Context Of Ethiopia Research Articles

Determinants of rural women economic empowerment: the Case of Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The issue of women's empowerment has been a topic of ongoing discussion in developing countries, considering the complex socio-demographic and cultural factors at play. Women tend to face disadvantages compared to men across various human development indicators. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the different factors that influence women's economic empowerment within the specific context of Ethiopia. This study examines the factors that contribute to the economic empowerment of women in rural areas of Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. The research employed multi-stage probability sampling techniques to achieve its objectives, resulting in a sample of 382 rural women randomly selected from seven selected kebeles. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the collected data. The study found that more than half of the women achieved a medium level of economic empowerment. The results revealed that age, educational status, income contribution, and ownership of property positively influenced rural women's economic empowerment. In addition, opening a savings account, information access, mobile phone accessibility, and membership of women's associations positively and significantly affect women's economic empowerment in the study area. Conversely, marital status, hours spent on unpaid work, and early age at marriage negatively.

If I Have the Courage…I Prefer to See a Doctor: A Qualitative Exploration of Ethiopian Women’s Hesitancy to Screen for Cervical Cancer Using HPV Self-Sampling

PURPOSE In Ethiopia, cervical cancer screening uptake remains low (14%), despite efforts to increase access to preventive services. While Ethiopia’s national screening program currently uses a “screen-and-treat” approach with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling may be a screening option available in the future, which has been found to be a safe and easy approach for sample collection in many global contexts. Some concerns exist among age-eligible women for HPV self-sampling, therefore understanding the nuanced perceptions towards HPV self-sampling from an Ethiopian perspective is important. This qualitative study explores perceived pros and cons to cervical cancer screening with HPV self-sampling so that this approach can be tailored to the cultural and social context of Ethiopia to increase screening uptake. METHODS In 2022, four focus groups were conducted with 50 Ethiopian women to discuss their perceptions towards cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening methods. Participants were shown educational videos on VIA and HPV self-sampling. They were prompted to compare the two screening modalities and discuss why they liked or disliked each. Audio recordings were translated and transcribed, transcripts were coded with Dedoose software, and content analysis was conducted to identify major themes contributing to hesitancy to screen using HPV self-sampling. RESULTS A lack of awareness, coupled with a lack of confidence in collecting their own specimen, influenced many women to have notable negative views of the HPV self-sampling process. Many women thought the self-sampling would be “difficult,” as it “might hurt sensitive places.” A participant shared: “I might not use the device properly. If I have the courage and the desire, I prefer to see a doctor.” Interestingly, participants often stated that they would be more willing to try HPV self-sampling if they had increased understanding, education, and “awareness” of cervical cancer and the procedure. CONCLUSION To promote cancer screening services in underserved communities such as in Ethiopia, it is imperative to understand the major factors that influence screening. Focus groups revealed reasons that women may be hesitant to screen for cervical cancer using HPV self-sampling. Education and screening interventions should address these concerns and self-described knowledge gaps to empower patients to make informed decisions about screening.

Professional quality of life and job satisfaction among nurses working at tertiary hospitals in central Ethiopia

BackgroundProfessional quality of life is a crucial aspect of healthcare professionals’ well-being and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction, on the other hand, encompasses fulfillment of desired needs within the work environment, happiness or gratifying emotional response towards working conditions, and job values or equity. Existing literature tends to address job satisfaction and professional quality of life separately, overlooking their interconnectedness, especially within the unique context of Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess nurses’ professional quality of life and job satisfaction.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1–30 2023 among 420 nurses using a structured questionnaire. The study participants were recruited by simple random sampling. Multiple linear regressions were used to identify factors associated with outcome variables.ResultsThe study involved 420 nurses, with 407 completing the questionnaire, yielding a 96.68% response rate. The findings revealed varying levels of professional quality of life. Specifically, 258 participants (63.4%) exhibited low compassion satisfaction, while 271 (66.6%) and 266 (65.4%) experienced average levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress, respectively. Job satisfaction was moderate to high for 55% of the participants. As the finding of this study indicates, there is a positive correlation between compassion satisfaction and job satisfaction in nursing. The study also identified predictors for job satisfaction, compassion satisfaction, and compassion fatigue, such as marital status, education, and experience.ConclusionThe majority of participants reported a medium level of compassion satisfaction, with a significant proportion experiencing moderate to high levels of compassion fatigue. Although more than half of the participants had moderate to high job satisfaction, there were still low levels of satisfaction. The study recommends developing targeted training programs, implementing workplace policies, and designing initiatives to enhance education, experience, and compassion satisfaction.

