Ethiopian Coffee Research Articles

Critical factors to adopt sustainable agrifood supply chain management in developing countries: The case of Ethiopian coffee industry

AbstractGlobal agrifood supply chains are under increasing pressure to address sustainability issues due to growing concerns. However, numerous organizations within the agrifood industry are struggling to incorporate sustainable supply chain management practices and address the concerns. Therefore, this research is designed to identify the key critical factors, such as drivers, enablers, and barriers to adopting sustainable practices. This study considers the Ethiopian coffee industry, which is an important sector not only for the Ethiopian economy but also for the global agrifood supply chain. To accomplish the objectives of this study, we applied a systematic literature review and empirical survey. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify critical factors for adopting sustainability in agrifood supply chains. An empirical survey was then undertaken in the Ethiopian coffee industry to rank the key critical factors. Hence, the study has revealed that economic and productivity improvement, cost effectiveness and improvement in the overall performance, and difficulty in mindset and cultural changes as the key critical factors that determine the adoption of sustainability initiatives from the perspectives of the Ethiopian coffee supply chain. The findings can be used as input by government regulatory bodies and policymakers to craft strategies and policies to adopt sustainability initiatives and ensure sustainable development. Furthermore, the research is expected to contribute to the existing literature by bringing in the perspective of suppliers in developing countries.

Analysis of current and future bioclimatic suitability for C. arabica production in Ethiopia.

The coffee sector in Ethiopia is the livelihood of more than 20% of the population and accounts more than 25% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. Climate change is expected to affect the climatic suitability of coffee in Ethiopia, and this would have implications for global coffee output, the national economy, and farmers' livelihoods in Ethiopia. The objective of this paper is to assess the current and future impacts of climate change on bioclimatic suitability to C.arbica production in Ethiopia. Based on the current distribution of coffee production areas and climate change predictions from HadGEM2 and CCSM2 models and using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) bioclimatic modeling approach, future changes in climatic suitability for C. arabica were predicted. Coffee production sites in Ethiopia were geo-referenced and used as input in the MAXENT model. The findings indicated that climate change will increase the suitable growing area for coffee by about 44.2% and 30.37% under HadGEM2 and CCSM2 models, respectively, by 2080 in Ethiopia. The study also revealed a westward and northwestward shift in the climatic suitability to C. arabica production in Ethiopia. This indicates that the suitability of some areas will continue with some adaptation practice, whilst others currently suitable will be unsuitable, yet others that are unsuitable will be suitable for arabica coffee production. These findings are intended to support stakeholders in the coffee sector in developing strategies for reducing the vulnerability of coffee production to climate change. Site-specific strategies should be developed to build a more climate resilient coffee livelihood in the changing climate.

Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica) improves glucose uptake and modulates metabolic enzyme activities linked to hyperglycemia-induced infertility in isolated rats’ testes

The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica) on carbohydrate digestive enzymes and its protective effect against glucose-induced testicular dysfunction using in vitro and in silico study models. Testicular oxidative stress was initiated by co-incubating testocular tissue collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats in glucose solution with different concentrations of Ethiopian coffee aqueous extracts (hot and cold) for 2 h at 37ºC. Glucose-mediated oxidative stress significantly (p < 0.05) depleted reduced glutathione and total glycogen levels while it lowered catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the testicular tissue. Concomitantly, this led to elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels while it also increased glycogen phosphorylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. Treatment with different concentrations of coffee aqueous extracts restored the enzymes’ and markers’ levels and activities. Although both the cold and hot coffee extracts strongly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, the former showed better activities. The subjection of the coffee extracts to LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of several compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cafestol, kahweol, caffeine, quinic acid, ferulic acid, and catechol which were further docked with the carbohydrate digestive enzymes. The in silico results displayed that among the various metabolites, chlorogenic acid strongly interacted and had the best binding affinity with α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our findings implied that Ethiopian coffee may have a preventive effect against glucose-induced testicular damage. These are evidenced by the capacity of the plant product to decrease oxidative stress and protect against testicular dysfunction.Graphical

Factors Affecting the Quality of Ethiopian Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.)

