Ethnic Capital Research Articles

Capitalizing on sport labor migration: The role of ethnic capitalism in the discriminatory, regulatory, and exploitative environment for international college athletes in the United States

International college athletes (ICAs) are integral to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and lie at a particular social location as they are international students and college sport laborers. However, little research examines the discriminatory regulations toward ICAs by the NCAA, its member institutions, and the US federal government. Recent court rulings that permit college athletes to monetize their name, image, and likeness (NIL) do not benefit ICAs because of outdated and exclusionary restrictions imposed by federal immigration policies, visa laws, and US tax laws, which prohibit ICAs from having equitable rights, building their personal brand and professional careers. To examine the discrimination, regulation, and exploitation of ICAs by the US federal government and the NCAA, we apply the theory of ethnic capitalism, which highlights the marginalization of groups based on their ethnicity and national origin. In this setting, ICAs are treated as bodies of athletic labor, recruited for institutional gain and athletic program reputation to benefit US higher education institutions (HEIs). To conclude, we propose the need for the NCAA and its member institutions to treat ICAs equitably and include, support, and advocate for them, specifically regarding their inclusion in NIL on US lands.

“We’re no longer the senzala”: Race, space, and difference in the Ethnic Capital of Brazil

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Ijuí, a small rural city in Rio Grande do Sul, this work examines how history, race, and power over space articulate in the construction of a multiethnic heritage tourism festival. Ijuí has recently garnered significant national and international heritage recognition based on its unique history of multiethnic European colonization and the metanarrative that this produced an exceptionally tolerant and harmonious society. Contrasting with this narrative, the reality for the city’s Black, indigenous, and mixed residents reveals how tourism is often situated within a zone of ambivalence, serving both as an enduring source of precarity and a critical site of hope. Drawing from Michel De Certeau’s theories of strategies and tactics, along with Susan Gal and Judith Irvine’s work on rhematization, this article aims to (1) trace the precarity involved when colorblind multiethnic tourism operates within contexts of marked racial inequality, (2) interrogate the ideological, material, and semiotic processes by which these precarities become recursively inscribed within the space of tourism, and (3) show how the space of tourism can be reappropriated and utilized through tactics that defy categorization as tourism, serving ends that threaten the very basis of the precarities themselves. Thus, even as the multiethnic tourism landscape has been a source of ongoing marginalization, I argue in this work that it can also be reimagined as a space of potential where new communities, relations, visibilities, and histories can circulate and take root.

Ethnic culture of the Khakass people through the prism of women’s family values (to the anniversary of Larisa Viktorovna Anzhiganova)

On the 3rd of April, 2023, the Doctor of Philosophy, Larisa Viktorovna Anzhiganova celebrated her anniversary. She is the first and currently the only woman in the region with a degree of the Doctor of Philosophy. Her research interests are related to the study of ethnocultural problems of Khakassia, in particular, the philosophy of ethnos, ethnic culture, interethnic relations, gender studies. Her scientific activity was conducted within the walls of the N. F. Katanov Khakass State University (since 1980), Khakass Research Institute for Language, Literature, and History (1994–1998). It is of particular interest due to the relevance of the topic of the doctoral dissertation “The evolution of the worldview of an ethnic group (by the example of the Khakass people)” (1999, Moscow) and other works that cover the value problems of the ethnic group, including women’s family values. The researcher pays significant attention to the issues of the Khakass’ ethnocultural foundations. An important stage in the development of scientific and organizational activities of L.V. Anzhiganova was the holding of the Interregional Сonference “Ethnic Capital: Resources and Institutional Forms”, which promises to become regular. The philosopher’s ideas played an important role in the formation of the ethnic culture of the Khakass people.

Status Consumption and Negotiation of Tastes: Anchoring on Ethnic Capital

This study examines status consumption and socio-cultural tensions between wealthy Turkish indigenes and newly enriched Kurdish migrants in Şanlıurfa, an underdeveloped city in Turkey. The article focuses on ethnicity, which enables the construction and negotiation of consumer identities and (re)production of distinctions between competing groups under the conditions of marketization. Ethnic capital, a subcategory of social and cultural capital, refers to the dispositions, rituals, and skills of an ethnic group and its members and serves as a source of social power to reproduce group distinctions. The findings contribute to the literature by revealing that, in a context where modernity is not completely entrenched, ethnic capital can explain the scope of competitive status consumption and power struggles. Consumers can still remain attached to their ethnic capital, as they move between different competitive positions in the field of consumption. It has been found that ethnic groups see themselves as having superior qualities—and yet a need to improve—and try to reflect this not by emulating necessarily ‘the’ or ‘an’ other but by emulating lifestyle consumption.