Spatially-informed insights into early marriage and school dropout: An advanced bivariate binary multilevel model for understanding Ethiopia's context

The phenomenon of school dropout, which entails the failure to meet the minimum educational requirements, and early marriage, which involves the marital union of girls prior to attaining 18 years of age, constitute crucial issues in Ethiopia. This research endeavor sought to identify the determinants of these two outcomes. A weighted sample of 3091 girls who had experienced early marriage and school dropout was drawn from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) dataset and analyzed utilizing bivariate binary multilevel models featuring spatial effects. The prevalence rates of early marriage and school dropout were 62.9 % and 75.4 %, respectively. We observed non-uniform spatial distributions of early marriage and school dropout across Ethiopia. The odds ratio of the association between early marriage and school dropout was 1.39, indicating a significant interdependence of these two outcomes. The probability of early marriage and school dropout was estimated to be 1.63 and 1.18 times higher, respectively, for girls hailing from rural areas and 1.70 and 1.23 times higher, respectively, for those classified in the poorest wealth index, as compared to their counterparts. Therefore, stakeholders and policymakers must prioritize hotspots, socio-economic, and demographic factors to achieve a meaningful reduction in the incidence of early marriage and school dropout.

Designing the Future of Medical Education: The EPA Framework as a Catalyst to Inform Family Planning and Reproductive Health Fellowship Training Program in Ethiopia Medical Education: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method Study.

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are tasks or responsibilitieswithin a specific field that can be given to a learneronce they are competent to perform them independently. EPAs are being used in various specialty programs and serving as valuable tool to inform educational program. However, due to disparities in professional practice between different contexts, the automatic transfer of a set of core EPAs is not feasible. Hence, our study aims to develop an EPA framework to inform the Family Planning and Reproductive Health Fellowship Program in the local context of Ethiopia. We employed an exploratory mixed-method design, which involved the collection of qualitative data using the Nominal Group Technique and quantitative data through a nationwide survey in all residency training institutions across the country. Qualitative data analysis involved several steps, including compiling a list of tasks, removing duplicate tasks, reviewing EPAs using criteria and an equal rubric tool. For quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistics, validity index analysis, and intra-class correlation coefficients, were used. Seven senior panelists were able to propose a total of 57 EPAs, with 17 remaining after qualitative data analysis. The panelist evaluated the relevance of each EPA in the second phase. As a result, 17 EPAs received a content validity index of >0.83, indicating satisfactory relevance. In the national survey, experts reached a high level of final agreement regarding the relevance and representativeness of all 17 EPAs (ICC = 0.815, 95% CI [0.0.756,0.865], p.0001). The final set of 17 end-of-training EPAs is valid, acceptable and representative of the discipline, and they can be used as a framework to inform Family planning and Reproductive Health Fellowship Program in Ethiopian medical education once these core EPA statements are described in sufficient detail. This can contribute to raise the quality of training and hence the quality of patient care.

Does work task motivation mediate the relationship between psychological capital and teacher well-being?

This study examined the mediating role of work task motivation (WTM) in the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap) and teacher well-being (TWB) in the higher educational context of Ethiopia. The Psychological Capital Questionnaire-12 (PCQ-12), Work Task Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST), and Teacher Well-Being Scale (TWBS) were used to collect and analyzed data from a sample of 596 university teachers employed at Ethiopia?s Amhara Regional State Universities. The results indicated that PsyCap had a direct and positive effect on WTM (? = 0.374, CI 95% [0.271, 474], p <.001) and TWB (? = 0.298, CI 95% [0.150, 0.430], p <.001). WTM also has a direct and positive impact on TWB (? = 0.472 CI 95% [.003, .481], p <.05). Besides, WTM fully mediated the relationship between PsyCap and TWB (? = 0.110, CI 95% [0.006, 0.206], p <0.05). We also found that PsyCap intrinsic motivation identified regulation directly and positively, whereas external, introjected regulation, and amotivation negatively and directly predicted TWB. Finally, the dimensions of WT (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and introjected regulation and amotivation)partially mediated the relationships between PsyCap and dimensions of TWB (workload, organizational, and student interaction well-being).