Ethiopia is fortunate in this regard, as it is home to many different types of. Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the main coffee variety in global coffee production, accounting for more than 60% of total production. Arabica coffee accounts for 30% of Ethiopia&amp;apos;s foreign exchange earnings. Arabica coffee is a popular coffee variety in coffee producing and consuming countries due to its unique aroma and taste and lack of caffeine. Ethiopia&amp;apos;s most important export is coffee, which is also its most important crop. Ethiopia is well known for producing very high-quality coffee, renowned for its excellent aroma and taste, and is also the birthplace of Arabica coffee. The coffee industry attaches great importance to coffee quality. Cup quality is a complex trait that depends on many factors, including species or variety (genetic factors), environmental conditions (ecological factors), agronomic practices (cultivation factors), processing systems (post-harvest factors), storage conditions, and industrial factors. process, beverage preparation and consumer preferences. However, the quality of coffee produced by Ethiopian farmers sometimes deteriorates. Additionally, local genotype, climate and soil characteristics, agricultural practices, harvesting strategy and timing, post-harvest handling procedures, grading, packaging, storage and transportation conditions all affect coffee quality, either improving or decreasing coffee quality.

Enhancing Coffee Agroforestry Systems Suitability Using Geospatial Analysis and Sentinel Satellite Data in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia.

The Gedeo zone agroforestry systems are the main source of Ethiopia's coffee beans. However, land-use and suitability analyses are not well documented due to complex topography, heterogeneous agroforestry, and lack of information. This research aimed to map the coffee coverage and identify land suitability for coffee plantations using remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Remote sensing classifiers often confuse agroforestry and plantations like coffee cover with forest cover because of their similar spectral signatures. Mapping shaded coffee in Gedeo agroforestry using optical or multispectral remote sensing is challenging. To address this, the study identified and mapped coffee coverage from Sentinel-1 data with a decibel (dB) value matched to actual coffee coverage. The actual field data were overlaid on Sentinel-1, which was used to extract the raster value. Pre-processing, classification, standardization, and reclassification of thematic layers were performed to find potential areas for coffee plantation. Hierarchy levels of the main criteria were formed based on climatological, edaphological, physiographic, and socioeconomic factors. These criteria were divided into 14 sub-criteria, reclassified based on their impact on coffee growing, with their relative weights derived using AHP. From the total study area of 1356.2 km2, the mapped coffee coverage is 583 km2. The outcome of the final computed factor weight indicated that average annual temperature and mean annual rainfall are the primary factors, followed by annual mean maximum temperature, elevation, annual mean minimum temperature, soil pH, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), soil texture, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), slope, Soil Organic Matter (SOM), aspect, distance to roads, and distance to water, respectively. The identified coffee plantation potential land suitability reveals unsuitable (413 km2), sub-suitable (596.1 km2), and suitable (347.1 km2) areas. This study provides comprehensive spatial details for Ethiopian cultivators, government officials, and agricultural extension specialists to select optimal coffee farming locations, enhancing food security and economic prosperity.

The Review Article: Ethiopian Coffee Production Trend Analysis: Comparison with Major Coffee Producing Countries of The World

Ethiopia is believed to be the birth place of Arabica coffee and coffee takes a lion share in Ethiopian economy and socio-economic development since it is a prime export commodity in the country. Cognizant of its importance, Ethiopian government made key development plan and strategies to increase coffee production and productivity. As a result, many efforts were made in coffee research and extension in the last five decades; but so far Ethiopia has not attained to fully capitalize its potential in the coffee sector and there is no information on change over years of production and productivity of coffee. FAOSTAT and International Coffee Organization data were used and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Descriptive results depicted that even if coffee productivity is not significantly increased in the last decades, coffee production increased from around 180,000 metric ton in 1993 to 487,808.44 metric ton in 2021. However, still Ethiopia left behind in coffee production as compared to the major world coffee producing countries and its contribution to global coffee production is less than 5% over several years. To change and improve the historical growth trend of coffee production and productivity, it is the responsibility of all stakeholders to support coffee producers to use full package of recommended production technologies and to stump old coffee trees and work on soil and water conservation practices.

