Ethnic History Research Articles

One of the Founders of Russian Ungaristics. On the Centenary of V.P. Shusharin

The article traces the creative path of the prominent Soviet/Russian medievalist, specialist in the history of medieval Hungary and Russian-Hungarian relations, as well as in the history of the Transylvanian principality in the early modern period V.P. Shusharin (1924–1999). The shortage of specialists in this field of knowledge contributed to the fact that V.P. Shusharin had to devote a lot of time to writing chapters in collective monographs, which touched upon the problems of the history of Hungary and Transylvania in the 9th – 17th centuries. The main work of his life was the creation of a three-volume ethnic history of the Hungarian people at that time. Research results by V.P. Shusharin were recognized not only by domestic, but also by Hungarian colleagues in medieval studies.

Этногенез чувашей в трудах Н.И. Воробьева: особенности трактовки

The article examines the contribution of Professor N.I. Vorobyev to the scientific study of complex aspects of the ethnogenesis of the Chuvash people. The scientist is rightfully considered one of the prominent researchers of the problem of the origin of the Chuvash. Being one of the leaders and authors of the first volume of the collective monograph “The Chuvash. Ethnographic research. Part One” (1956), N.I. Vorobyev outlined in it his so-called "autochthonous theory" of the ethnogenesis of the Chuvash, as a people based on Finno-Ugric, but with the Turkic Bulgarian language. The article highlights the scientist's not always unambiguous views on the origin of the Chuvash, as set out by him in publications of 1930, 1950, 1953. It is noted that while many scientists at the beginning of scientific research adhered to the concept of the Finno-Ugric origin of the Chuvash, and subsequently took the position of N.I. Ashmarin, N.I. Vorobyev initially rather inclined to the Bulgarian theory, and only later became an autochthoniste. It is pointed out that one of the weak points in the scientist's interpretation of the issues of ethnogenesis was the ignoring of the factor of their Bulgarian-type language. For N.I. Vorobyev, the main basis for judgments about the origin of the Chuvash was the material and partly spiritual culture, which had a lot in common with the Mari. The article also points to the fact that the scientist did not pay attention to the factor of pagan religion in the ethnic history of the Chuvash. At the same time, it should be noted that in search of the origins of the Chuvash people, he quite widely attracted materials from famous archaeological sites of the Chuvash region. Special attention is paid in the article to the coverage of critical assessments of N.I. Vorobyev’s views by Chuvash historians V.F. Kakhovsky and V.D. Dimitriev.

Effect of Adopting a Gluten-Free Diet on Exposure to Arsenic and Other Heavy Metals in Children With Celiac Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the primary treatment of celiac disease (CeD), a gluten-driven enteropathy. Concerns have been raised about increased exposure to arsenic from a GFD because rice, which naturally bioaccumulates arsenic, is commonly used as a substitute for gluten-containing grains such as wheat. We hypothesize that arsenic exposure increases in newly diagnosed children with CeD after they adopt a GFD. This is a single-center prospective longitudinal cohort study of children (age 2-18 years) with elevated celiac serology who underwent a diagnostic endoscopy before initiation of a GFD between January and May 2022. The primary outcome was change in urinary arsenic concentration between endoscopy and after 6 months on a GFD. Of the 67 recruited participants, 50 had a biopsy diagnostic of CeD and were invited to continue the study. Thirty-five participants completed sample collection. Participants were from a middle-class, well-educated population that was predominantly White with presenting symptoms of abdominal pain (51%) and diarrhea (29%). After 6 months on a GFD, there was a significant increase in the median urinary arsenic concentration (3.3 µg/L vs 13.6 µg/L, P = 0.000004). In regression models, family history of CeD and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with having a higher urinary arsenic concentration after 6 months on a GFD. Children with newly diagnosed CeD have increased arsenic exposure shortly after transitioning to a GFD. While the arsenic levels were well below acutely toxic concentrations, the clinical impact of chronic exposure to mildly elevated arsenic levels is unknown.

