Ethnic Group Composition Research Articles

Interethnic relations: a methodology for studying interethnic interactio

The movement of Kazakhstani society towards a new quality of life along the path of development of world civilization is impossible without internal stability and consolidation, preservation and strengthening of inter-ethnic harmony at all levels of relations. The scientific research is focused on the study of interethnic interac-tion, prevention of interethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan and their prevention through institutional regulation mechanisms, which in our opinion is one of the most effective ways to form tolerant attitudes, values of soli-darity and mutual respect. In conditions of continuing social and cultural distance, uneven and unstable eco-nomic development, disproportionate composition of ethnic groups, increasing marginalization of society, it becomes an important task to maintain and strengthen peaceful integration processes, create and preserve harmonious relations between representatives of various ethnic groups and ethnic communities. The problem of interethnic relations is the sphere of scientific interests of various sciences, schools and directions. Inter-ethnic relations are considered as a system in which a set of elements with different shares can be, on the one hand, united, but at the same time opposed to each other. This is a complex social process, including intercul-tural and interethnic communications, cooperation in the field of interethnic relations. When analyzing the sphere of interethnic relations, the focus is on the actions, courses of action, and behavior of people of differ-ent nationalities, with special importance given to attitudes and values that reflect the facts of consciousness of interethnic interaction and communication.

A Comparison of Ethnic Policies in Rwanda and Tanzania

Ethnic construction is a historical phenomenon and process, generally involving two main directions: assimilation, integration, and unity among ethnic groups, and differentiation, separation, and diversification. Typically, these directions alternate and may coexist during certain historical stages. Tanzania and Rwanda are both multi-ethnic countries, but their ethnic relations could not be more different. The former, with more than 120 ethnic groups, is basically in harmony, while the latter has erupted into large-scale ethnic conflicts. Rwanda and Tanzania exhibit significant differences in their processes of ethnic construction, influenced by factors such as colonial rule and ethnic policies. The composition of ethnic groups and interethnic relations in these countries demonstrate distinct characteristics. This study aims to compare the ethnic composition and ethnic policies of Rwanda and Tanzania, elucidating the shaping role of ethnic policies on interethnic relations and exploring practical pathways towards ethnic integration and coexistence. This paper mainly analyses the process and relationship of ethnic construction in Rwanda and Tanzania through literature and data analysis. This paper finds that whether the relationship between ethnic groups is harmonious mainly depends on whether the government can gradually eliminate ethnic barriers and strengthen ethnic identity while respecting history, rather than ignoring or even strengthening the contradictions between ethnic groups.

Abstract 261: Association Of Neighborhood Social Determinants Of Health With Adverse Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death with prior studies demonstrated worse OHCA outcomes in neighborhoods with higher proportion of Blacks and lower socioeconomic status. The association between OHCA outcomes and other social determinants of health (SDOHs) like limited English proficiency (LEP) and education is not well studied. Hypothesis: We hypothesized patients living in neighborhoods with high proportion of LEP had worse OHCA outcomes. We chose survival to hospital admission as the primary outcome due to its proximity to reflect a neighborhood’s characteristics. Methods: We performed a two-level hierarchical logistic-regression model. Patient data were Medicare fee-for-service claims between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015 (level 1). Neighborhood characteristics for the area in which each OHCA occurred were derived from the 2014 American Community Survey at the ZCTA level (level 2). We identified six neighborhood SDOH predictors of interest including LEP, median household income, racial and ethnic-group composition, percent unemployment, less than high school education, and population density. Results: Among the 194,231 OHCA events identified, 60,760 (31.3%) survived to hospital admission. Contrary to our hypothesis, Patient who had a cardiac arrest in the highest proportion of LEP neighborhoods were more likely to survive to hospital admission as compared to those living in predominantly English-speaking neighborhoods (OR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.23). Household income, racial composition, and unemployment had no effect on the likelihood of survival to hospital admission in OHCA while education and population density appeared to be protective (Table) . Conclusions: In a large cohort study, we found that patients who had an out of hospital cardiac arrest were more likely to survive to hospital admission in higher LEP, higher education, and higher population density neighborhoods.

