Ethnic Distinctions Research Articles

Racial-ethnicity group distributions of blood product use in acute trauma care transfusion.

Recent studies suggest Black patients are transfused less often and at lower hemoglobin levels than White patients. In elective surgery, Black and Non-White patients have greater estimated blood loss and transfusion frequency. We asked whether similar transfusion disparities are observable in acute trauma resuscitation. In a single-center retrospective analysis of trauma registry/blood-bank-linked data from a large US trauma center, we identified all acute trauma patients 2011-2022. Our data sources permitted distinction of Race and Ethnicity and therefor binning as Non-White-race/not Hispanic plus any-race/Hispanic or White/not Hispanic. We tallied Injury Severity Scores mild through profound (ISS 1-9, 9-15, 16-25, >25), type (blunt vs. penetrating) and mechanism (firearms, etc.), and associated blood use overall and in the first, first four, and first 24 h, comparing results with chi square, p < .01. Overall, 50,394 (68.41%) acute trauma patients were classified as White and 23,251 (31.7%) as Other than White. White patients were more likely to receive any blood products (17.8% vs. 11.9%), but, for all measures of urgency/quantity, Non-White patients were transfused more often (respectively, first 4 h, 51.9% vs. 42.1%; ≥3u/first hour, 18.5% vs. 11.0%; ≥10u/24 h, 8.1% vs. 3.8%) (all p < .001). White patients were far more likely to have blunt injury than Non-White patients, (77.2% vs. 42.6%), less likely to have penetrating injury (10.1% vs. 14%) and far less likely to be injured by firearms (30.6% vs. 56.9%) (all p < .001). At our center, blood use in acute trauma resuscitation was associated with injury severity and mechanism, not race/ethnicity.

Chronic Tonsillitis and IgA Nephropathy: Findings From a Nationwide Japanese Cohort Study

Rationale & ObjectiveLittle is known regarding the association between chronic tonsillitis and the onset of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In the present study, we examined the potential relationship between chronic tonsillitis and a subsequent risk of developing IgAN. Study DesignObservational cohort study. Setting& Participants: 4,311,393 individuals without a history of IgAN identified between January 2005 to May 2022 within a Japanese nationwide epidemiological database, the JMDC Claims Database, representing health claims to over 60 insurers. ExposureComorbid chronic tonsillitis based on diagnosis codes. OutcomeIgAN occurrence. Analytical ApproachCause-specific Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for potential confounding factors were employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). ResultsComorbid chronic tonsillitis was identified in 12,842 individuals, constituting 0.3% of the cohort. The cohort had a median age of 44 years (interquartile range: 36-53), and males accounted for 57.9%, with a follow-up of 1,089 days (interquartile range: 532-1,797), during which 2,653 cases of IgAN developed. Cumulative incidence curve showed a higher cumulative incidence of IgAN in individuals with chronic tonsillitis compared to their counterparts without this condition. Multivariable cause-specific analysis further demonstrated that individuals with chronic tonsillitis had an elevated risk of developing IgAN, with a HR of 2.72 (95% confidence interval: 1.79-4.14). LimitationsPotential residual confounders, and lack of consideration for ethnic distinctions. ConclusionsUsing a largescale epidemiological dataset, these findings suggest a relationship between chronic tonsillitis and an elevated risk of IgAN development in the general Japanese population.

The role of Indonesian government in middle east conflict resolution: consistent diplomacy or strategic shifts?

Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries are associated with a shared characteristic in the form of Islam, despite the geographical separation and cultural and ethnic distinctions. Since gaining independence in 1945, Indonesia has consistently advocated for the peaceful resolution of conflict in the Middle East, including the Palestinian/Arab–Israeli conflict. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the motivations behind Indonesia’s consistent support for Middle Eastern conflict resolution. Although the Indonesian government is eager to advance its involvement in the conflict resolution process, it is also compelled by the constitution to uphold the “Free and Active” foreign policy axiom, which essentially restricts Indonesia from taking on a side, maintaining cordial ties with the parties involved. These principles prevent Indonesia from favoring one side and maintaining positive relations with both conflicting parties. Indonesia has often played a passive role as a facilitator or participant in conflict resolution attempts rather than actively taking on the role of a mediator. Indonesia’s unwavering commitment to resolving the Middle East conflict largely originates from Islamic solidarity with a predominantly Muslim population in the region and a shared identity as a fellow developing country, rather than being solely based on its constitution. Alternatively, this sense of unity may also stem from the notion of solidarity within the Global South.