Рецензия на книгу: Кузембайулы А., Абиль Е., Алибек Т. Сибирский улус и казахи: проблемы этнической преемственности и исторической памяти

Results and scientific novelty. The reviewed book consists of four chapters. The first one is devoted to the history of research of the Shaybanids and the Taibugid statehoods in the south of Western Siberia, as well as to the theoretical and methodological approaches to the issues of ethnic history reconstruction in the Russian and Kazakh historical fields. The second chapter deals with “Historical memory as the source of the history of the Siberian ulus”. It presents memory artefacts of the so-called Siberian ulus in the Kazakh epos poetry and in historical legends on “The materials on Kyrgyz land use”. The sources presented here are virtually unknown to Russian researchers and they open new opportunities for the study of some issues of the late medieval Siberian statehood history. The third chapter raises issues of the prehistory of the Siberian ulus, with special attention given to the ulus of Taibugi, the study of whose descendants has recently taken the lead in Kazakh medieval studies. The fourth chapter is devoted to the history of the Siberian ulus, divided into separate stages (13th–14th centuries, the period of the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Siberian Khanate). The reviewed monograph is an important stage in the formation of modern Kazakh historiography on the issues of further study of the late medieval history of Western Siberia. It reveals some new sources, unknown or little known in earlier Russian historical science; there are interesting and original ideas on ethnic relations of the Siberian and Kazakh population and the origin of the Siberian princely dynasty of the Taibugids, which need further reflection. However, ignoring many achievements of the latest Russian historiography and its selective quoting, refusal to build an accurate chronology, skipping entire decades in the generalising conclusions, and the choice of the term “Siberian ulus”, which has not revealed its full potential, raise the question as to what extent the authors were really able to create a quality study on the role of the Shibanid statehood in the history of the formation of the Kazakh people.

Житие святого Трифона Вятского как исторический источник сведений о Перми Великой XVI-XVII веков

The article deals with the works of researchers, whose sphere of interest is the biography of the Russian saint, the Monk Tryphon of Vyatka – a monk of the Pyskor Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, a hermit, the founder of the Dormition Monastery on the Chusovaya River and three monasteries on the Vyatka River. Special attention is paid to the analysis and interpretation of the peculiarities of ethnic history and migration processes that took place in the territory of the Kama region in the 1617th centuries with hagiographic works about Trifon of Vyatka, among which the leading place is occupied by the hagiography of the saint, written by an unknown monk of the Vyatka Trifon Monastery. Based on the saint's hagiography and other written sources, the authors describe his enlightenment activities in the Perm fiefdoms of the Stroganov salt producers, and trace Tryphon's desire to fulfil the ideal of a Godpleasing existence through his enlightenment pilgrimage in the Perm lands. The obtained results of the study of the texts of the hagiography of Tryphon of Vyatka may be of interest in the study, analysis and comparison of various historical stages of the formation of Perm the Great within the Russian state.

Historical Examination and Contemporary Conservation Challenges of the Architectural Decorations of Traditional Folk Houses of the Mulao People in the Hechi Region of China

In the southern regions of China, the Mulao ethnic group is regarded as one of the most ancient ethnic communities. This group possesses a long-standing history and a rich cultural heritage, making it a crucial component in the study of regional ethnic histories. It holds a significant place in the historical evolution of China's ethnic diversity. The traditional residential architecture of the Mulao people, along with its decorative elements, forms a vital part of the cultural heritage of the Mulao community. These structures serve not merely as places of residence but also as venues for cultural transmission and practice, reflecting the profound historical and cultural depth of the Mulao people. As carriers of history, these buildings document the culture, art, and spiritual qualities of the ethnic group, playing an indispensable role in the preservation and development of Mulao culture. This paper conducts an in-depth study of the historical evolution of traditional Mulao residential architectural decoration, aiming to explore its traditional features and modern innovations while, the dissertation examines the various challenges currently faced by conservation efforts. The study extensively compares the traditional features and modern innovations of Mulao residential architectural decoration, showcasing unique styles in form, color, and patterns. Through case analysis, successful preservation practices are identified, providing valuable experiences.This provides invaluable experience and profound insights for future cultural preservation efforts.This research contributes to a better understanding and respect for Mulao cultural heritage, offering substantial support for the continued preservation and evolution of Mulao traditional architectural decoration.