The History of the Balkans as a History of Migrations: Theoretical Deliberation and Challenges

Migrations have always been an essential part of the history of Europe and the Balkans. Few people realize how many ethnic and religious groups in the Balkans participated in migrations not only during the modern times but also during the ancient, medieval and early modern times. This article focusses on the Ottoman period of Balkan history. Migrationsare understood in a broader sense: as migrations from one country to another and as migrations from one culture to another (in form of changing the religion and/or the language and the identity). Both forms of border-crossing were often interrelated: People who converted from Christianity to Islam in the Ottoman provinces had no cause to emigrate und those who emigrated had no cause to change their religion. In many parts of the Islamic Mediterranean world we find converts (“renegades” as they were called by Christians). Most of them changed their religion voluntarily. But it often took one, two or more generationsuntil the converts accepted their new religion wholeheartedly. In the meantime they were regarded as crypto-Christians, who had formally converted to Islam, but practiced Christianity in private life. These crypto-Christians (or Poturi as they were called in Bosnia) were a widespread phenomenon. By changing places or changing cultures (voluntarily or forcibly) new experiences and often new identities were shaped. Balkan history is for a great part a history of movements. But so far, there has beenno attempt to systematize the migration of southeastern Europe from the early modern period to the 20th century beyond national-historiographic, nationallinguistic, or microregional approaches. Not even the beginnings of a synthesis of the migratory events are on the horizon. This has to do with the national focus of historical scholarship and the inclination tointerpret an ethnic group (the alleged nucleus of a modern nation) as an everlasting, eternal phenomenon. Apart from the fact that there is no consensus how to define an ethnic group we should consider the fact that the composition of ethnic groups has often changed as a result of spatial and cultural migrations. For most people in early modern times ethnicity was an empty category (in contrast to religious affiliation). And the designations used in early modern travel books also resist clear ethnic interpretation (e.g. “Greeks”, “Turks”, “Vlachs”, “Saxons”, “Serbs” etc.). Not everyone, who identified himself to travelers as a “Greek”, because as an Orthodox Christian in the Ottoman Empire he was subject to the Patriarchate in Constantinople or used Greek as the lingua franca of merchants, was ethnically Greek. The selfsame is true for other designations which were derived from a former state, a region or a profession. And those who nowadays speak a štokavian idiom and are Catholics(=Croats) are not necessarily the descendants of those who spoke štokavian and were Catholics in the 16th century. And so on. The (biological) continuity of an ethnic group cannot be proved (nor refuted). So, the study of pre-modern migrations breaks the chains of national narratives and demands a new approach beyond fixed ethnical (or national) ascriptions.

燕 封建의 재구성 - 琉璃河 출토 有銘 청동기의 분석을 중심으로 -

燕 封建의 재구성 - 琉璃河 출토 有銘 청동기의 분석을 중심으로 -

Quality of group interaction, ethnic group composition, and individual mathematical learning gains

High-quality helping behavior is essential for effective peer interaction and learning. This study focused on ethnic group composition and the quality of group interaction as predictors of individual mathematics performance. Video-observations of 92 fifth-grade students working in groups balanced on mathematics performance level were analyzed. We expected a difference in the quality of interaction and test scores of native and non-native students. Multilevel analysis identified process regulation and giving answers as positive predictors of mathematics performance, whereas giving or applying explanations contributed negatively. Non-native students generally had lower achievement scores than native students. Non-native students working in ethnically heterogeneous groups performed better than did students working in homogenous groups. Homogeneous groups used more high-quality helping behaviors and engaged more often in task-oriented behavior. Heterogeneous groups engaged more often in low-quality helping behaviors. Working with native students may have been conducive to non-native students’ understanding of word problems in realistic mathematics education.

The role of Ethnic Discrimination in Afghanistan’s Civil War

Afghanistan is a country with ethnic diversity like other hundred countries in the world. By abusing this diversity, ethnic discrimination has been one of the effective factors of civil war in Afghanistan. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between ethnicity and continues civil war in Afghanistan. Ethnicity as an issue has been faced by all multi-ethnic societies. But it is a matter of great apprehensions and graver outcomes in those societies which are going through post-conflict reconstruction, like Afghanistan is today. This paper attempts to analyze the fact how social and political objectives of ethnic groups are liable to be accommodated in the new structure of Afghan State. It will also argue about the composition of ethnic groups, impact of war on ethnic communities, and why the ethnic fault lines may continue and under what circumstances, they fade away?

Port-of-Entry Neighborhood and Its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden

We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.