OP07 Consistent IBD treatment approaches across South Asian and White ethnicities despite phenotypic variations: a study of 33,157 patients using the IBD BioResource

Abstract Background The current evidence suggests ethnic distinctions in IBD phenotype, and differences in the provision of treatment have been reported. This multi-centre cohort study utilised the UK IBD BioResource dataset to evaluate phenotypic differences between South Asian (SA) and White (WH) IBD, and to explore if these were associated with differences in treatment. Methods Phenotypic and outcome data were extracted from the IBD BioResource. Chi2 (categorical data) and Mann-Whitney U (continuous data) tests were used. Propensity score matching (PSM) accounted for age at diagnosis, sex, smoking status, disease location and behaviour and perianal disease (CD). Differences in medication use (multivariable logistic regression) and surgical outcomes (Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis) were assessed in propensity-matched (PM) cohorts. Results 33,157 (31,932 WH; 1225 SA) individuals were included (48.1% CD, 45.4% UC, 6.5% IBD-U). UC was the predominant disease subtype in SA (UC, SA 57.3% vs WH 44.9%, p&amp;lt;0.001). SA were younger at diagnosis [CD, SA 24 (IQR 17-36) vs WH 26 (IQR 19-39) years, p&amp;lt;0.001; UC, SA 29 (IQR 22-38) vs WH 35 (25-48) years, p&amp;lt;0.001]. SA CD had less ileal disease (SA 30.3% vs WH 38.4%, padj=0.008), and more perianal involvement (SA 38.5% vs WH 32.3%, p=0.009) than WH. SA CD had less stricturing disease (SA 16.9% vs WH 25.6%, padj&amp;lt;0.001). SA UC were more likely to have extensive disease (SA 41.7% vs WH 34.1%, padj&amp;lt;0.001). Initial analyses in non-PSM cohorts showed that fewer SA CD underwent surgery [SA (n=157,37.4%) vs WH (n=7532,50.4%), p&amp;lt;0.001], and that similar proportions of SA (n=33,5.1%) and WH (n=747,5.5%; p=0.15) UC underwent a colectomy. PSM was used to match 355 SA to 355 WH in CD, and 525 SA to 525 WH in UC. Variables were well-balanced. There were no differences in 5-ASA, corticosteroid, thiopurine, anti-TNF or Vedolizumab use (Table 1). In CD, 126 (36.5%) SA and 152 (44.7%) had surgery. Survival analysis in CD showed no difference in the time to surgery (Fig 1A, log-rank 0.28). SA ethnicity was not associated with increased risk of surgery in CD (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.63-1.07, p=0.14). In UC, 25 (4.8%) and 37 (7.1%) WH had a colectomy. There was no significant difference in the time to colectomy (Fig 1B, log-rank 0.12) nor was SA ethnicity associated with an increased risk of having a colectomy (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.39-1.11, p=0.12). Conclusion In the largest analysis of SA IBD to date, we have demonstrated phenotypic differences associated with ethnicity. Accounting for these variations, we have shown comparable provision of medical and surgical treatment in SA and WH. These findings indicate consistent care of IBD patients from different ethnic backgrounds in the UK.