Impacts of external factors on Ethiopia's economic growth: Insights on foreign direct investment, remittances, exchange rates, and imports

This study conducts a rigorous examination of relationships that are often assumed but rarely tested within the context of Ethiopia's journey towards sustainable development. An autoregressive distributed lag model is employed using annual time series data from 1982 to 2021 to investigate the short- and long-term impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, real exchange rates, and imports on Ethiopia's economic growth. By incorporating additional control variables, this study contributes nuanced insights that were previously lacking in the literature. The findings reveal intriguing patterns that both align with and deviate from existing frameworks. Contrary to some prior studies, foreign investment consistently emerges as a significant driver of economic growth over time. However, remittances demonstrate only transient significance, highlighting the need for cautious policy considerations. The influence of exchange rates on economic growth proves to be unexpectedly complex and nonlinear, challenging conventional assumptions. The empirical validation of these multifaceted realities underscores the importance of this analysis. Furthermore, robustness tests conducted in this study confirm the reliability of the findings while shedding light on additional intricacies. For instance, the relationship between imports and growth is context-dependent and exhibits ambiguities that call for careful consideration. The theoretical and practical implications derived from this research offer valuable insights for researchers and policymakers alike. The recommendations put forth emphasize the promotion of sustained prosperity through evidence-based strategies that prioritize community development.

Fiscal decentralization and macroeconomics stability nexus: Evidence from the Sub-national governments context of Ethiopia

Fiscal decentralization and macroeconomics stability nexus: Evidence from the Sub-national governments context of Ethiopia

Willingness to pay for hepatitis B virus vaccine and associated factors among households in Bahir Dar City, northwest Ethiopia: using contingent valuation method.

The prevention of disease burden and death through vaccination is one of the most cost-effective methods. Even though the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has significant public health problems in Ethiopia, there is no compulsory HBV vaccination program for adults and the vaccine's market value was not yet estimated in the Ethiopia context. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for the HBV vaccine and its associated factors among households in Bahir Dar City, northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 620 households from March 1 to 30, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the required number of households. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the necessary information. The contingent valuation method was conducted to measure WTP for the HBV vaccine. A Tobit regression model was employed to investigate significantly associated factors, and variables with a p-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. In this study, 62.17% of households were willing to pay for the HBV vaccine with an average cost of ETB174.24 (US$5.25). Male household heads (P = 0.014), favorable attitude (P = 0.017), and good knowledge (P < 0.001) toward the vaccine were positively associated with WTP, whereas age (P < 0.001), single marital status (P = 0.012) and divorced/widowed (P = 0.018) marital status were negatively associated with WTP. Overall, most households were willing to pay for the HBV vaccine with an average demand of ETB174.24 (US$5.25). Therefore, a national-level HBV vaccine strategy should be designed considering the households' willingness to pay. In addition, working on attitudes and knowledge toward the vaccine could potentially increase the household's willingness to pay for the HBV vaccine.

Barriers Towards Obstetric Care Service Utilization in Ethiopia: An Explorative Qualitative Study.

Obstetric care has been at the center of both global and national agendas. More than 50% of pregnant mothers are still preferring to give birth at home with some even after having full antenatal care. However, a few literatures looked at contributing factors for this problem but they are not conclusive and do not consider different sociocultural context of Ethiopia and different health service related barriers. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore barriers to obstetric care service utilization in Ethiopia using the socio-ecological model. Explorative qualitative study was employed involving key-informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions between October and December 2021; Individual, community, health system, and contextual barriers were explored. Atlas ti. Version 9 was used for analysis. Lack of awareness, unfavorable perception, lack of partner involvement, cultural barrier, shortage of supplies, poor infrastructure, provider-related factors, poor monitoring, and evaluation system, challenging topography, and conflict were the major barriers that hinder mothers from receiving obstetrics service in Ethiopia. Lack of awareness, unfavorable perception, conflict, problems with health system structure and process, and cultural and geographical conditions were major barriers in Ethiopia. Therefore, packages of intervention is important to avail essential equipment, strengthening follow up system, create awareness, and increase access to health facilities is very important for service improvement by the government and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, implementing conflict resolution mechanism is important for addressing better obstetric service.