A Review of Biochemical Factors Influencing Coffee Disease and Insect Pests Resistance

Coffee is a major crop in over 70 countries, with Ethiopia being one of the top coffee-producing countries in Africa. However, coffee is susceptible to various diseases and insect pests that can significantly reduce yields and affect coffee quality. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the biochemical contents of coffee and their mechanisms of resistance to diseases and insect pests, with a focus on the Ethiopian context. The biochemical contents of coffee, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, play a crucial role in its resistance to diseases and insect pests. These compounds can act as antimicrobial agents, inhibiting the growth of fungal pathogens and bacteria, and also exhibit insecticidal properties, repelling ants and other insects that can damage coffee plants.. The review highlights the importance of harnessing the power of coffee&amp;apos;s biochemical contents to develop sustainable coffee production practices that can mitigate the impacts of disease and pest outbreaks, improve coffee quality, and promote the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. By understanding the biochemical factors that contribute to coffee&amp;apos;s defense against diseases and pests, researchers and policymakers can work towards enhancing the resilience and productivity of the Ethiopian coffee industry, which plays a crucial role in the global coffee market.

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF GREEN AND ROASTED COFFEE

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical and sensory attributes of green and roasted coffee beans from Rwanda, Colombia, Ethiopia, and Peru. Advanced image processing tools were utilized for defect analysis. Water activity, pH, mass loss, and moisture were determined, and thermal analysis were performed. Substantial variations in physicochemical properties were found among coffee beans of different origins. Utilizing a multi-objective optimization algorithm, Ethiopian coffee emerged as possessing the most optimal physicochemical characteristics. The optimal roasting temperature range for Ethiopian coffee was found to be 216.49 °C to 230.15 °C, with longer roasting times at lower temperatures producing more evenly roasted coffee. This study provides valuable information to coffee producers and processors to optimize the roasting process and improve coffee quality.

Microstructural evolution of Ethiopian coffee beans by time-resolved X-ray microcomputed tomography

Microstructural evolution of Ethiopian coffee beans by time-resolved X-ray microcomputed tomography

Changes in biochemical composition of Ethiopian Coffee arabica with growing region and traditional roasting.

Updating the biochemical composition of coffee beans across the years is necessary. This is important to understand the vulnerability of coffee toward climate adaptation longitudinally. Accordingly, in this study the influence of growing area and traditional roasting on the biochemical composition of five common Ethiopian Arabica coffee beans collected in the harvest year of 2021/22 were investigated. With an average of 11.34 g/100 g, the Hararge and Jimma coffee beans had the highest crude fat content (p < 0.05). The crude protein content of the five varieties was in the range of 13-15 g/100 g, with respective highest and lowest contents in the (Hararge and Nekemte) and (Sidama and Yirgachefe) coffee beans (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) of the coffee beans was in the order of Jimma (46.52) > Nekemte (44.55) > Sidama (44.31) > Hararge (39.02) > Yirgachefe (34.25) mg GAE/100 g. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ascorbic acid, coffee bean extract from Jimma and Hararge against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was 19.86, 20.22 and 20.02 μg/mL, respectively. The respective highest and lowest caffeine concentration was obtained in the Yirgachefe (10.38) and Hararge (7.55 g/100 g) coffee beans (p < 0.05). The Jimma, Sidama, and Nekemte coffee varieties had the highest chlorogenic acid content of 45 g/100 g (p > 0.05); whereas the lowest content was in Hararge coffee (36.78 g/100 g). While the caffeine concentration did not show significant (p > 0.05) difference, with all the coffee beans the roasting has reduced significantly the TPC, trigonelline and mainly the chlorogenic acid (p < 0.05). These data can update the existing facts on biochemical diversity of coffee beans in the country which can be used for evidence based innovations of climate adaptation in predicting the quality of coffee. Further recommendation of optimizing the traditional coffee processing method is supported from this study.

Physiological Effects of Drought Stress on Seedlings of Different Coffee Varieties

To elucidate the impact of drought stress on the physiological characteristics of seedlings from different coffee varieties, seedlings of the small-bean varieties 'Tipica', 'Geisha', 'Central America', and 'Ethiopia' were used as experimental materials. This study compared the physiological changes of seedlings from these four different coffee varieties under three levels of drought stress (75%–80%, 55%–60%, 35%–40%). Physiological indicators such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, proline content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. The results indicated that with the increase in the degree of water stress, the contents of soluble sugars, proline, chlorophyll, POD activity, and MDA content all showed varying degrees of initial decline followed by an increase; suggesting that the intensification of drought stress has a certain impact on plant drought resistance. Under moderate stress (55%–60%) compared with mild (75%–80%) and severe (35%–40%) stress, the overall growth rate of indicators among varieties was higher, indicating better plant stress resistance. Based on comprehensive analysis of drought resistance indicators, principal component analysis, and subordinate function comprehensive evaluation, the drought resistance capability of the varieties was ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Tipica coffee &gt; Geisha coffee &gt; Ethiopian coffee &gt; Central American coffee.