Ethnic Disparities in Lipid Metabolism and Clinical Outcomes between Dutch South Asians and Dutch White Caucasians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a higher risk for complications in South Asian individuals compared to other ethnic groups. To shed light on potential mediating factors, we investigated lipidomic changes in plasma of Dutch South Asians (DSA) and Dutch white Caucasians (DwC) with and without T2DM and explore their associations with clinical features. Using a targeted quantitative lipidomics platform, monitoring over 1000 lipids across 17 classes, along with 1H NMR based lipoprotein analysis, we studied 51 healthy participants (21 DSA, 30 DwC) and 92 T2DM patients (47 DSA, 45 DwC) from the MAGNetic resonance Assessment of VICTOza efficacy in the Regression of cardiovascular dysfunction in type 2 dIAbetes mellitus (MAGNA VICTORIA) study. This comprehensive mapping of the circulating lipidome allowed us to identify relevant lipid modules through unbiased weighted correlation network analysis, as well as disease and ethnicity related key mediatory lipids. Significant differences in lipidomic profiles, encompassing various lipid classes and species, were observed between T2DM patients and healthy controls in both the DSA and DwC populations. Our analyses revealed that healthy DSA, but not DwC, controls already exhibited a lipid profile prone to develop T2DM. Particularly, in DSA-T2DM patients, specific lipid changes correlated with clinical features, particularly diacylglycerols (DGs), showing significant associations with glycemic control and renal function. Our findings highlight an ethnic distinction in lipid modules influencing clinical outcomes in renal health. We discover distinctive ethnic disparities of the circulating lipidome and identify ethnicity-specific lipid markers. Jointly, our discoveries show great potential as personalized biomarkers for the assessment of glycemic control and renal function in DSA-T2DM individuals.

Analysis of the Formal Language in Contemporary Minority Nationality-Themed Fine Brushwork Figure Painting

Minority nationality-themed fine brushwork figure paintings, focusing on the portrayal of ethnic minority people, represent a unique genre dedicated to depicting the spirit of ethnic minority people. It occupies a distinctive niche within the broader continuum of Chinese art, carrying forward the creative passion and artistic pursuit of each generation of fine brushwork artists towards minority culture. With the progress and development of the times, classic works have always been the treasure of artistic creation in this genre. These thematic paintings manifest profound artistic expression and regional characters, especially exhibiting ethnic distinctiveness in their formal language. To be outstanding, creators must achieve a comprehensive understanding of the formal language of this genre, thus only by respecting the cultures of the minority areas and optimizing the creation can this type of painting innovate and develop, staying true to its roots while encouraging innovation.

樂浪郡 호구 목독의 사료적 성격과 郡의 주민구성

The purpose of this paper is to review the original text and related studies of the “the Household Register of Lelang Commandery,” which was a wooden tablet recording the number of households of the Lelang Commandery. It specifically focused on the issues about the ethnic composition of the population of Lelang Commandery, since the ethnic composition was closely related to the commandery’s governance over the residents. The discussions about the ethnic composition was closely related to the debate over classification criteria for the households listed under Kiho(其戶) in the Register. Accordingly, the paper suggested that the criteria of the households listed under Kiho were an ethnic distinction between Han Chinese and Old Chosŏn’s population.&#x0D; This ethnic distinction in the register reflected active process of Sinicization to the residents of the commandery from the Han Empire, which influenced the number of resident per household. Although there was assuredly intensity difference, Sinicization was applied to the ‘Seven Counties in Yŏngdong,’ which were believed to be the most unstable region for the Han Empire’s governance. As a result, the system of the commandery’s governance remained in this region for a long time, and only those from different ethnicity replaced the original members of this system after the counties transferred into marquisates.

Василь Ткачук — виразник етнонаціональної ідентичності

Ethno-national identity is a complex phenomenon, rich in both its structure and content. In this form of identity, both ethnic and national factors are deeply interlinked and influence each other. Vasyl Tkachuk (1916–1944) was a little-studied Ukrainian novelist, born and raised in Pokuttia and Hutsulshtchina in the first half of the 20th century. An unruly “Hutsulyk” who knew and loved his native land from an early age, made it famous in his works, and spontaneously resisted the sudden Sovietization of Western Ukraine, which cost him his life. It is therefore possible to ascertain that, based on his literary legacy, this talented novelist can be counted among the exponents of ethnonational identity. Writing as a Hutsul about the Hutsul people, their joys, sorrows, ethnic distinctiveness, and national unity, Tkachuk automatically defended both their and his own identities. This way, he confirmed his deeply rooted sense of the “little homeland” and the Ukrainian nation. To conduct the research, the hermeneutical and biographical methods were used.