Ethnohistory and <i>etnicheskaia istoriia</i>: outer similarities and inner differences

Soviet ethnic history (etnicheskaia istoriia) and North American ethnohistory share not only similar names but also similar methods, such as the collection of interdisciplinary sources and the synthesis of collected information by ethnographers/anthropologists. However, on the inside, differences substantially exceed similarities. Thus, the foundation of the Soviet research genre is a primordial understanding of ethnicity where the focus is the past of either indigenous groups or industrialized peoples, whereas the North American genre is principally concerned with the continuity of group identities. In these genres, disciplinary development crises were also handled differently: ethnohistorians, while occupying a rather marginal position within anthropology, nevertheless quite radically expanded the geographical and subject areas of their research, whereas in the works of ethnohistorians, on the contrary, the discussion of theoretical issues nearly ceased. This situation is due to the different modes of functioning of science and research scholarship in the respective societies, as well as different degrees of involvement in interactions with various levels of the governmental structure.

Sex-based differences in severity of chronic rhinosinusitis as reported by SNOT-22 scores

ObjectivesChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a widely prevalent condition, however its degree of severity according to sex requires further study. The literature shows that sex-based differences exist in the severity of asthma and allergic airway disease in the population. These findings point to a potential hormonal cause for this difference, but there is no study suggesting the role of sex in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The purpose of this study was to examine the association of sex and CRSwNP severity in the United States. MethodsThis study was conducted on data gathered from 181 participants in the NAVIGATE I and NAVIGATE II randomized control trials within the OPTINOSE database. Participants were analyzed based on sex controlling for airway-related comorbidities, including history of asthma, race, and ethnicity. SNOT-22 scores were assessed as a quality-of-life outcome measure for CRS. The association between sex and SNOT-22 scores was determined using multiple linear regression. ResultsThere were 81 female and 100 male participants. SNOT-22 scores were significantly higher in females. The average reported SNOT-22 score was 53.8 ± 16.5 in females and 46.8 ± 18.8 in males. On adjusted regression, the association of sex and SNOT-22 scores approached but didn't reach significance (β: −4.97; 95 % CI: −10.68–0.73; p = 0.09). ConclusionsOn average, females had more severe manifestations of CRSwNP in comparison to males, with the adjusted association approaching statistical significance. Further studies, potentially looking at hormones as a cause of pathogenesis, are needed to better elucidate the role of sex in CRSwNP.

Evidence that systemic vascular resistance is increased before the development of gestational diabetes mellitus