Students' educational drive and ethnic capital.

Class has been central to European sociology and especially to sociology of education. Class origins (through one's parents) do indeed largely determine one's educational attainments and through them, with further support from one's class origins, determine one's class destination. And the cycle continues in one's own children. However, class does not affect all ethnic groups in the same manner, given that different groups bring different resources to any given situation, in this case, education, through their ethnic capital. Ethnic capital is the social capital that may be distinctive to a particular ethnic group and so can vary across groups. It can motivate, support and channel the behaviour of members of a group. This article focuses on the ethnic capital of one set of parents and the wider community. It is based on qualitative research undertaken with a small group of British Kashmiris who have been educationally successful. The investigation explored the contribution of their parents and the wider community to their education: how the parents and the wider family communicated their expectations on education and thesupport and encouragement they provided to the young people. The findings showed that in a socioeconomically disadvantaged context the ethnic capital of the parents and the community can be a driving factor in their children's education.

Colonial origin, ethnicity and intergenerational mobility in Africa

• Parental ethnicity is vital to intergenerational education mobility in Africa. • Colonial ethnic administrative styles may be key in understanding differences in mobility between countries. • Effect of ethnicity is more important for mobility in former British than French colonies. • Importance of ethnicity for mobility has declined over successive birth cohorts. This paper examines the relationship between an individual’s human capital and that of their parents’ ethnic group in former British and French colonies in Africa. Using pooled cross-sectional data from eight African countries, four former French colonies (Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Madagascar, Niger) and four former British colonies (Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda), we find large effects of parental ethnicity on individuals’ human capital. Our results show that colonial origin may be important in understanding intergenerational mobility in African countries via its effect on ethnic relations. Ethnic capital has a persistent effect. This effect, which could be attributed to differences in administration styles adopted during the colonial period, is higher in former British than former French colonies. Birth cohort regression analysis further shows that the ethnic effect has declined across cohorts in former British colonies while remaining comparatively static in former French colonies. Our results are robust to the use of different estimation techniques.

The Role of Diaspora Policies, Ethnic Capital and International Education in Brazilian Migration

This article delves into the experiences of Brazilian students studying abroad, examining the factors that drive and hinder this type of international migration. Our analysis emphasises the importance of exchange programmes, transnational connections, and diasporic practices. We contend that the desire to emigrate is fostered by relative underdevelopment, but that international and local factors present structural barriers to realising those aspirations. As a result, individuals must seek alternative avenues, with educational exchanges and student mobility programmes emerging as critical resources. We also explore how ethnic and human capital can facilitate mobility for many Brazilians, enabling them to overcome structural barriers that often require them to navigate multiple nation-states. This study thus contributes to the conversation on the connections between ethnic and human capital on the one hand and multinational, stepwise migrations on the other.

“So What If I Am Laz?” Irony, Mockery and Humor in Ethnic Integration and Insubordination

This study argues that the ethnic Laz in Turkey resort to irony, humor and mockery to cope with and negotiate the stereotypes, ethnic humor and mockery they encounter in their interactions with outsiders. The trope of irony, humor and mockery have enabled the Laz to navigate the national and regional hierarchies and reproduce their symbolic boundaries regardless of the common and ardent appropriation of Turkishness. In so doing, the Laz can more subtly challenge the official ideology of uniformity. While the public use of Lazuri is still considered a threat to the negotiated boundaries of Lazness, new instruments present creative displays of their ethnic capital which do not contradict present day principles of Turkish nationalism, and offer a legitimate sharing of intimacy without embarrassment. The Laz, like other non-Turkish Muslim peoples of the Black Sea region, abandoned their politically threatening ethnic distinctions, appropriated the capital of Turkishness through their performances, and coped with mockery and stigma by ironizing differences and negotiating, trivializing or selectively appropriating the stereotypes imposed upon them. Ironically, they have “out-performed” ethnic Turks in certain ways, in their search for acceptance as Turks, achieving upward mobility and avoiding forms of stigmatization.