Образы русских в преданиях и современных рассказах коренных народов Якутии

The reflection of the image of the Russian in aboriginal legends and stories on the territory of Yakutia for a long period is considered. Data on the composition of ethnic groups are given in the percentage to the entire population of the Northern regions, where indigenous peoples live (Chukchi, Evenks, Yukagirs), as evidenced by the 2010 census. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the image of the Russian in the oral prose of the indigenous peoples of the North was not considered in the dynamics. Text records made in the region during expeditions are used. Comparison with the texts of the prose works fixed from other folklore tellers - indigenous peoples of border lands. The novelty of the study is to compare records of different years: both early legends and family stories of the Chukchi, Evenks, Evens, Yukagirs and Yakuts, which were recorded in the first years of fixing folklore, and texts recorded relatively recently. The author proves that the image of the Russian in non-fairy-tale prose of the peoples of Yakutia was changing - from the mythological image of the alien to the modern character of the autobiographical stories of the beginning of the 21 st century, intermarried with the Yakuts or being a steward of natural resources.

Impact of Ethnic Composition on Mechanisms of Change in School-Based Substance Use Intervention Groups.

Delivering alcohol use intervention services in the school setting represents a key approach to engaging youth of all backgrounds, particularly underserved populations, in such programming. Relative progress has been made toward implementing culturally responsive services for youth; however, little is known about the role of ethnic composition on group processes purported to underlie mechanisms of change. We examined associations between ethnic group composition and therapeutic processes within a voluntary, school-based alcohol use intervention at seven schools across three cities (N groups = 353). Ethnic composition was characterized as: group ethnic diversity on a continuum, group ethnic homogeneity (i.e., where at least 66% of participants shared the same ethnicity), and comparing groups where one of the three largest ethnicities in the sample reached the majority (i.e., African-American vs. Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic white). Ratings on group processes were obtained from participants (satisfaction; belonging), facilitators (empathy; rapport), and coders (engagement; responsiveness). Mixed-effects models revealed that students in groups with African-American and Hispanic majorities reported a higher sense of satisfaction compared to groups with non-Hispanic white majorities. Facilitators endorsed expressing empathy more frequently with majority African-American and Hispanic groups than with non-Hispanic white groups. Study findings highlight the importance of considering different dimensions of ethnic composition when examining mechanisms of change in group intervention research.

Race, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Alcohol Outlets.

Prior studies suggest that Black and Hispanic minority populations are exposed to greater concentrations of alcohol outlets, potentially contributing to health disparities between these populations and the White majority. We tested the alternative hypothesis that urban economic systems cause outlets to concentrate in low-income areas and, controlling for these effects, lower demand among minority populations leads to fewer outlets. Market potential for alcohol sales, a surrogate for demand, was estimated from survey and census data across census block groups for 50 California cities. Hierarchical Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models then estimated relationships between observed geographic distributions of outlets and the market potential for alcohol, income, population size, and racial and ethnic composition. Market potentials were significantly smaller among lower income Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Block groups with greater market potential and lower income had greater concentrations of outlets. When we controlled for these effects, the racial and ethnic group composition of block groups was mostly unrelated to outlet concentrations. Health disparities related to exposure to alcohol outlets are primarily driven by distributions of income and population density across neighborhoods.

The Spatial and Social Network Dimensions of Mobile Communication

Studies have shown that ethnic segregation is conducive to social segregation. With the advent of information and communication technologies, mobile communication can support non-local social interactions and reconfigure the network composition of ethnic groups. This study focused on the similarities and differences between ethno-national groups in the structure of their cell phone communications. Data for this study include a sample of 9,099 business customers’ mobile phone calls from an Israeli mobile operator and tested two theoretical explanations. The social stratification approach predicts that mobile communication will reflect the patterns of spatial and social stratification that exist in society. On the other hand, the social diversification hypothesis expects that residentially and socially segregated minority groups will take advantage of mobile communication to diversify their social contacts and to engage in mobile communications with non-local and out-group ties. The findings suggest that in the information society, both structural conditions (the stratification approach) and social incentives (the diversification approach) are relevant for the understanding of inter-ethnic mobile communication, and structural conditions reduced inter-group mobile communication patterns. The Arab Israeli minority was more likely than the Jewish Israeli majority to engage in mobile communication with non-local ties and out-group members. Yet, structural conditions reduced inter-group mobile communication patterns. The theoretical implications of the findings for inter-group mobile communication are discussed.