An Outsider's Inside Notes on the New York Public Theater's Romeo Y Julieta

Abstract: Early in the COVID-19 lockdown, my 2017 translation of Romeo and Juliet was used by the New York Public Theater for a bilingual podcast called Romeo Y Julieta that made no linguistic or ethnic distinctions between the households. As a stage translator, my work is generally informed by the Mexican praxis of Spanish. However, providing the Spanish text for more diverse audiences made me both a distant and a close agent in projects approaching Shakespeare in unorthodox fashion within swiftly mutable identitarian contexts. Moreover, I was the only agent not working in/from the United States. This essay discusses the demands that this multicultural endeavor, its diverse performers, and its potential publics made on my craft, and addresses the outcome and its public reception in a context where my native and acquired tongues operate at once in loving sync and conflict—a world in which I do not belong, and yet I do.

Development of a prevention strategy for child malnutrition based on standardized assessment through anthropometry and bioimpedance methods

Introduction: the weight increase has occurred in recent decades at an increasing rate affecting individuals without distinction of sex, ethnicity, age or socioeconomic status; Overweight and obesity are defined as an excessive increase in body adiposity, which in turn is related to a broad spectrum of chronic non-communicable diseases that generate a great burden on health systems. Objective: to develop a prevention strategy for child malnutrition based on standardized assessment through anthropometry and bioimpedance methods. Methods: a descriptive, prospective and longitudinal research is developed, based on a theoretical systematization of nutritional processes in the infant age group. Results: it is necessary to have early diagnosis instruments that present a low technical complexity and reduced cost to evaluate populations with higher risk factors, thus reducing the progression of the disease and the establishment of complications, specifically in children, the body mass index is an instrument that presents limitations to evaluate the percentage of body fat,By complementing the evaluation of body composition by electrical impedance, it supplements these, improving its diagnostic capabilities. Conclusions: the strategy of prevention of overweight and obesity designed, based on the analysis of body composition by electrical impedance in school-age children, taking into account that this diagnostic method allows to know the components of the human body and express it in percentages, in the same way it is possible to locate children with excess adiposity even when the body mass index determines a state of normality in the subjects evaluated

КУЗНЕЦКИЕ ТЕЛЕУТЫ В ДНЕВНИКАХ И ЗАПИСКАХ ИСТОРИКОВ И ЭТНОГРАФОВ. К ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ ЭТНОЛОКАЛЬНОЙ ГРУППЫ

The article attempts to describe the cultural and ethnic distinctiveness of the Kuznetsk Teleut who represent a territorially separate group of Teleuts, one of the smaller indigenous peoples of Siberia. It traces the specifics of the local development of this group in the 20th-21st centuries. The research draws primarily on archival sources containing records and fieldnotes of ethnographers studying the Altai region, such as A.V. Anokhin, P.I. Karal’kin, and A.G. Danilin, and the own fieldwork materials of the author.

What about Abraham? Abraham as Ingroup Exemplar and “Children of Abraham” as Superordinate Identity in Romans 4

In Paul’s eschatologically informed reading of Scripture, the Torah was never intended by God to be itself sufficient to secure membership in Abraham’s family. Because membership here had always been secured on the most fundamental level by God’s ḥesed, a future move of divine initiative is what the Torah and the prophets had all along anticipated. The redemption and reconciliation wrought by Christ has happened then in order to fulfill the original promise to Abraham, as seen through the lens of a broader salvation–historical matrix, in which the restoration of Israel and consequent ingathering of the nations envisaged by the prophets is integral. Romans 4 centrally concerns this new social phenomenon—the coming together of Jews and gentiles into a single, unified, eschatological covenant community, in which previous social identities necessarily retain their fundamental significance. The crucial implication of Paul’s theologizing is that to be a child of Abraham neither eradicates the import of traditional ethnic markers of Judaism, nor, wholesale, the ethnic distinctiveness of the varied people groups of the non-Jewish world. However, both groups are also therein transformed and united as one renewed humanity in Christ. Moreover, as the first person to be brought into a covenant relationship with God on the basis of God’s ḥesed, which was then met by the appropriate response of faithfulness toward God, Abraham functions for Paul as an ingroup exemplar for the Christ community.