The ophthalmic artery, which is the first branch of the internal carotid artery, has a Doppler velocity waveform with two systolic peaks. The ratio of the peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the second wave divided by that of the first wave, reflects increased peripheral resistance. Previous studies in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy have reported that in pregnancies that subsequently develop preeclampsia (PE) the PSV ratio is increased. Both PE and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with endothelial dysfunction and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases during the first decade following pregnancy. To compare the ophthalmic artery PSV ratio at 11-13 weeks' gestation in women who subsequently develop GDM to unaffected pregnancies and those who develop PE. This was a prospective observational study in women attending for a routine hospital visit at 11+0 - 13+6 weeks' gestation at King's College Hospital, London, UK. This visit included recording of maternal demographic characteristics and medical history, ultrasound examination for fetal anatomy and growth, assessment of flow velocity waveforms from the maternal ophthalmic arteries and calculation of the PSV ratio, and measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Linear regression was performed for the prediction of ophthalmic artery PSV ratio, from maternal characteristics and MAP. The PSV ratio in the group with GDM was compared to that of PE and unaffected pregnancies. 3999 women were included in the study, including 375 (9.8%) who developed GDM and 101 (2.5%) who developed PE. In the GDM group, 161 (43.3%) were treated by diet alone, 130 (34,1%) were treated with metformin and 84 (22.6%) received insulin ± metformin. Significant prediction of PSV ratio was provided by development of PE, maternal age, body mass index, MAP, first degree family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of PE, Asian ethnicity, and smoking. There was no significant contribution from GDM. In women who developed GDM requiring insulin treatment, ophthalmic artery PSV ratio (0.67 ± 0.09) was higher (p <0.001) than in unaffected pregnancies (0.63 ± 0.10), but it was not significantly different from that in the PE group (0.69 ± 0.10; p=0.90). In women who develop severe GDM, requiring insulin treatment, there is evidence of increased peripheral resistance which is apparent from the first-trimester of pregnancy.

Visual presentation of the ethnic image of the Chuvash in cyberspace (using the example of social networks «VKontakte» and «Odnoklassniki»)

The article examines representational practices and mechanisms for the formation of visual images of Chuvash ethnicity in cyberspace. The purpose of this study is to determine the forms and methods of representing ethnicity, mechanisms and means of forming a visual ethnic image of the Chuvash in virtual space using the example of the social networks Odnoklassniki and VKontakte. The research is based on the study of visual content (posts, comments on them, discussions) in groups and on personal pages, materials from a mass survey of users of these social networks. The result of the study was a detailed description of the features of the formation and transmission of visual images of Chuvash ethnicity: visual sources, methods of visualization, functions and demand for visual content. The study showed that the visualization of the ethnic image of the Chuvash in cyberspace occurs through the symbolization of plots of ethnic history, elements of material and spiritual culture, through the use in the process of forming an ethnic image of fairy-tale, mythological, literary and real characters and pages of history, popular forms of representation of folk traditions – costume, national cuisine, holidays and rituals. Visual content is represented by photo and video materials, films, computer graphics, and animation. Visualization of ethnic content contributes to the stereotyping of the features of an ethnic image, acts as a means of constructing an ethnic image, a way of expressing belonging to an ethnic community, transmitting knowledge about the history of the traditional culture of the people, intra-ethnic communication, exchanging information between network users and their integration into the virtual space.

Analysis of Factors Not Achieving Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Singgani Health Center Palu City

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is still a serious health problem worldwide, especially in Indonesia. Due to its persistent nature and increasing prevalence, it appears that efforts to control this disease still face many challenges in its implementation in the community. Several risk factors play a role in the development of this disease. These include family history of diabetes, environmental influences, age, obesity, ethnicity, comorbidities, medication, occupation, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors of not achieving fasting blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus at the Singgani Health Center in Palu City. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design in patients with diabetes mellitus at the Singgani health center in Palu City, data collection was carried out using non-probability sampling techniques with purposive sampling techniques, with a total sample of 100. Data were obtained from the results of patient medical records, data analysis using descriptive analysis, namely the analysis method used to describe the characteristics of the research subjects and the character of blood glucose levels, then analyzed using SPSS, namely to see the analysis of factors not achieving fasting blood glucose levels statistically tested using Chi-Square. Result: The results of the study were that most patients were in the category of unattainable fasting blood glucose levels, totaling 87 patients ? 110 mg/dl out of a total of 100 samples. As well as being influenced by sociodemographic characteristic factors, namely in employment status, namely in the group of patients not working in the category of fasting blood glucose not reached, totaling 62 patients, with an Odds Ratio of 2.32 with a significance value of p = 0.02. Conclusion: The employment status of 62 patients in the non-working group had a 2.32 times risk of not achieving fasting blood glucose levels.

HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE KYRGYZ ON THE TERRITORY OF MODERN UZBEKISTAN (Andijan, Namangan, Fergana regions)

The scientific article discusses data on Kyrgyz people living outside the territory of Kyr¬gyzstan in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Their localization, distribution and settlement areas of the Kyrgyz in the Ferghana Valley, tribal composition, material and spiritual cultures are studied. For the analysis, scientific, scientific and statistical materials were used on the number and settlement of Kyrgyz in the Ferghana Valley. Ethnocultural ties of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic-speaking peoples have also been studied. The article examines historical data about Kyrgyz living outside the territory of Kyrgyzstan, including in neighboring Uzbekistan. This work examines the localization of the Kyrgyz, their areas of distribution in the Fergana Valley, tribal composition, material and spiritual culture of the ancient people. The terri¬tory of the Fergana Valley, which is currently under the jurisdiction of independent states (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), has been known since ancient times under the additional name “Golden Val¬ley” The history, culture, language of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz ethnic group and other features are closely related to the population and culture of the Fergana Valley. It is known that the Kyrgyz have lived in the valley, its foothills and mountainous areas since time immemorial. Some historical sources and works of researchers indicate that the Kyrgyz inhabited the Fergana Valley and surrounding areas in the 10th-11th centuries. AD It should be noted that the Kyrgyz have long lived in the Fergana Valley and its foothills. An example of this, along with historical sources, can be toponymic names associated with the names (ethnotoponyms) of Kyrgyz tribes and clans, which are quite densely populated in the region. In general, to date, comprehensive studies of the ethnic history, ethnogenesis, ethnic culture, language, material and spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz living in Uzbekistan have not been carried out. For the analysis, scientific, scientific and statistical materials on the number and settlement of the Kyrgyz in the Fergana Valley were used. The ethnocultural ties of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic-speaking peoples have also been studied.

Analysis Model of Knowledge, Social Demographics, and Social Environment on Drug Abuse: A Case Study in Swamp Areas

In Indonesia, various geographical and demographic factors have been exploited by drug abusers to facilitate their illegal activities more easily and safely. Geographic diversity, such as numerous islands, remote coastal villages, meandering rivers, and protected forests, creates conditions conducive to drug abuse. Swamp areas often face their own challenges, including limited accessibility and complex socio-economic issues. This study aims to analyze how knowledge, social demographics, and social environment influence drug abuse. The sample in this research consists of all detainees or drug abusers in Palembang City, Indonesia. Palembang City is located along the Musi River in the form of extensive swamp areas. A total of 100 individuals were selected as samples through incidental sampling techniques. This study used a questionnaire consisting of knowledge and social environment variables, which were then analyzed using logistic regression models. The collected data include histories of drug abuse, knowledge, age, gender, occupation, education, ethnicity, income, marital status, social environment, and swamp areas characteristics. Having an unstable job, negative social environment, low education, income, and knowledge, as well as living in swamp areas, can increase drug abuse. The combination of these factors increases the individual's risk of involvement in drug abuse.

Morphological structure and ethnic background of the Sudanese Shagia tribe (East Africa)

North Sudan, especially the 4th Nile Cataract region, is home to one of the world’s most isolated human populations. This study aimed to clarify the ethnic background of the Shagia based on anthropological analyses. This study provides a morphological and ethnographic characterisation of the previously unstudied Shagia tribe. Head and body measurements were conducted among 64 adults from three villages. There were observable but relatively small admixture proportions of non-African population genes (light skin colour, narrow noses and masculine proportions) in their morphological build. The Shagia’s uniqueness may have been the result of severe genetic drift episodes resulting from founding events, such as long-term isolation and traditionally small population size. It is useful to trace the ethnic history of Africans and, specifically, for the tribal members of Shagia so that they may better understand and learn about their history. This study shows that the Shagia tribe was displaced from their territory due to the construction of the Merowe Dam. Thus, the results of this research fulfil the assumptions of urgent anthropology, as it contributes to the protection of the heritage of the 4th Nile Cataract region: an area of historical value to the study of the evolution of contemporary civilisation.