Effectiveness of banking card security in the Ethiopian financial sector: PCI-DSS security standard as a lens

PurposeThis study is aimed at assessing the information security management practice with a focus on banking card security in selected financial institutions in Ethiopia, using an international information security standard as a benchmark. It is to identify the gaps and recommend best security practices to help financial institutions meet the required security compliance.Design/methodology/approachTwo financial sectors were purposively selected. A total of twenty-five respondents (IT executives and IT staff) were included in the study. Quantitative data was collected using the PCI-DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) security standard questionnaire. In addition, observation and document analysis were made.FindingsThe result shows that most of the essential security management activities in the financial sectors do not comply with the international security standard. Similarly, the level of most of the indispensable security requirements that should be in place is found to be below the acceptable level. The study also revealed major security factors that prohibit the financial sectors from PCI-DSS security standard compliance.Originality/valueThis study assessed the information security management practice with a focus on banking card security and tried to figure out the limitations of security practices of the organizations surveyed based on the standard adopted. The topic has not been well explored especially in the Ethiopia context. Hence, the result can positively influence security policies, particularly in the banking sector.

Interrogating “entrepreneurship for development”: a counter-narrative based on local stories of women in rural Ethiopia

PurposeTo interrogate the grand narrative of “entrepreneurship for development” that dominates international development circles, by applying a feminist critical discourse analysis that prioritizes women's situated experiences as local stories.Design/methodology/approachTwo existing frameworks for analysing women's entrepreneurship, namely the 5M (Brush et al., 2009) and the 8M (Abuhussein and Koburtay, 2021) frameworks, are used to examine the local stories of women in rural Ethiopia to provide a counter-narrative to the grand narrative of “entrepreneurship for development”. The local stories are derived from 16 focus group discussions and 32 interviews.FindingsThe findings provide a counter-narrative to the grand narrative of “entrepreneurship for development”, evident in Ethiopia and in international development generally, while demonstrating larger structural issues at play. They challenge entrepreneurship's solely positive effects. While women recognize the benefits of having a business, particularly in terms of financial gains, empowerment and social recognition, they also highlight negative consequences, including uncertainty, concerns for their own personal safety, criticism, stress, limited social life and fear of indebtedness and poverty.Practical implicationsPolicymakers, scholars and development professionals are urged to reflect on the limitations of “entrepreneurship for development” and to consider the negative effects that promoting an acritical grand narrative of entrepreneurship could have on women's lives.Originality/valueThe article advances an innovative partnership between feminist analysis and established women's entrepreneurship frameworks to contest dominant assumptions in the fields of entrepreneurship and international development studies. It adds to the limited empirical evidence on women's entrepreneurial activity in Ethiopia, tests the adequacy of the 5M and 8M frameworks in the rural low-income context of Ethiopia, and proposes a 7+M framework as an alternative to study rural women's entrepreneurship in low and middle income countries.

Community Wastewater-Based Surveillance Can Be a Cost-Effective Approach to Track COVID-19 Outbreak in Low-Resource Settings: Feasibility Assessment for Ethiopia Context.

Wastewater surveillance systems have become an important component of COVID-19 outbreak monitoring in high-income settings. However, its use in most low-income settings has not been well-studied. This study assessed the feasibility and utility of wastewater surveillance system to monitor SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted at nine Membrane Bio-reactor (MBR) wastewater processing plants. The samples were collected in two separate time series. Wastewater samples and known leftover RT-PCR tested nasopharyngeal swabs were processed using two extraction protocols with different sample conditions. SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RT-PCR testing was conducted using RIDA GENE SARS-CoV-2 RUO protocol for wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR protocol adaptation, optimization, and detection were conducted in an Addis Ababa, Ethiopia context. Samples collected during the first time series, when the national COVID-19 case load was low, were all negative. Conversely, samples collected during the second time series were all positive, coinciding with the highest daily reported new cases of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance approach is feasible for Addis Ababa. The COVID-19 wastewater based epidemiological approach can potentially fill the evidence gap in distribution and dynamics of COVID-19 in Ethiopia and other low-income settings.