Afterlives in captivity: Indigeneity and penal deportation in southeastern South America

ABSTRACT This study analyzes intersections between penal deportation and Indigenous captivity in southeastern South America during the eighteenth century. Via records on Lincompani, a cacique taken captive in the southern borderlands of Buenos Aires and exiled to the Malvinas Islands alongside other prison laborers (presidiarios), it highlights the scale of penal deportation within the early Americas and connects the practice to the formation of geopolitical borders. As colonial officials banished purported criminals to borders, rather than across them, and banished male Indigenous captives from one borderland to another, these forced migrations reinforced territorialized spatial logics and contributed to Indigenous land dispossession. Drawing upon a half century of records from Malvinas, the article also analyzes convicts' and captives' experiences of penal deportation, highlighting instances when their shared status as presidiario may have superseded or been subordinated to ethnic distinctions, considering the gendered logics that shaped their banishment, and reflecting upon the narration of their actions via colonial records.

Šventės su bendradarbiais – suvienijančios ir atskiriančios etnines grupes (1950–2017 m.)

This paper explores the issue of an ethnic group involved in the organization. Celebrating various festivals within the team is an important tool for both promoting engagement and maintaining social relations. The aim is to reveal the celebrations celebrated by co-workers as uniting and dividing different ethnic groups. In order to achieve this aim, the paper addresses the following objectives: describe the field of research; discuss the ethnic distinctiveness of the celebration of personal and official holidays; analyze the preconditions for the formation of distinctiveness between holidays celebrated by members of the same confession and citizenship. Analyzing which holidays were celebrated with co-workers in mixed collectives or in collectives dominated by non-Lithuanian ethnic group employees, it was found that among the official, confessional festivities, Poles did not celebrate Shrovetide (Užgavėnės) and Midsummer Day (St John’s Day), unless there was an employee in the team with the name of Jonas or Janina. Poles avoid celebrating Užgavėnės and Midsummer Day (St Jonas’s Day) because they see them as Lithuanian and unrelated to church rituals. The celebration of modern national festivals with political content has also differed between ethnic groups. Soviet state-building holidays, such as 9 May and 23 February, remained more popular among Russians and Poles in the workplace, while state and independence restoration days (16 February and 11 March) were more popular among Lithuanians. The study found that personal and modern public holidays (except those with political content) are best suited to facilitate the integration of ethnic groups in the organization. Mutual tolerance is fostered by ethnic groups sharing distinctive meals at their festivals.

From cultural citizenship to suspect citizenship: Notes on rethinking full societal inclusion

Based on past and current ethnographic research and interviews with ethnic minorities in the Parisian metropolitan region, I argue that despite France’s colorblind and Republican ethos, France’s “visible minorities” function under a “suspect citizenship” in which their full societal belonging is never granted. I focus on the growing problem of state violence against ethnic minorities which reveals how France is creating a “bright boundary” (Alba 2005) between whites and non-whites, furthering disparate outcomes based on race and ethnic origin. By considering the multifaceted dimensions of citizenship and belonging in France, I demonstrate the limitations of full societal inclusion for France’s non-white denizens and how French Republicanism continues to mark, rather than erase, racial and ethnic distinctions.

Abraham Ibn Ezra and the Natives: An Ethnic Morphology of Modern Jewish Scholarship

A bias toward medieval Sephardic Judaism and its early modern Occidental offshoots has accompanied critical Jewish scholarship for two centuries. This essay examines how this bias has structured latter-day Sephardic and Mizrahi involvement in the discipline, with Abraham Ibn Ezra as a case study. While the nineteenth-century textual remapping of Ibn Ezra drew on numerous Mizrahi communal genizot, the early twentieth century witnessed the emergence of an intellectual conversation between European Jewish and Mizrahi savants in tracing the medieval poet’s historical sojourn in non-European lands. Subsequently, a specifically Zionist emphasis on the ingathering of Ibn Ezra lore somewhat reduced Mizrahi agency to the category of folklore, with the primitivism of the tales gathered associated almost exclusively with non-European comprehension of this medieval Sephardic icon. The divide between a veteran “first” Israel versus a “second” Israel helped solidify this ethnic distinction in cultural labor, with the tide reversing itself only recently.