Alms for the Rich: Impoverished Spanish Women in Pursuit of Making a Living in Late Colonial Lima

Abstract This article establishes the role white women played in shaping the urban labor force and the economy in late colonial times in Lima, roughly from 1790 to 1822. It focuses on the impoverished elite women who, by the end of the colonial period, had to ask for alms to avoid working with their own hands. An important part of the Limeño elites could not respond to the twofold challenge: the negative consequences of the economic and administrative reforms of the Bourbons, and the relative flexibilization of the social order in Lima by the end of the eighteenth century. Instead of adapting to new conditions, the Spanish elites generated a social discourse that reaffirmed status and ethnicity as a means to distinguish themselves from the “vicious” plebeian sectors. More than one thousand applications to Church relief programs serve as the main foundation of this article; they are made up of at least one fifth of the white female population of the city in 1806. The article enters into dialogue with studies on socio-labor practices and the history of gender and ethnicity by engaging with concrete experiences of poor elite women in a city considered to be the opulent center of the Spanish colonial power.

The Impact of Short Videos on the Creation and Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Intangible cultural heritage serves as a vital repository of national and ethnic history and culture, playing a crucial role in preserving cultural diversity and fostering cultural exchange. In recent years, the evolution of digital media has opened up new avenues for the dissemination of intangible cultural heritage. This shift has profoundly influenced the preservation and transmission of intangible cultural heritage, particularly with the widespread adoption of short video platforms altering the landscape of heritage transmission. This study examines and analyzes the creative attributes of short videos focused on intangible cultural heritage, revitalizing otherwise static cultural assets. Practical challenges encountered during the dissemination process, such as low content quality and audience engagement, have contributed to a lack of public attention towards these videos. In response, this research proposes effective development strategies aimed at safeguarding and perpetuating intangible cultural heritage, with a focus on leveraging short video platforms to foster the healthy evolution of heritage transmission.

Genetic and Epigenetic Associations with Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus.

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common complication of solid organ transplantation. PTDM prevalence varies due to different diabetes definitions. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of PTDM have been published based on random blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The task of diagnosing PTDM continues to pose challenges, given the potential for diabetes to manifest at different time points after transplantation, thus demanding constant clinical vigilance and repeated testing. Interpreting HbA1c levels can be challenging after renal transplantation. Pre-transplant risk factors for PTDM include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, ethnicity (e.g., African-Caribbean or South Asian ancestry), and genetic risk factors. Risk factors for PTDM include immunosuppressive drugs, weight gain, hepatitis C, and cytomegalovirus infection. There is also emerging evidence that genetic and epigenetic variation in the organ transplant recipient may influence the risk of developing PTDM. This review outlines many known risk factors for PTDM and details some of the pathways, genetic variants, and epigenetic features associated with PTDM. Improved understanding of established and emerging risk factors may help identify people at risk of developing PTDM and may reduce the risk of developing PTDM or improve the management of this complication of organ transplantation.

Re‐imagining a decolonised, anti‐racist curriculum within initial teacher education in a Welsh university

