Ethical Style Research Articles

The Effect of the Source of Commitment and Ethical Style of Auditors on Independent Auditors’ Whistle-blowing

The Effect of the Source of Commitment and Ethical Style of Auditors on Independent Auditors’ Whistle-blowing

RELEVANSI DIMENSI ETIKA SOSIAL DALAM INTERPRETASI AL-AZHAR OLEH HAMKA

This study aims to identify the style of social ethics, referred to as Adab Ijtima'i, contained in Hamka's Al-Azhar commentary. In addition, this study also aims to show that Hamka's tafsir Al-Azhar is characterized by the Adab Ijtima'i approach. The method of interpretation referred to as al-Adab al-Ijtima'ī mainly aims to explain the social instructions given in the Qur'ān. Moreover, the aim is to address and resolve social issues by providing these guidelines in a clear and pragmatic manner that can be easily understood and implemented in daily life. The key element in understanding tafsir adab al-ijtima'i is the harmonious integration of Quranic teachings with people's life behaviors, traditions, and cultural frameworks. This integration facilitates the application of these principles in the problem-solving process. In tafsir al-Azhar, Hamka uses the tafsir adabi ijtima'i approach to examine and explain the verses of the Quran. These clues can be found in various interpretations, which include legal verses and lyric poems referred to as Kauniyah.

Virtue Ethics

AbstractIs ethics all about rights and duties, or is it about living a happy, flourishing life? For millennia in the West, ethics was about the way to flourish as an individual and a community. The qualities that enable people to live that way are the virtues, and that style of ethics is called Virtue Ethics. In the early modern period, Virtue Ethics went out of fashion and ethics began to focus on right and duties, where rights and duties are demands made against others. In this article I argue that the language of rights and duties has made it almost impossible for people on opposing sides of public policy issues to come to agreement. I defend the return of Virtue Ethics in philosophy, and propose that if it can be adopted by ordinary people, we will have a better chance at overcoming our deep divisions.

Is it necessary to speak of virtue again?

In the current debate in political philosophy, the so-called communitarian thinkers intend to offer an alternative to the dominant liberal thought. The ideal of ethicalcommunity as way of life in society in which intersubjective relationships are ruled by laws conceived as public laws, reintroduces the question of virtue in the scope of social and political life, with the requirement of an ethical style of doing politics.

Ethical Leadership and Employee Creative Performance: Discussing the mediating role of Employer Feedback Environment in Software Houses of Pakistan

Purpose: The basic purpose of this study was to explore employee creative performance, the contextual issues in the form of the leader’s style, and the feedback environment established by the leader in the Pakistani context. This study has presented a mechanism model for an understanding predictor of employee creative performance with the help of various theories. Methodology: Data was collected and analyzed from software houses registered in PSEB from 320 leader-employee dyads. Our research design was correlational. To reduce the common method biases, data was collected from two sources: leaders and their subordinates by sending the online questionnaire. To measure the uni-dimensionality and validity of construct EFA was performed through SPSS. Further, to assess the common method biases Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) was used. SEM was used to compute, analyze, and prove relationships of proposed hypotheses and model fitness. CFA was used to confirm the theoretical measurement model, on AMOS 24 by using the rotated factor analysis. Finding: To sustain in this era of the competitive global business environment, organizations can stimulate employee creative performance by focusing on contextual and subjective variables. As per the findings, contextual factors like feedback environment associated with the leader regarding his style should be ethical, have a vital position in an organization for improving creative performance among employees. Specifically, the current study owns its justification and contribution to the literature and practical implications in various ways. Conclusion: The study indicates that the ethical style of leadership has a strong positive (+) association with the creative performance of employees as well as with the employer feedback environment. Also the employer feedback environment has partial mediation among ethical leadership and employee creative performance.