The evolution of the civic–ethnic distinction as a partial success story: Lessons for the nationalism–patriotism distinction

AbstractThis article brings, for the first time, two of the most pivotal distinctions in nationalism studies into extended dialogue: the civic–ethnic distinction (CED) and the nationalism–patriotism distinction (NPD). By reviewing both the evolution of those distinctions over the previous decades and the ways in which they have been used in quantitative empirical research, we argue that the CED's evolution has been a partial success story, whereas discourse around the NPD has not seen substantial development. Despite lingering inconsistencies, researchers drawing on the CED have been successful in addressing different lines of critique and in using the CED as a heuristic for investigating notions of nationhood as expressed in public perceptions. In contrast, there has been only limited dialogue between theoretical and empirical approaches to the NPD. The article illustrates how research drawing on the NPD could profit from the CED's evolution. We close by providing a conceptual roadmap to guide the path towards more terminological clarity and to construct more theoretically robust measures for nationalism and patriotism. We specifically suggest that nationalism and patriotism should be consistently understood as ideal types that citizens can simultaneously hold to varying degrees.

Taiwanese DNA versus Chinese DNA: Genetic science and identity politics across the Taiwan Straits

AbstractThe article analyses how population genetics has impacted on nationalist discourses across the Taiwan Straits and affected the relationship between Taiwan and China since the 1990s. In Taiwan this cutting-edge science has helped to construct a native-based and Taiwan-centred national identity through promoting indigenous peoples’ rights, rejecting a blood-based, cross-Straits nationalism, and founding a pan-Pacific indigenous peoples’ community through genetic links and cultural affinity. In China, after subverting the nationalist myth of Peking Man (a Homo erectus group believed to be the common ancestor of the Chinese) by analysing genetic data, the same group of Chinese genetic scientists have constructed another nationalist myth of a genetically homogenous nationhood. Such a discourse not only valorizes Chinese nationalism through claiming a DNA-based Chineseness across ethnic distinctions but also asserts genetic links between China and Taiwan, therefore providing a ‘scientific’ basis for China’s nationalism in the new century.

Jews, Gentiles, and “in Christ” Identity: A Post-Supersessionist Reading of Philippians

Interpretations of Philippians have commonly suggested that the letter seeks to demonstrate the worthlessness of Paul’s own (former) Jewish identity, and thus that the Philippians should not be led astray by those who would persuade them to adopt the Jewish Law. Accordingly, it is assumed that Paul understands Judaism to have been superseded by Christianity and, moreover, that Christian identity has superseded all other identities that persons may have possessed upon entrance into the Christ community. In contrast to this long-standing interpretive tradition, this article contends that, for Paul, the ethnic distinction between Jew and gentile within the greater Christ community remains intact, along with a continued role for the Torah for both subgroups. Rather than advancing a supersessionist agenda, Paul fundamentally seeks in this letter to strengthen the Philippians’ identity as members of the nations who have, alongside those in Israel, become members of God’s holy, multiethnic people.

The Covid-19 Pandemic and Contemporary Identity Attitudes of Young Vilamovians

Vilamovians, who are descendants of thirteenth-century Germanic settlers, have retained a strong sense of their own identity for centuries. This identity developed gradually under the influence of many factors and dominant groups, and for this reason it has never been one-dimensional. As a minority, Vilamovians had to adapt to the political situation, which influenced the development of various ideologies and attitudes. After the Second World War, they were forced to abandon their language, traditional costume and any other signs of ethnic distinctiveness. As a result, Vilamovian culture began to quickly disappear. It is only recent decades that have seen a change in the situation, thanks to the youngest generation becoming involved in the revitalisation process. The engagement of researchers and the process of overcoming the historical trauma by the community members not only encouraged them to openly speak about Vilamovian identity – these developments also put it on a new track, adapting it to the realities of the twenty-first century. As it turned out, identity and the sense of distinctiveness were a much stronger determinant of the ethnic group than the language or traditional costume, which, although in use again, are far less popular among Vilamovians. The Covid-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact not only on the expressed identity attitudes, but also on activities shaping the revitalisation policy.