Treatment failure, death, and predictors among PLWHIV on second-line antiretroviral therapy in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, northeast Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study.

BackgroundThe proportion of HIV patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy is becoming a growing public health concern, especially in a low-income country setting. However, unlike first-line therapy, to date, very little is known about the outcomes of second-line therapy in the Ethiopia context. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the rate of treatment failure, death, and their predictors among HIV patients receiving second-line therapy.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on 642 people living with HIV in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from October 2016 to November 2019. Poisson and competitive risk survival models were computed to explore predictors of treatment failure and death, respectively.ResultsDuring follow-up period, 39 (6.87%, 95% CI: 5–9.2%) of 568 patients had second-line treatment failure with 4.07 per 100 person-year rate of failure. Being on anti-TB treatment [Rate ratio, RR = 2.57 (95% CI: 1.25–5.25)], not having optimal medication adherence [RR = 2.29 (95% CI: 1.09–4.78)], and not timely switched [RR = 5.89 (95% CI: 1.36–25.54)] were positively associated with treatment failure. Similarly, 44 (6.85%, 95% CI: 5–9%) of 642 patients died with 4.5 per 100 person-year rate of death. Being on advanced clinical condition [Sub distribution Hazard ratio, SHR = 2.49 (95% CI: 1.31–4.74)], not having optimal medication adherence [SHR = 2.65 (95% CI: 1.31–4.74)], lower CD4 cell counts, and high viral load measurement were positively associated with death.ConclusionsA significant number of patients had failed to respond to second-line therapy. A large number of patients had also died. Patient medical profile and monitoring practice were associated with treatment failure and death. Hence, patient-centered monitoring and interventions should be strengthened, besides treatment switch.

Rethinking China's Soft Power: “Pragmatic Enticement” of Confucius Institutes in Ethiopia

AbstractThis article examines China's most controversial soft power export – the Confucius Institute initiative – through the case study of its promotion and implementation in Ethiopia. As one of China's closest partners in Africa, Ethiopia presents a path-breaking case for examining the potential and the limitations of Confucius Institutes. In contrast to the existing literature that depicts Confucius Institutes largely as contested and limited initiatives, this article shows that Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms have thus far been relatively successful in Ethiopia. Specifically, China's fusion of practical or tangible benefits with language and cultural promotion – what I describe as “pragmatic enticement” – invokes support from key participants in this project, including university administrators, students and Chinese teachers. In the long term, however, even in the highly favourable context of Ethiopia, the sustainability of Confucius Institutes is questionable, as there are apparent gaps between the rising expectations of Ethiopian administrators and students, and the limited resources on the ground.

Diagnosing the learning crisis: What can value-added analysis contribute?

Advocates of teacher value-added modelling (VAM) argue that this technique can provide evidence on teacher effectiveness to inform teacher policies and broader education system reforms. Critics contend that value-added is a poor proxy for teacher quality and as such is of questionable utility, especially where teacher accountability is concerned. In low- and middle-income countries, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, where the challenge of the ‘learning crisis’ is most severe, a lack of longitudinal data has precluded extensive debate on the matter. In this paper we explore the potential of value-added analysis for diagnostic purposes in the context of Ethiopia. We make use of data from the Young Lives longitudinal study – specifically two rounds of school surveys conducted in Ethiopia between 2012 and 2017 when pupils were in grades 4–8. Learning levels in the Young Lives sites in Ethiopia are very considerably below curricular expectations. Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia faces a significant challenge in terms of a ‘learning crisis’ and in terms of the attendant need to develop policies to improve educational effectiveness within the confines of very limited resources. We discuss the background to VAM models and their use, including in relation to the context of Ethiopia. The paper shows that learning progress in primary schools varies widely between classrooms, and between pupils within the same classroom. Some schools and teachers are more successful in raising overall attainment by ‘raising the floor’ of learning and narrowing the dispersion. Others are more successful by ‘raising the roof’. Less effective teachers appear to be particularly ineffective for pupils with higher scores at the start of the year. In contrast, the most effective teachers showed high levels of ‘value-added’ for pupils at all levels of prior performance. Diagnostic analysis of teacher value-added has potential, we argue, to aid understanding of contributors to low levels of learning such as: (i) over-ambitious curricula; (ii) absence of ‘teaching at the right level’; (iii) within class heterogeneity and pupil grouping strategies; and (iv) teaching and learning strategies – such as ‘differentiation’ or ‘mastery’.