Singing the “Wondrous Story” in Portuguese: The First Official Brazilian Baptist Hymnal, Cantor Cristão

This paper discusses the history of Cantor Cristão, the first official Brazilian Baptist hymnal, published in 1891, revealing important aspects of the development of Protestant hymnody in Brazil. It also exposes a web of long-distance connections, multiple linguistic and cultural elements, and distinct perspectives of those who chose to do missionary work and those who chose to welcome them. More specifically, I describe and reflect on the contributions of Solomon L. Ginsburg, an Orthodox Jew from Poland, converted to Christianity in England, and turned Evangelical missionary, who played a crucial role in the history of Cantor Cristão as publisher, author, and translator of hymns. In my analysis, I adopt a historical ethnomusicological perspective and utilize the concept of musical localization, as well as the complementary notions of negotiation of proximity and ethics of style as interpretative lenses. I am drawn to a more nuanced view of the legacy of the mission enterprise, one that is not blind to issues of power, ethnocentrism, and wealth, but makes room for a robust examination of all sorts of capital transfers and investments (economic, cultural, and social), and the real phenomena of musical localization and individual agency.

A Dissenting Realism

A spirit of dissent animated the American Pre-Raphaelites, a movement comprising abolitionist artists and like-minded architects, critics, and scientists. In contrast to their more prominent colleagues, the artists now known as the Hudson River School, the American Pre-Raphaelites established themselves as eloquent critics of slavery and antebellum American society. The group united their political and aesthetic commitments by engaging selected pictorial strategies of the British Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and embracing a radical empiricism. In landscapes, nature studies, and still lifes of modest dimensions, the American Pre-Raphaelites refused compositional conventions that endorsed rank, class, power, and possession by elevating the humble while eschewing the monumental. Through an examination of Thomas Charles Farrer’s View of Northampton from the Dome of the Hospital (1865, Smith College Museum of Art), this article argues that the American Pre-Raphaelites advanced what they viewed as an ethical style of landscape painting—one that assertively announced their abolitionism.

Perceptions of ethicality: The role of attire style, gender, and context

Professional attire has traditionally been regarded as a sign ethicality. However, several prominent fraud scandals of the past decades involved CEOs of large public corporations who, despite projecting a professional image, engaged in overly unethical behavior. To determine if these events have rendered the association between professional attire and ethicality obsolete, our research examines, in four different studies, the effects of attire style (i.e., business formal, business casual, casual) on perceptions of an employee’s ethicality. Drawing on gender-role (Eagly, 1987) and expectancy-violation theory (Jussim et al., 1987), we also examine the main effects of gender and context (industry type) on attire-based perceptions of ethicality, and the mediating effects of attire appropriateness in the relation between attire style and our outcome of interest. We find that, compared to business formal and business casual attire, casual attire is perceived as the least ethical style across all four studies. The influence of attire on perceptions of ethicality was robust regardless of industry. In one study, both men and women rated women as more ethical. Lastly, the effect of attire style on perceptions of ethicality was fully mediated by perceptions of attire appropriateness. Theoretical and practical implications, study limitations, and future research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Managerial Style, the School Climate, and Persistence in High Schools Among the Arab Community of Israel

The current study examines the relationship between the style of management and the school climate and the persistence in secondary schools in Arab society. Although studies have been carried out in Israel and abroad, few have focused on examining the subject in Arab society. The current study will focus on key issues concerning the impact of the ethical climate and managerial style on this phenomenon.
 The main research question in the current study is whether there is a link between the school ethical climate and management style and the persistence of students in secondary schools in Arab society.
 The findings of the study show that schools with a more caring ethical climate have a higher persistence rate and accordingly, the lower the caring ethical climate, the lower the percentage of persistence in school. It also indicates that the more focused the style on human relations, the more caringf the climate will be, and the more mission-focused the style, the more instrumental the ethical climate will be. The findings also indicate that there is a positive relationship between a management style focused on human relations and persistence.
 The conclusion of the main study indicates a positive relationship between a management style focused on human relations and a caring climate and the persistence of secondary school students in Arab society. A management style based on positive, humanitarian relationships focused on cooperation between principals and teachers allows for similar relationships between teachers among themselves. patterns of cooperation and mutual support are developed instead of competition and striving against each other, allowing for the creation of a more caring ethical climate.