МИГРАНТЫ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ СЕТЯХ: УХОД ОТ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ ИЛИ ПОРОЖДЕНИЕ НОВОЙ ЦИФРОВОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

Objective of the study. Migrants began to see in social networks a solution for many of their own issues, including information problems, forming a virtual identity – acquiring virtual values instead of real ones, organizing into virtual communities in general, into virtual ethnic digital diasporas. This formulates the main goal of this research in the form of studying the phenomenon of the digital diaspora and digital migrant as an object and subject of this research. The study of this new reality, its relation to the traditional reality is an important and urgent research task, since it gives rise to new tendencies and trends, the comprehension of which fills with new content such problems as the adaptation of migrants, their new, including digital identity, which characterizes in a new way social and ethnic capital of migrants. The methodological basis of the research. For a systematic understanding of the subject of this study, it is necessary to comprehend digital youth migration in the form of a withdrawal to digital reality in the form of an ethnic digital diaspora as a new type of informational sociality; it is also required to comprehend this phenomenon as migrant social media. This approach is implemented in the works of such Russian researchers as A.P. Glukhov, G.Z. Efimova, Z. V. Zyuban, S.O. Kremleva and others. It should be noted that understanding the concepts of “digital migrant” and “digital diaspora” also involves the use of the principles of reality explication (social, communication, consensus and media reality), understanding the construct as a virtual model for explaining reality. Research results. Young people became a generation of social networks, spending most of their lives there, organizing themselves into network communities according to their interests and needs, establishing communication virtual connections, preferring virtual reality to traditional reality, as a result,  they form a virtual identity, acquiring virtual values instead of real ones, spending most of their productive time in the world of virtual communication, computer games and aimless wandering around the sites. This creates the basis for replacing traditional reality with virtual reality and significantly transforms the social behavior of young people who immigrate their real world to the virtual world, turning this generation into online migrants.   Prospects of the study. It is necessary to study the behavioral patterns of youth network migrants, and this is connected with the study of the forms of network socialization, the specifics of communication in social networks, the peculiarities of the formation of virtual identity and, of course, the analysis of those informational youth values that oppose the virtual world to the real world.

Migrant Labour and Their “Capitalist Compatriots”: Towards a History of Ethnic Capitalism

The relationship between migration and Australian capitalism has long been a topic of robust scholarly debate in sociology and economics. Researchers in those fields have highlighted how migration has left an indelible imprint on Australian capitalism. By contrast, Australian migration histories have given scant attention to the role ethnic groups played in Australian capitalism. This lack of attention is particularly curious in historical studies of Greek Australia given the significance of small business in facilitating migration and settlement. From Federation onwards, Greek ethnic capitalism - or, more precisely, the relations between Greek migrant labourers and their petite bourgeoisie employers - became a topic of media coverage. In fact, the relations between Greek workers and employers were so important that newspapers routinely reported on the subject. This article examines this media coverage, its racialist and criminalising connotations, and historical relevance. It concludes with some observations on how histories of capitalism can productively engage with the histories of ethnicisation.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ МИГРАНТОВ: ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ, ПРОДВИЖЕНИЕ И ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ

Целью исследования в настоящей статье является анализ этнического капитала мигрантов в этнических социальных сетях.
 Методологической основой исследования этнического капитала мигрантов в социальных сетях являются следующие принципы: во-первых, принципы сетевого анализа, характеризующие выражение в социальных сетях форм социальных отношений, социальной коммуникации и ее контента; во-вторых, принципы оценки этнических социальных сетей, согласно концепциям Э. Дикера, М. Смита, М. Ю. Небрата, Д. Хансона, В. Шандермана и других авторов как социальных медиа; в-третьих, принципы оценки этнических социальных сетей, исходя из анализа контента смысловых единиц информационного-коммуникационного взаимодействия в этнических социальных сетях как выражение методов контент-анализа, в котором смысловыми единицами анализа являются употребляемые в коммуникативном взаимодействии в социальных сетях понятия и термины, тексты и темы, события и факты, имена людей и названия организаций.
 Результаты исследования. В статье рассматривается формирование этнического капитала мигрантов, местом и средством которого являются социальные сети, служащие способом организации и самоорганизации этнических сообществ и одновременно важным исследовательским инструментом изучения миграционных процессов. Продвижение этнического капитала мигрантов выражается в развитии таких качеств этнических сообществ, как упрочение этнических ценностей и традиций, этническое сплочение, этническая солидарность, сетевая самопрезентация и сетевая виртуальная этническая идентичность. Этнический капитал мигрантов может быть как дополнением приобретаемого мигрантами социального капитала и этим способствовать успешной адаптации мигрантов, так и противостоящей альтернативой ему в той социальной ситуации, когда мигранты ощущают дефицит социального капитала, т.е. дефицит социального доверия и равноправного социального партнерства со стороны принимающего общества, а рост ксенофобных, мигрантофобных и расистских настроений части населения принимающего общества, особенно в условиях глобального социального кризиса, чем является пандемия COVID-19, может усугублять данную ситуацию.

Getting ahead while retaining ethnic salience: educational mobilities, class, and empowerment of a Tibetan student in China

ABSTRACT Adopting empowerment as a theoretical lens, this paper examines how a combination of structural (particularly class background) and individual factors (particularly empowering agents and a strong personal will to achieve) have contributed to school success and ethnic identity formation of minority students in China. Our longitudinal study on a Tibetan student (Dolma) from middle-class background who completed seven-year dislocated secondary schooling and four-year undergraduate studies in China’s interior (Neidi) suggests the complexity and lack of institutional empowerment in every-day schooling. Although the implementation of preferential policies has expanded educational opportunities for ethnic minorities, the systemic failure to acknowledge the ethnic capital of minority groups at large accounts for the struggles along Dolma’s educational mobilities. Thanks to two teachers who acted as empowering agents, Dolma’s school adaptation in neidi was made less bumpy. While parental involvement was largely missing during the dislocated secondary schooling, her middle-class background greatly facilitated Dolma’s social adaptation and educational success in undergraduate and postgraduate studies. With a strong will to represent Tibetan culture appropriately to the mainstream society, Dolma gradually learned to get ahead while retaining her ethnic salience. This study calls for more culturally reflexive policy changes to achieve institutional empowerment of ethnic minority students.

Violent conflict and ethnicity in the Congo: beyond materialism, primordialism and symbolism

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate the nexus between ethnicity and violent conflict in the Congo. We make three interlocking arguments. First, we argue that ethnicity is a defining political resource in the Congo’s politics and violent conflicts, which we call ‘ethnic capital’. Second, we argue that the high political value of this ethnic capital is sustained by engrained discourses and practices of ethnicity. These discourses and practices permeate the Congo’s political order, shape people’s understanding of politics, conflict and political identities, and have contributed to the formation of an unstable, centrifugal, and fragmentary political order. Third, we argue that conceptualising ethnicity as capital dismantles the artificial dualism between the symbolic realm of identities and the material realm of the economy and makes it possible to move beyond primordialist, instrumentalist and purely symbolic understandings of the nexus between conflict and ethnicity. Ultimately, what is at stake in this competition is the distribution of symbolic and material resources.

DISCUSSIONS ON ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE LITERATURE ON MALAYSIAN CONTEXT: A REVIEW

Despite the vast amount of research on ethnic integration, ethnocentrism, and social capital in the Malaysian literature, there is a growing need to scrutinise comparatively the findings of the studies which have been carried out so far. This paper examines the impact of ethnicity on interethnic relations by reviewing the relevant literature related to social capital and inter-ethnic relations in Malaysia. In order to investigate the different aspects of inter-ethnic relations of Malaysians, the empirical contributions reviewed in the present paper are from three academic disciplines: (i) media studies, (ii) urban studies; and (iii) sociology. Researchers in media studies have discussed the virtual dimension of inter-ethnic relations taking place in online social networking sites whereas urban studies have focused on the actual relationships between Malaysians in different urban settings. Sociological studies, on the other hand, have examined the socialisation processes of Malaysians across different ethnic groups and their racial bridging social capitals. The overall findings of these studies indicate that strong ethnic identities impede bridging social capital, trust among Malaysians and the social solidarity of Malaysians while reinforcing the bonding social capital and in-group solidarity within ethnic groups. Keywords: ethnicity, social capital, inter-ethnic relations, Malaysia, identity