The Secret of the Main Campus Water-Wells, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia.

Groundwater is one of the precious water sources for domestic, irrigation, and industrial demands in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The same is true in Ethiopia context. In this study, seven groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various chemical constituents (pH, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, and NO3−) to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water types of the groundwater wells. Among the seven sampled groundwater wells, five wells are found and used for domestic water supply in Arba Minch University (AMU) main campus. The remaining two are used for industrial and irrigation demands located at the compound of Textile Factory and Haile Resort, respectively. Results showed that the main campus groundwater wells are saline and harder than the two wells from Textile Factory and Haile Resort. Moreover, elevated concentration of nitrate and potassium (greater than the maximum permissible level allowed in Ethiopia) were obtained in the groundwater sources used mainly in the AMU main campus wells. These elevated concentrations of potassium and nitrate beyond the enriched salt contents in the AMU main campus wells could pose kidney, cardiovascular, and other related health problems. This study, therefore, recommends the AMU to find other groundwater sources for drinking purpose other than the studied water-well field.

Achievements, challenges and opportunities of rainwater harvesting in the Ethiopia context: a review

Abstract Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a novel way for developing countries to construct and maintain long-term water supply systems. As a result, this review paper draws on actual findings and lessons learned from various places in Ethiopia to assess the country's achievements and opportunities when it comes to RWH, as well as to guide future alternatives toward its sustainability. RWH acts as to help throughout the rainy season's dry spells, as a potential asset for the dry season, aiding human and livestock consumption as well as crop production through irrigation. So, for successful well-organized rain water collection, watershed treatment, seepage and evaporation control, soil and water conservation, conservation tillage, and integration of low-cost water lifting techniques and family drip systems should all be undertaken. Given that the country has not been significantly modernized, it has outdated experience in the operation and exploitation of RWH systems. Aside from financial inadequacies, historical and political instability, lack of understanding among farmers, and resistance to new technologies, the country has opportunities and has made some progress on RWH systems. In general, RWH could enable smallholder farmers to diversify their crops, thereby enhancing household food security, dietary status, and economic return. In addition, the much-needed green revolution and climate change adaptations should combine RWH ideas with agronomic principles in the country. More work is needed to strengthen indigenous practices and share best practices to a larger scale.

Assessment on Effective Investment During Inflationary Period in Ethiopia

The purpose of this study is to scope the best possibilities for allocation of investable funds during inflationary periods in Ethiopia. The findings are based on conversations with major stakeholders, by reviewing the literature into options and in consultation with financial scholars in Ethiopia. The study offers a menu of effective cash utilization, assesses their suitability for Ethiopia context and their feasibility in the light of financial sector developments in the country.The basic premise of this study is that ultimately what is of concern to an investor, whether a household or an institutional investor, is the real value of its investments in terms of purchasing power. The issue to be addressed is which investment strategy make sense in an economic environment in which a major factor (although certainly not the only one) to be considered is substantial uncertainty about the future level of the prices of those goods and services. By investment strategy I mean decisions about how to allocate investable funds among two major investment classes: Ownership Investments and Lending Investments. The chapter is organized as follows. I will first discuss why it is real or inflation-adjusted rates of return and their uncertainty which ought to be the main concern of investors. I will then present the factors that affect investment which will state the direct and indirect factors which impact the decision making of the investors, examine the real rates of return on the two investment categories. Finally, I will discuss the implications of my findings for individual and institutional asset allocation policies. Keywords: Inflation, Investment, Bond, Stock and Real Estate DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/12-13-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

A review on commercialization of smallholder agricultural producers and its impacts on household livelihoods. Evidence from Ethiopia context

no abstract