Types of Student Classroom Behavior

Abstract Pairs of classroom observers rated 909 junior high school students on 24 scales. Ouster analysis was used to identify four syndromes of classroom behavior: good students, outgoing, rebellious, and withdrawn. These groups were compared with regard to sex and ethnic group composition, academic achievement, attitudes toward teachers, and 25 low-inference variables obtained from the classroom observations. The same four pupil types were identified in a sample of 416 second grade pupils who were rated with a similar 11-item instrument by different observers.

The influence of ethnic group composition on focus group discussions.

BackgroundFocus groups are commonly used to explore participants’ experiences in health and social care research. Although it is suggested that having demographically homogenous groups may help put participants at ease, the evidence is sparse.The aims of the paper are to: explore the impact of relative ethnic homogeneity and heterogeneity of focus group participants on the group discussions; improve understanding of homogeneity and heterogeneity in focus groups; suggest ways to operationalise concepts such as being ‘more comfortable’ with other focus group participants.MethodDigitally recorded focus groups were undertaken with family carers of stroke survivors and were later transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. Groups were designated as more or less ethnically homogenous. More homogenous groups included, for example, only White British or Asian Indian participants whilst more heterogeneous groups comprised a mixture of, for example, Asian, White British and Black Caribbean participants.ResultsForty-one carers participated in seven focus groups. Analysis revealed differences in discussions around ethnicity between the more or less ethnically homogenous groups. For example, participants in more ethnically homogenous focus groups were more likely to say ethnicity might influence perceptions of social care services. On the other hand, more heterogeneous groups emphasised similarity in carers’ experiences, irrespective of ethnicity. Participants in the more homogenous groups were also more likely to make potentially controversial comments relating to ethnic differences. Additionally they appeared to be more at ease with each other discussing the topic. For example, they spontaneously mentioned ethnic differences earlier in these groups.In contrast, analysis of topics not specifically related to ethnicity, such as the difficult experiences of being a carer, produced no discernible patterns when comparing more and less homogenous focus groups.ConclusionConsiderations around focus group participant demographic homogeneity and heterogeneity are complex and these terms may be most usefully applied only in relative terms.Data derived from more homogenous groups complement data from more heterogeneous groups providing different perspectives. Depending on the focus of the discussion, having characteristics in common, such as being a carer can override other differences.

RETRACTED: ETHNIC THREAT AND SOCIAL CONTROL: EXAMINING PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR JUDICIAL USE OF ETHNICITY IN PUNISHMENT*

Research on social inequality in punishment has focused for a long time on the complex relationship among race, ethnicity, and criminal sentencing, with a particular interest in the theoretical importance that group threat plays in the exercise of social control in society. Prior research typically relies on aggregate measures of group threat and focuses on racial rather than on ethnic group composition. The current study uses data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents to investigate the influence of more proximate and diverse measures of ethnic group threat, examining public support for the judicial use of ethnic considerations in sentencing. Findings indicate that both aggregate and perceptual measures of threat influence popular support for ethnic disparity in punishment and that individual perceptions of criminal and economic threat are particularly important. Moreover, we find that perceived threat is conditioned by aggregate group threat contexts. Findings are discussed in relation to the growing Hispanic population in the rapidly changing demographic structure of U.S. society.

Shared Space: Ethnic Groups, State Accommodation, and Localized Conflict1

Why does ethnic violence occur in some places but not others? This paper argues that the local ethnic configuration below the national level is an important determinant of how likely conflict is in any particular place. Existing studies of ethnicity and conflict focus on national-level fractionalization or dominance, but much of the politics surrounding ethnic groups’ grievances and disputes takes place at a more local level. We argue that the existence of multiple ethnic groups competing for resources and power at the level of sub-national administrative regions creates a significant constraint on the ability of states to mitigate ethnic groups’ grievances. This in turn increases the likelihood of conflict between ethnic groups and the state. In particular, we argue that diverse administrative regions dominated by one group should be most prone for conflict. Using new data on conflict and ethnic group composition at the region level, we test the theory and find that units with one demographically dominant ethnic group among multiple groups are most prone to conflict.