Toward a Theory of Fertility and Ethnic Social Capital

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model of ethnic fertility differentials that incorporates the intersection of both the macro societal influences as well as the micro actor level influences. It first contextualizes ethnic fertility differentials within the global fertility decline literature. Then it reviews the extant theories of fertility decline. It then turns to an examination of fertility choices in the developed world. A summary of three major approaches to ethnic fertility differentials is examined and then incorporated into a more eclectic perspective provided by Goldscheider. Finally, this paper merges the Goldscheider perspective with the social capital perspective, as applied to fertility decisions, into a conceptual model of ethnic fertility differentials. Lastly, the new conceptual model is used to reflect upon the current state of global fertility decline.

Ethnic capital and intergenerational transmission of educational attainment

SummaryThis paper studies the role of ethnicity in the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment within the framework outlined by Borjas (Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992, 107(1), 123–150). Relying on heteroskedasticity to identify parameters in the presence of endogenous regressors, I find evidence that the ordinary least squares estimates of the effect of ethnic capital on intergenerational transmission of education are biased upwards due to the transfer of unobserved ability. I also find that, while the role of parental capital has declined over time, ethnic capital has a relatively constant effect on intergenerational transmission of educational attainment.

Capital social étnico e desenvolvimento comunitário: o caso da organização de mulheres indígenas Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij

A promoção do capital social tem se configurado em uma das estratégias mais recorrentes, por parte de governos e organismos internacionais, na busca da superação da pobreza e da diminuição das desigualdades sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, por meio de um estudo de caso, as possibilidades de o capital social de cunho étnico constituir-se em um instrumento de transformação social e, ao mesmo tempo, ser um mecanismo de desenvolvimento comunitário local. Trata-se de um estudo realizado junto à organização de mulheres indígenas Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchikauanij em Cuetzalan del Progreso, no México. Os dados aqui apresentados foram obtidos por meio de registros etnográficos durante o primeiro semestre do ano de 2017. Utilizou-se a técnica da observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade. Conclui-se que o capital social étnico é um recurso importante para o desenvolvimento das comunidades na região, uma vez que contribui para uma ampliação plural dos temas que se encontram envolvidos nas políticas e projetos de desenvolvimento, possibilita a inclusão/integração de um maior contingente de atores sociais em processos de gestão local do desenvolvimento, uma maior inclusão/integração dos sujeitos, diminuindo as desigualdades em termos de status social, e amplia o campo das oportunidades econômicas.

Ethnicity capital and nation-building

Ethnicity capital and nation-building

Adachi, Nobuko: Ethnic Capital in a Japanese Brazilian Commune

Anthropos , Seite 269 - 270

Proficiency in English, linguistic shift and ethnic capital: an intergenerational analysis of non-English speaking background immigrant groups in Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACTMuch is known about immigrants’ majority language proficiency in the first (immigrant) generation. Less is understood of differences in linguistic shift compared with heritage language retention in subsequent generations. Focusing on Sydney, Australia’s largest ‘EthniCity’, we build on Clyne and Kipp’s (1999. Pluricentric Languages in an Immigrant Context. Berlin: de Gruyter) and Chiswick and Miller’s (1999. “Immigration, Language and Multiculturalism in Australia.” Australian Economic Review 32: 369–385) work on variations among non-English speaking background (NESB) immigrant groups in proficiency with or sole use of spoken English in the first generation. We then compare this with an extension of Borjas' (1992. “Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107: 123–150) work on ethnic capital to examine linguistic shift and heritage language retention in the second and third generations. While results show linguistic shift mostly occurring over two or three generations, they also highlight differences among NESB groups, associated with particular cultural backgrounds, holding constant human capital and other socio-demographic factors. They further demonstrate the continuing though equally varied intergenerational importance of contextual (residential concentration) influences on heritage language retention.