International Markets’ Segmentation, Marketing and Performance: A BCG Matrix Approach

Aims: In today's economy, which is very competitive, strategic management models are used more often to solve business problems by evaluating the current situation and helping to make successful national strategic plans. From this currently, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix, one of the most well-known tools for strategic planning, is used to evaluate a company's products to help with long-term strategic planning. It assists businesses in finding fresh development prospects and selecting their future investment strategy. This study intends to investigate international markets’ segmentation, marketing and performance of Ethiopian coffee industry using a BCG matrix approach. Objectives: In this regard, the study has two objectives. First, evaluate Ethiopian coffee industry and its export performance. Second, segment Ethiopian coffee's international markets and assess market attractiveness using the BCG matrix's market share and growth approach. Methods: The matrix was utilized to examine Ethiopia's coffee export market and the top twenty Ethiopian coffee export destinations with the highest average values over the last six years (2016–2021) were selected from more than sixty countries. The export values extracted from International Trade Center (ITC) database. An explanatory approach was used in this study. In addition to primary data from semi-structured interviews, sales figures and market share from written documents were used as secondary data. Results: The outcome suggests that Ethiopian coffee destinations are segmented in international markets using a BCG matrix approach, which assists coffee exporters in deciding whether to finance through investments or be liquidated to free up funds with little potential for use elsewhere. Conclusion: Ethiopian coffee exports have shown growth globally over six years, though dipped in 2018. Germany, USA, Japan, Belgium, and South Korea are top five destinations among the top twenty for Ethiopian coffee export destinations based on an average of six years' worth of export value.

Physicochemical stability and sensory quality of selected Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica L.) brands as affected by packaging materials during storage

Ethiopia's economy heavily relies on coffee, the country's primary export. However, there is a need for improvement in the current packaging materials for parchment coffee during extended storage. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of four different packaging materials (Jute, Woven Polypropylene internally lined with low-density propylene, Grain Pro, and Purdue Improved Crop Storage) on the quality of three brands of Parchment Coffee (Limu, Sidama, and Yirgacheffe) stored for 12 months. The results demonstrated that hermetic packaging materials like Purdue Improved Crop Storage and Grain Pro bags outperformed the Jute bag control in maintaining the original coffee quality throughout the storage period. There was a significant interaction between the coffee brands and the packaging materials for most measured parameters, except bioactive compounds. Notably, Sidama and Yirgacheffe brands stored in hermetic bags consistently achieved cup quality values above 80 %, meeting the requirements for specialty coffee grade. However, the Limu brand did not meet the specialty coffee criteria. The study recommends using hermetic storage materials such as PICS and Grain Pro bags for extended coffee storage. By adopting these methods, the renowned Ethiopian coffee brands can uphold their exceptional quality standards in the international market and ensure customer satisfaction.

The Economic Values of Coffea Arabica Biodiversity in Ethiopia

Ethiopia possesses the most important and diversified genepool of Coffea arabica in wild populations, traditional landraces and cultivated varieties. The availability of high genetic diversity is fundamental for any crop improvement program for use by the plant breeders. This study presents economic valuation of Coffea arabica in terms of pest and disease resistance, increased productivity /yield, drought tolerance or climate change resilience, low caffeine content and higher cup quality. The wild Coffea arabica embedded in the natural forest has a wide range of benefits, including cultivated coffee genetic enhancement, provision of ecological services as well as an intrinsic value. This economic assessment estimated the values of Coffea arabica biodiversity in term of coffee genetic enhancement for increased yield, increased pest and disease resistance, low caffeine, high cup quality, drought and climate change resilience, and GHG reduction using indirect market-based of revealed preference techniques. Our assessment revealed enormous potential of Ethiopia’s Arabica coffee biodiversity to improve and sustainably produce coffee globally and in the country. If Ethiopia exploits its coffee genetic resources potential for coffee production in the country, it gets an additional benefit of USD 2.37-5.84 billion per year. Besides, if coffee producing countries use the genetic resources in Ethiopia to solve their coffee production problems, there is a potential economic benefit of USD7.6-8.1 billion per year. If users of these genetic resources are willing to pay 5% of their gain in economic benefit from the accessed Ethiopian coffee genetic resources to Ethiopia, the country can get additional income of about USD380-403 million per year.