Prospective epidemiological study of the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*5701 in HIV‐1‐infected UK subjects

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B(*)5701 is strongly associated with developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir (ABC) in White and Hispanic subjects. Across the UK, limited data exist on HLA-B(*)5701 prevalence in HIV-1-infected subjects. We determined HLA-B(*)5701 prevalence in the general HIV-1-infected population and in specific ethnic groups, particularly Black Africans who, in general, exhibit greater genetic diversity. We also compared HLA-B(*)5701 results obtained from local laboratories with those from a central provider. Multi-centre, observational study. All HIV-1-infected adult individuals receiving care at participating centres were eligible, irrespective of treatment status or prior exposure to ABC. Subjects provided samples for HLA-B(*)5701 assessment by both local (blood) and central laboratories (buccal swabs). HLA-B(*)5701 prevalence was adjusted to represent the ethnic group composition of the general UK population, and by main ethnic group. RESULTS; From eight UK centres, 1494 subjects [618 (41%) White, 770 (52%) Black] were recruited. Eighty-nine per cent of Black subjects reported an immediate country of origin in Africa. Overall adjusted HLA-B(*)5701 prevalence was 4.55% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.49% to 5.60%]. Among White subjects, prevalence was 7.93% (CI 5.80% to 10.06%). Among Black subjects, only two (both Ugandan) were HLA-B(*)5701 positive giving a rate of 0.26% (CI 0.07% to 0.94%). HLA-B(*)5701 prevalence was similar to previously reported rates in White HIV-infected subjects but considerably lower than that reported in Black HIV-1-infected subjects, as a result of the large proportion of Black African subjects.

Maximising recruitment and retention of general practices in clinical trials: a case study

There is limited evidence regarding the factors that facilitate recruitment and retention of general practices in clinical trials. It is therefore pertinent to consider the factors that facilitate research in primary care. To formulate hypotheses about effective ways of recruiting and retaining practices to clinical trials, based on a case study. Case study of practice recruitment and retention to a trial of delivering antenatal sickle cell and thalassaemia screening. Two UK primary care trusts with 123 practices, with a high incidence of sickle cell and thalassaemia, and high levels of social deprivation. Practices were invited to take part in the trial using a research information sheet for practices. Invitations were sent to all practice managers, GPs, practice nurses, and nurse practitioners. Expenses of approximately pound 3000 per practice were available. Practices and the research team signed research activity agreements, detailing a payment schedule based on deliverables. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 20 GPs who participated in the trial. Outcome measures were the number of practices recruited to, and completing, the trial. Four practices did not agree to randomisation and were excluded. Of 119 eligible practices, 29 expressed an interest in participation. Two practices withdrew from the trial and 27 participated (two hosted pilot studies and 25 completed the trial), giving a retention rate of 93% (27/29). The 27 participating practices did not differ from non-participating practices in list size, number of GPs, social deprivation, or minority ethnic group composition of the practice population. Three factors appeared important in recruiting practices: research topic, invitation method, and interest in research. Three factors appeared important in retaining practices: good communication, easy data-collection methods, and payment upon meeting pre-agreed targets. The effectiveness of these factors at facilitating recruitment and retention requires assessment in experimental studies.

Internal migration and ethnic groups: evidence for Britain from the 2001 Census

AbstractRelatively little is known about the internal migration behaviour of different ethnic groups. This paper reviews existing evidence, and analyses 2001 Census data for Britain to provide an overview of patterns in the level of migration and the distance migrated, according to the characteristics of migrants and for diverse ethnic groups. Those who migrate in each ethnic group have similar characteristics, leading to the assertion that differences in levels of migration result mainly from differing socio‐economic and age compositions of ethnic groups. This is confirmed through regression analysis. Differences in distance migrated, however, are not explained by the composition of ethnic groups, but may be explained by their primarily urban current areas of residence. Exceptions to the general patterns are highlighted as avenues for further investigation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ethnic differences in social correlates of diet.

Little is known about whether culture influences social correlates of dietary behaviors. Questionnaires on parent- and child-reported family and peer influences on children's fruit, juice and vegetable consumption were analyzed for ethnic group differences in responses. Grade 4-6 students completed the questionnaires in the classroom and their parents completed telephone or in-home interviews. Analyses of variance across ethnic categories and chi2 analysis of differences in ethnic group composition between clusters of scales were conducted. Few ethnic group differences were detected, suggesting substantial commonality among respondents. Ethnic differences might be accommodated by interventions tailored to particular behaviors among ethnic groups.