A New Scale to Capture the Multidimensionality of Celebrity Image

The present study aims to develop a reliable and valid scale that measures the multidimensionality of celebrity images and is generalizable across diverse celebrity professions. A survey has been conducted using a sample of 484 respondents to gather data relating to the dimensions of celebrity images of four selected celebrities from two celebrity profession categories, namely, movie stars and sport stars. EFA, CFA and SEM have been used for developing a reliable and valid scale of celebrity images. The scale encompasses seven dimensions of celebrity image: social and ethical responsibility, life and style, professional capabilities, perspective towards celebrity’s profession, orientation towards fans, attractive physique and public image. Marketers can use the scale to identify the dimensions of celebrity images to select appropriate celebrities for their product endorsement. They can also use the identified dimensions of celebrity images to better differentiate, position and extend their brands while designing their marketing strategies related to product positioning, celebrity endorsements and celebrity brand extensions. It would enable researchers and practitioners to bring standardization to celebrity image research in the field of brand endorsements.

ORIENT В. А. МОЦАРТА: ВІД АЛЮЗІЇ ДО ЕТИКО- ЕСТЕТИЧНОЇ СТИЛЬОВОЇ МОДЕЛІ

Throughout the history of music, the dialogue of cultures in the West- East discourse has produced various Orientalism models. Introducing a fashion for oriental decorations in Europe, using new instruments, borrowing modes of musical expression, as well as alluding to signs and symbols of oriental religions and philosophies gave rise to reshaping European musical aesthetics as early as the 18th century. At that time, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his work were undoubtedly pivotal for the art. One can retrospectively observe that Turkish Janissary musical traditions significantly freshened and enriched the composer's instrumental thinking. This can be seen most in the orchestration of Mozart's oriental operas – namely, his singspiels Zaide and The Abduction from the Seraglio. Being a synthetic genre by its nature, opera is primarily related to literary activity; therefore, its oriental colour and imagery need to be immersed in the philosophical world of oriental narratives and storylines that were very popular in baroque and classicism art. Moreover, on the example of The Magic Flute, Mozart's last opera, we can observe how the semiosis of Sufi texts explicitly present in this singspiel libretto gives the work new – Romantic – features. These new characteristics are not limited to the surface aesthetic level of decorations. As an opera reformer, Mozart reshapes the aesthetics of musical language, concurrently refining the ethical component of the genre. Thus, when analysing some instrumental, especially opera pieces by Mozart – namely, Zaide, The Abduction from the Seraglio and The Magic Flute singspiels, one can affirm that the synergy between all orientalism features in the composer’s works and established traditions of the European musical art resulted in the Viennese master creating a new ethical and aesthetic style model, which became seminal for the upcoming epochs.

Post-truth politics and indebted sovereignties.

Moving from a critical reading of Hannah Arendt’s view of the relationship between truth and politics, this essay reframes the relationship between post-truth and politics within contemporary democracies, where a) truth acquires the same status of radical immanence as neoliberal governmentality and the same status of equivalence and exchangeability as commodities and the market, b) the imperative of transparency redefines the public sphere, c) the theatre of representation transforms into the set of presentification, without any border between the visible and the invisible, the sayable and the unsayable. Within such a framework the parresiastic practice of saying one’s own truth must be reconsidered, alongside and beyond the foucauldian proposal, as a relational and political practice rather than an individual and ethical style of life.