Review on Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Coffee Accessions Collected from Limmu Coffee Growing Areas

Review on Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Coffee Accessions Collected from Limmu Coffee Growing Areas

Coffee Leaf Traits, Bean Quality and Biochemistry across Elevation and Shade Gradients in Ethiopia

Abstract According to model projections, coffee cultivation areas will need to move to higher elevations as suitability moves upslope to compensate for increased temperatures. However, shifting coffee-growing areas upslope may bring conflicts with land use and crops other than coffee and induce adverse socio-economic and environmental impacts associated with deforestation for new coffee cultivation. Moreover, model projections are largely limited to ex-situ experiments based on downscaled global climate models, and thus empirical data are still needed to assess climate change impacts on coffee production in Ethiopia in the future. Furthermore, conditions such as shade tree canopy closure, soil fertility and elevation may either ameliorate or exacerbate climate change impacts. In the absence of significant interventions, this could result in considerable land use change, increased vulnerability of coffee-dependent livelihoods and a potential shortage of coffee supply. Hence, to generate trustworthy and accurate information for climate-resilient Ethiopian coffee production, more field-based experiments are needed. In this PhD thesis, I used coffee plants growing at contrasting elevations using a space-for-time substitution approach for warming in south-west Ethiopia. The coffee plants were superimposed under various shade tree species with multi-strata canopy architecture. The potential of increasing canopy closure in modulating responses to increasing temperature, and the associated effect on coffee plant traits, green bean quality and biochemistry, were thoroughly explored. Based on my findings, I was able to identify potential limiting factors, to close the coffee quality gap by providing improved management recommendations tailored to the local ecological conditions while acknowledging the dynamic drivers (mainly resource availability and climatic variability) for the long-term sustainability of the coffee industry.

Review: Ethiopian Coffee Production Status and Trend Analysis: Comparison with Major Coffee Producing Countries of the World

Review: Ethiopian Coffee Production Status and Trend Analysis: Comparison with Major Coffee Producing Countries of the World

A Review on Ethiopian Coffee Production Trend: Comparison with Major Coffee Producing Countries of the World

A Review on Ethiopian Coffee Production Trend: Comparison with Major Coffee Producing Countries of the World

Financial Management Practices and Coffee Cooperatives Performance in Ethiopia with Mediation of Human Capital

The study's main topic was how Ethiopian coffee cooperatives' financial management practices and organizational performance are mediated by human capital. The cross-sectional study with multistage sampling was employed by the researchers. KMO was employed as a test for adequate data. To evaluate the overall impact of the regression, total variance was used. To determine if the observable variables could adequately explain the latent determinants, confirmatory factor analysis was utilized. The model fitness and mediation analysis were both tested using SEM. According to study, there was a significant link based on the data because the KMO value of.906 was greater than 0.5 and the statistical threshold for the Bartlett's test was lower than 0.05. The researchers discovered that the CMIN/DF was less than 3.0, indicating model acceptance. The model being tested is compared using the Tucker Lewis Index (TLI). Mediation of Human capital has led to a roughly 75% boost in performance of Coffee Cooperatives. As a result, there is now some partial mediation between financial management practices and coffee cooperative performance.

Analysis of Caffeine and Antioxidant Content of Ethiopian Coffee Varieties from Different Growing Areas

Quality coffee consumption is increasing nowadays; however, quality can only be achieved through appropriate cultivation and processing techniques. The study is aimed at using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric techniques for evaluating different coffee varieties grown in Ethiopia based on caffeine, antioxidant, and polyphenol content. Despite coming from various coffee-growing regions, all of the tested coffee varieties (heirloom, forest coffee, heirloom 2, bourbon, mixed heirloom, and catuai) underwent wet processing. The data revealed that the caffeine content ranged from 0.14 to 0.37 mg/g, total antioxidant content from 63.75 to 78.05 mg AAE/g, and total polyphenol content from 27.08 to 31.04 mg GAE/g in the selected varieties. The findings show that the amount of the identified compounds is significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) influenced by the variety type, growing area, and processing (intensity of roasting). The different coffee varieties were also tested for sensory quality, and the findings suggest that the typical coffee drinker prefers fruity flavors in their coffee, along with medium acidity and roasting intensity levels. The cultivation and processing technologies used in coffee production have a significant impact on the quality and sensory enjoyment of coffee.