the studyFibrosis is one of the pathological changes in the progression of UC, which can make it challenging to respond to a treatment. We aimed to illuminate the role of DIREN in DSS-induced UC and tried to unveil its related mechanisms from two perspectives: intestinal inflammation and collagen deposition. Materials and methodsA 2.5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) water solution was used to induce colitis in mice. The therapeutic effect of DIREN was assessed using the disease activity index, histopathological score, and colon length. Masson and Sirius Red staining was used to observe the fibrosis in the colon. Apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells was observed by TUNEL immunofluorescence staining. RNA-seq observed differential genes and enrichment pathways. Immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of molecules related to fibrosis and focal adhesion signaling in colon tissue. ResultsThe administration of DIREN resulted in a reduction of disease activity index (DAI) in mice with UC while simultaneously promoting an increase in colon length. DIREN mitigated the loss of goblet cells in the colon of UC mice and maintained the integrity of the intestinal mucosa barrier. Masson staining revealed a reduction in colonic fibrosis with DIREN treatment, while Sirius red staining demonstrated a decrease in collagen Ⅰ deposition. DIREN reduced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells and the expression of genes, such as CDH2, ITGA1, and TGF-β2. Additionally, the results of GSEA analysis of colon tissue transcriptome showed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in the focal adhesion pathway. DIREN was found to downregulate the protein expression of BAX, N-cadherin, β-catenin, Integrin A1, and Vinculin while upregulating the protein expression of BCL2. Additionally, it led to the co-expression of N-cadherin and α-SMA. ConclusionDIREN exerts a protective effect against DSS-induced UC by ameliorating colonic fibrosis via regulation of focal adhesion and the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting fibroblast migration and reducing collagen secretion.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic relationship analysis of Eomecon chionantha, one species unique to China.

Eomecon chionantha Hance, an endemic species in China, has a long medical history in Chinese ethnic minority medicine and is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, studies of E. chionantha are lacking. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the E. chionantha chloroplast genome and determined the taxonomic position of E. chionantha in Papaveraceae via phylogenetic analysis. In addition, we determined molecular markers to identify E. chionantha at the molecular level by comparing the chloroplast genomes of E. chionantha and its closely related species. The complete chloroplast genomic information indicated that E. chionantha chloroplast DNA (178,808bp) contains 99 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs. Meanwhile, we were able to identify a total of 54 simple sequence repeats through our analysis. Our findings from the phylogenetic analysis suggest that E. chionantha shares a close relationship with four distinct species, namely Macleaya microcarpa, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, Hylomecon japonica, and Chelidonium majus. Additionally, using the Kimura two-parameter model, we successfully identified five hypervariable regions (ycf4-cemA, ycf3-trnS-GGA, trnC-GCA-petN, rpl32-trnL-UAG, and psbI-trnS-UGA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete chloroplast genome of E. chionantha, providing a scientific reference for further understanding of E. chionantha from the perspective of the chloroplast genome and establishing a solid foundation for the future identification, taxonomic determination and evolutionary analysis of this species.

Essential oils with anti-breast cancer activities from Aralia chinensis L. (roots, stems, and leaves) via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses and molecular docking

Aralia chinensis L. is a traditional Miao ethnic medicine known for its pain and inflammation relief and its ability to dispel wind and dampness. This study aimed to assess its antitumour activity and identify the chemical constituents of A. chinensis essential oils. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile oil composition, which identified 35, 35, and 24 constituents in essential oils from roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. Network pharmacology predicted the possible key targets of common components in breast-cancer treatment, which revealed AKT1, SRC, EGFR, STAT3, and MAPK3 as high-priority targets with high active-constituent affinity. CCK-8 assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of the essential oils on MCF-7 breast-cancer cells, with oils from Aralia rhizomes, stems, and leaves inhibiting cell viability by 77%, 64%, and 62%, respectively. The active components of Aralia essential oils show promise for breast-cancer treatment by targeting AKT1, SRC, EGFR, and other key factors.

The genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculus) in Asia: a review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Ranunculus L. genus contains 413 species, and it is the biggest genus in the family Ranunculaceae Juss. This review is to provide botanical characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmaceutical preparations of the genus Ranunculus. The genus Ranunculus contains flavonoids, organic acids, coumarins, lactones, glycosides, sterols, polysaccharides, and trace elements. These chemical constituents complement the pharmacological actions and work together to exert anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitubercular, antibacterial, antimalarial, etc. Those traditional Chinese medicine characteristics, like clearing away heat and detoxification, make this genus significant in ethnic medicine. The progress in research and the development of various pharmaceutical preparations made it appear in epidemiological and clinical studies. The genus Ranunculus has attracted the attention of experts and scholars in many fields due to its unique advantages. However, there are many species that are not scientifically investigated. The toxicity issues are also a huge concern. Fortunately, the toxicity can be overcome via special processes like drying or heating and by choosing a safe extraction solvent, such as water thus ensuring the safety of medication. Pharmaceutical preparations containing the plants from Ranunculus have gratifying clinical value, but they are not promoted sufficiently. Therefore, further research should be carried out to promote the genus for its health benefits to humans.

Ethnobotanical importance of families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae (Angiosperms) among Rajasthan tribes, India

The families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae are well-known among Angiosperms for providing ethnic or traditional food and medicine. The Apocynaceae family is highly valued for its medicinal properties, providing a rich source of drugs used in conventional and modern medicine. This family is a powerhouse of medicinal activity with 4600 species under 415 genera. Similarly, the Asteraceae family is renowned for its edible and medicinal weeds grown for over 3000 years, making it a well-known source of natural remedies. The family mainly contains taxa with inulin, a natural polysaccharide with pro-biotic properties. However, it has been recognized that many other bioactive compounds can be found within this family. With approximately 665 genera and 17500 species worldwide and over 1100 species and 100 genera in India alone, the Fabaceae family significantly contributes to the world's flora. The genera of this family are well known for producing a diverse range of phytochemicals, including 3-nitropropanoic acid, a potent mycotoxin. It is worth noting that almost every tribe in India, particularly Rajasthan, is aware of the therapeutic properties of various plants from these families. The arid state of India boasts rich territories that host an array of plant families. By delving into the scientific literature on the phytochemical properties and ethnobotanical uses of various plant families, valuable insights can be gained that could enable us to better understand and utilize these plants. This knowledge could lead to discoveries and innovations in plant-based medicine and agriculture.

Antibacterial Activity of Plants in Cirsium: A Comprehensive Review.

As ethnic medicine, the whole grass of plants in Cirsium was used as antimicrobial. This review focuses on the antimicrobial activity of plants in Cirsium, including antimicrobial components, against different types of microbes and bacteriostatic mechanism. The results showed that the main antimicrobial activity components in Cirsium plants were flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenolic acids, and the antimicrobial ability varied according to the species and the content of chemicals. Among them, phenolic acids showed a strong antibacterial ability against Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecium. The antibacterial mechanisms include: (1) damaging the cell membrane, cell walls, mitochondria and nucleus of bacteria; (2) inhibiting the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids; (3) suppressing the synthesis of enzymes for tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways and glycolysis, and then killing the bacteria via inhibition of energy production. Totally, most research results on antimicrobial activity of Cirsium plants are reported based on in vitro assays. The evidence from clinical data and comprehensive evaluation are needed.

Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation through regulation of the Cell Cycle, AGE-RAGE, and Leptin signaling pathways by a compound formulation comprised of andrographolide, wogonin, and oroxylin A derived from Andrographis Paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn 2020, liver cancer contributed to approximately 0.9 million new cases and 0.83 million deaths, making it the third leading cause of mortality worldwide. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees(APN), a traditional Chinese or ethnic medicine extensively utilized in Asia, has been historically employed for treating hepatitis and liver cancer. However, the precise molecular mechanism responsible for its therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. Aim of the studyTo identify and replace the active components of APN on liver cancer, which is investigate the potential of a Multi-Component Chinese Medicine derived from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees(APN-MCCN) for the treatment of liver cancer. Materials and methodsFirstly, the TCMSP database and two liver cancer disease databases were utilized to optimize the chemical constituents of APN and the disease-related targets of liver cancer. The network was constructed using Cytoscape to visualize the relationships between them. Subsequently, the optimal combination of components in APN-MCCN for the treatment of liver cancer was determined using the contribution index method. HPLC analysis was performed to measure the content of each component. Pathway enrichment and gene annotation were conducted using the ClueGo plugin. In vivo efficacy was evaluated by transplanting S180 and H22 tumor-bearing mouse models. In vitro efficacy was determined through MTT assay, morphological observations, flow cytometry analysis, and scratch tests. Western blotting was used to validate the protein expression. The transfection techniques were employed to knockdown the expressions of key protein in different pathway. ResultsWe obtained 24 effective compounds, with andrographolide contributing 20.78%, wogonin contributing 41.85%, and oroxylin A contributing 30.26% to the overall composition. Based on the predicted enrichment degree and correlation with liver cancer, we identified a total of 27 pathways, among which the Leptin signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, and Cell Cycle signaling pathway were selected for further investigation. The content of andrographolide, oroxylin A, and wogonin in APN was found to be 0.104%, 0.0024%, and 0.0052%, respectively. In vivo experiments demonstrated that APN-MCCM significantly reduced tumor weight in S180 tumor-bearing mice and prolonged the survival time of H22 liver cancer-bearing mice. APN-MCCM exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of liver cancer cells while arresting them in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, APN-MCCM down-regulated the protein expression of NCOA1, PTPN1, and GSK3B in the Leptin signaling pathway, NOS2 and NOS3 in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, CCNA2, CDK1, CDK2, and CDK7 in the Cell Cycle signaling pathway. Additionally, it upregulated the protein phosphorylation of p-P38 and p-JUN in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Knockout experiments revealed that the inhibitory effect of APN-MCCM on liver cancer cell migration was prevented when the MAPK or NCOA1 genes were knocked out. Similarly, knocking out the CDK7 gene blocked the G2/M phase arrest induced by APN-MCCM in liver cancer cells. ConclusionsAPN-MCCM, consisting of andrographolide, wogonin, and oroxylin A, exhibits inhibitory effects on the cell proliferation of liver cancer cells by targeting the cell cycle pathway. Additionally, it suppresses the migration of liver cancer cells through the AGE-RAGE and Leptin signaling pathways.

Discovery of Potential Anti-Microbial Molecules and Spectrum Correlation Effect of Ardisia crenata Sims via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Molecular Docking.

Ardisia crenata Sims, an important ethnic medicine, is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for treating laryngeal diseases and upper respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of extracts and potential antimicrobial compounds of A. crenata Sims. It was found that the roots of A. crenata Sims have a potential inhibitory effect on Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus, with MICs of 1.56 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL, and the leaves of A. crenata Sims have a potential inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with MICs of 3.12 mg/mL and 6.77 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, five compounds including one catechin and four bergenins were obtained from roots. These components were identified on the fingerprint spectrum, representing chromatographic peaks 16, 21, 22, 23, and 25, respectively. Among these, 11-β-d-glucopyranosyl-bergenin and (-)-gallocatechin showed potential inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC of 0.26 and 0.33 mg/mL, respectively. The roots, stems, and leaves of A. crenata Sims are very similar in chemical composition, with large differences in content. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that 16 batches of A. crenata Sims could be divided into four main production areas: Guizhou, Jiangsu, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that 11-β-d-glucopyranosyl-bergenin had a better affinity for Casein lytic proteinase P (ClpP), and (-)-gallocatechin possessed a strong affinity for LasA hydrolysis protease and LasB elastase. These findings suggest catechin and bergenins from A. crenata Sims can be used as antimicrobial activity molecules.