Comparative Study of Classical Greek Ethics and Islamic Ethics


 The notion that Islamic ethics originate from Classical Greek ethics needs examination. It is true that Muslim thinkers or scholars who wrote works on ethics were influenced by classical Greek philosophers. However, there are strong fundamental characters that distinguish Islamic ethics from Greek ethics. This study aims to highlight these differences and critically shows that such differences come from philosophical and ethical principles. Base on a comparative study of Muslims and Greek philosophers, this study shows that in substance, the style of Islamic ethics is very different from Classical Greek ethics. While Classical Greek ethics reveals its fundamental character of atheism, focusing on human relationship while releasing faith in its discussion, Islamic ethics tends to expose the characters of theism. Its discourse reaches the level of spirituality that covers not only inter-human relationships but also the relationship between humans and God. It also refers to the scriptural sources such as the Qur'an and Hadith and Islamic ethics related to faith. Nevertheless, both of them have commonalities in the relationship between ethics and happiness, which become the highest goal of ethics in both traditions.

Organizational Artificial Intelligence Behavior

Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses historically unique challenges for organizational settings. In a world, where there is a currently ongoing entrance of AI and algorithms into the workforce, the emerging autonomy and superiority of AI holds unique potentials but also economic and ethical challenges in the organizational context. With AI being endowed with quasi-human rights and citizenship in the Western and Arabic worlds, the question arises how to handle overpopulation but also misbehavior of AI? Should AI become eternal or is there a virtue in switching off AI at a certain point? If so, we may have to redefine laws around killing, define a virtue of killing and draw on philosophy to answer the question how to handle the abyss of killing AI with ethical grace, rational efficiency and fair style. Further, market distruptions in the wake of AI may already have begun, pressing for a demand to monitor and alleviate potential downfalls of AI. Lastly, with eternal AI overpopulation problems and resource consumption demand for attention of the impact of AI on sustainable development. The presented theoretical results will set the ground for a controlled AI-evolution in the 21st century and guide on the entrance of AI into our contemporary workforce in the organizational world.

On Artificial Intelligence’s Razor’s Edge: On the Future of Democracy and Society in the Artificial Age

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our contemporary society imposes historically unique challenges for humankind. The emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life of robots, AI and algorithms alongside unprecedented economic superiority, data storage and computational advantages. However, the introduction of AI to society also raises ethical questions. What is the social impact of robots, algorithms, blockchain and AI entering the workforce and our daily lives on the economy and human society? Should AI become eternal or is there a virtue in switching off AI at a certain point? If so, we may have to define a ‘virtue of killing’ and a ‘right to destroy’ that may draw from legal but also philosophical sources to answer the question how to handle the abyss of killing with ethical grace and fair style. In light of robots already having gained citizenship and being attributed as quasi-human under Common Law jurisdiction, should AI and robots be granted full citizen rights – such as voting rights? Or should we simply reap the benefits of AI and consider to define a democracy with different classes having diversified access to public choice and voting – as practiced in the ancient Athenian city state, which became the cradle of Western civilization and democratic traditions spread around the globe. Or should we legally justify AI slaves to economically reap their benefits, as was common in ancient Rome, which became the Roman Law legal foundation for Continental and some of Scandinavian Law traditions and which inspired very many different codifications around the world. Finally, we may also draw from the Code Napoleon, the French Code Civil established under Napoleon in 1804, which defined male and female into two classes of human with substantial right and power differences, and – to this day – accounts for one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world in legal and societal ways. In asking critical questions and unraveling the ethical boundary conditions of our future artificial world, the paper thereby takes a descriptive – afar from normative – theoretical angle targeted at aiding a successful introduction of AI into our contemporary workforce, democracy and society.

Ссора по-исламски: жалобы и анонимки советских мусульман

This article introduces a series of semi-offcial correspondence between ‘Abd al-Bari Isaev, an imam in Leningrad, and Shakir Khialetdinov, then mufti of the European part of the USSR. To contextualize these precious sources stemming from several private archives, which have only recently been opened for research, I bring more examples on the ways how did religious authorities of the Soviet times quarrel on the issues of power. In fact, as I argue, these multiple quarrels in prose and poetry represent an intriguing case of appropriating both Soviet administrative and Muslim ethical styles of argumentation. The state was always there and Muslim authorities tried hard to use this factor in their inner quarrels by speaking the language of dominant discourse, thus directly borrowing terminology and word constructions from the secular denouncements and linking arguments with the Soviet civil code. At the same time, even in the late Socialist era engagement with the main sources of Islam, i.e. the Qur’an and the Sunna, was another prominent tool in fighting political enemies. This is why we often see quotations from the holy books, referring to the ethical models of Islam. The latter tactics was nothing new to Islamic tradition, especially when the authors tried their pen in poetical fence. What is striking though is that this literary activity and fight over resources was going on in late Socialist Russia, in Arabic-script, long before banned from the public usage by the government.