AbstractChanges to the Welsh curriculum are becoming apparent. The Williams Report culminated in recommendations for schools and initial teacher education (ITE) on the inclusion and teaching of Black Asian and Minority Ethnic histories in Wales. The subsequent Welsh Government ITE action plan was designed to ensure the pro‐active recruitment of trainee teachers from Black and racially minoritised backgrounds in Wales. As a result of this legislation, a team of ITE lecturers in a school of education in a Welsh university formed a research triad and larger research collective, the idea being that we needed to decolonise our own pedagogy and curriculum delivery and re‐imagine ITE within an anti‐racist paradigm. It was key to reflect on our ITE provision, ensuring that our curriculum delivery reflected the ambition of the new Curriculum for Wales,* which encourages practitioners to think differently on what they teach, how they teach and what they want young people to learn. Using a patchwork methodology—which included ‘deep thinking and deep listening’—we examined our current ITE delivery and work that has been done thus far and looked at the gains and areas for development. It became clear that staff within our ‘ITE research collective’ were becoming more knowledgeable and confident in working within a racial dynamic, and consequently felt more able to impart knowledge when engaging with other ITE colleagues and students. This paper charts our ongoing journey and makes recommendations gained from our experiences.

THE BASHKIRS-GAINA PEOPLE IN THE MATERIALS OF THE 1965 EXPEDITION OF UFA ETHNOGRAPHERS

The relevance of the study is determined by the disputes that have arisen in the society in recent decades on the issue – who the Gaina people are, why their ethnic culture differs significantly from other Bashkir groups. The answers to these questions are provided by the field materials of the expedition carried out by the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Perm region in 1965 with the participation of prominent ethnographers R.G. Kuzeev, N.V. Bikbulatov and S.N. Shitova. The purpose of the study is to identify information characterizing the originality of the ethnic history and culture of the Gaina Bashkirs, namely: the time and stages of settling in the territory of Perm Krai, range of settlement, causes of migration, relationships with the local population, economic activities, wedding and ceremonial traditions and other cultural areas. Materials and methods. The main sources for the study are diary entries, field materials and photo sources collected as a result of expeditionary surveys of Bashkir villages in Perm Oblast. Additional sources were archival materials, ancestries (shezhere), photo sources stored in the Scientific Fund of Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During the study of the stated topic, methods of analyzing field data, as well as historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods were used. Study results. The article reconstructs the ethnic history of the Gaina Bashkirs on the basis of field expedition materials of Ufa scientists. Identification and processing the available ethnographic information and their subsequent systematization enabled the author to establish some features characteristic for the ethnic culture of the Gaina Bashkirs, the results of ethnic interaction and mutual influence of the Bashkir and the Tatar cultures. The scientific significance of the expedition materials for the study of the ethnoterritorial group of the northern Bashkirs is shown. Conclusions. New materials are being introduced into scientific circulation, which make it possible to significantly supplement and clarify the ethnic history and culture of the Bashkirs, to identify local differences taking into account natural-geographical and historical-ethnic traditions. It has been established that archaic elements in the culture of the Bashkir-Gaina people associated with their settled agricultural lifestyle, housing arrangement and features of the traditional costume are of great practical interest.

Relations between Siberian and Kazakh Khanates in 15th-16th Centuries

This study explores the stages of interaction in the 15th-16th centuries between two Turkic post-Golden Horde states: the Siberian Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate. The role of the Kazakh factor in the ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars is examined. Primary sources such as chronicles, charters, treaties, and other published documents are utilized for analysis. It is demonstrated that the common tribal composition of these states is linked to the maintenance of close relations between their polities and institutional mechanisms inherited from the previous Golden Horde period. However, the formation of political entities (the Kazakh and Siberian Khanates) in the mid to late 15th century initiated processes leading to the emergence of distinct ethnic communities (Kazakhs and Siberian Tatars) within these states. The traditional belief in historical literature that Kuchum was a ‘Kazakh prince’ is challenged. The author disputes the position of Kazakh colleagues regarding the significant role of the ‘Kazakh’ factor, including Sultan Urus-Muhammad, in the later period of the Siberian Khanate. The nature of Siberian-Kazakh relations in the 16th century was influenced not only by the interests of the khanates’ rulers but also by external challenges posed by the emergence of new powerful political centers and leaders. The research's relevance stems from the limited exploration of the topic and conflicting approaches to the history of the formation of the Siberian Khanate and the ethnic community of Siberian Tatars in modern historiography.