Attempted Content Descriptions of the World of Values and its Ethical Implications

The paper presents an essay of a compact system of philosophical ethics, based on the psychological and phenomenological penetration into the structure of human values. Continuing the tradition of the rationalist philosophy of the Lviv-Warsaw School, the author makes methodological distinctions: description, evaluation, norms and requirements – and also considers the problem of psychological pressure. Unlike the traditional style of ethical treatises, the author strictly distinguishes the description as the basis of the scientific text, description and evaluation – as ethical and description, assessment and pressure – as pedagogical or propagandistic, choosing a purely ethical style of presentation, limited description and evaluation. For registration the author chooses the so-called “Auto-titel” values, and also takes into account the connection between the sense of value and the sense of its absence (needs), which is one of the principles of registration. Classification of values is carried out on the principle of their division into the values of the living room and spiritual values. To her, the author adds a classification of values according to human sensitivity, dividing them into the values of their own structure, connections with other people and connections with non-human environment. In the context of the submitted rationalist system of ethics, the author discusses the problem of idealism, realism and utilitarianism, as well as the significance of symbolic thinking, which is expressed in the form of so-called “Resolutions”.
 Based on the classifications made, the author formulates the main hierarchical law and examines specific situations that illustrate his observance and violation (for example, situations of overcoming the welcome positions and the situation of the devaluation of spiritual values), and also formulates a series of so-called “Situational rules” of morally good (ethical) behavior.
 Reprinted with significant reductions.

CULTURE OF SPEECH AS A FIELD OF CRIMINALLY-REMEDIAL SCIENC

Modern epoch, our life are characterized by a high level of scientific
 and technical and cultural development. Our time requires every
 person to have a high culture of speech. What represents culture of
 speech? Under the term culture of speech the statement by a speaker
 or a speaking person of his thoughts in connection with the generalized
 and normalized levels of orthoepic, lexical, stylistical, grammatical
 and other spheres of a literary language is understood. Culture of
 speech is an important means for comprehensive revealing of entirety
 and moral perfection of personality. Culture of speech, skills of beautiful
 and clear speech are connected, on the one hand, with the world
 view, level of preparedness, aesthetic and ethical style of the speaker,
 and on the other hand, with his inborn talent. So, the speech of a
 person who observes in his speech the regulations of the culture of
 speech, is called educated speech.

“Chic but Scrupulous, Down to the Very Last Stitch”: “Style Ethics” in American Vogue

Sustainability in fashion becomes a more pressing matter year after year. Growing consumer awareness of the issues paired with governmental regulation has forced the industry to start taking action. Vogue has also incrementally adjusted to the changing demands of the modern socio-cultural context in which it operates. In this article the discursive practices employed by Vogue to construct a discourse on sustainable fashion in its “Style Ethics” editorials, 2009–2013 are explored. Thirty-seven “Style Ethics” editorials were examined using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The article argues that Vogue’s incorporation and appropriation of the sustainable fashion discourse has the potential to shape and/or alter perceptions of sustainable fashion. Vogue’s cultural capital grants it a position of power in meaning construction for the industry. Thus, understanding the magazine’s perspective on sustainable fashion can reveal potential sources of problematic perceptions that may hinder or distort acceptance of sustainable fashion goods and practices.

What is it to do good ethics?

Much of my work in bioethics over the years has been throwing off ethics as pursued in the analytical tradition. I believe the field should steer clear of the rigid...