Police Ethics Research Articles

Balancing Safety and Justice, the Ethics of Predictive Policing

Examining the ethical ramifications of predictive policing in South Africa, the research aims to pinpoint major obstacles and dangers while examining potential solutions to allay worries and guarantee responsible application. Key subjects include data privacy, algorithmic bias, over policing, community involvement, accountability and transparency, and transparency. reduction of bias, oversight procedures, Important Points, Significant ethical issues are brought up by predictive policing in South Africa, including invasions of privacy, algorithmic prejudice, and over policing. Given the historical and current backdrop of racial inequality, these worries are more pressing. In order to address these issues, a balanced strategy that puts individual rights and public safety first is needed. In order to guarantee that predictive policing is used responsibly in South Africa, transparency, accountability, community involvement, and ethical standards are crucial. It is essential to mitigate bias in algorithms and data in order to stop biased results. An over-reliance on predictive policing can be detrimental to community relations and conventional enforcement techniques. Methodological strategy: Designing qualitative research, review of the literature, semi-structured interviews with members of the public, law enforcement officers, and predictive policing specialists Case studies of South African predictive policing initiatives, Content study of South African media reports on predictive policing. Relevance. The work advances our knowledge of the moral conundrums raised by predictive policing in South Africa in a more comprehensive and nuanced way. The study can serve to raise public awareness and encourage participation in the discussion over predictive policing in South Africa. The findings can assist policymakers and law enforcement agencies in creating moral and practical strategies for implementing predictive policing. In conclusion, there are advantages and disadvantages to predictive policing in South Africa. Although technology presents the possibility of more effective and efficient law enforcement, it also brings up serious ethical issues. South Africa can minimize the dangers associated with predictive policing while maximizing its potential advantages by addressing these issues and putting the necessary procedures in place.

The Influence of the Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility of the Police in Performing Public Services and Law Enforcement in the Cilegon City Police Station

This study aims to contribute to the field of police ethics and law enforcement by providing a comprehensive analysis of the factors leading to ethical violations, the responsibilities of police officers in maintaining ethical standards, and the effectiveness of law enforcement practices in dealing with such violations. Data analysis is carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner by understanding and assembling primary and secondary data that have been collected systematically to provide an overview of the problem being studied. Based on this theory, the factors that affect the occurrence of ethical violations and the responsibility of the police profession in carrying out public services and how to enforce the law on violations of the Code of Professional Ethics of the Police Professional Code of Ethics at the Cilegon City Police.

The Relationship between Ethics and the Legal Profession Code of Ethics in Law Enforcement Efforts in Indonesia

Professional ethics is a set of standards established and accepted by specific professional groups as guidance on how to build and ensure the quality of their profession for its members. This research focuses on the ethics of police, prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and notaries. All of these fall under legal professional ethics, also known as special legal ethics. The research method employs normative legal research and conducts a review of regulations through a comparative approach. The research findings indicate that the relationship between ethics and the legal profession forms an institutional framework that carries out a series of crucial functions in social roles, especially in the development of science, humanities, and the field of education. During the implementation process, these professions do not always operate automatically based on beliefs in the importance of their functions but can be significantly influenced by various social power interactions. Ethics in the legal profession plays a crucial role in achieving fair law enforcement. Therefore, ethics in the legal profession (professional code of ethics) is a highly important part in regulating the behavior of legal practitioners, representing fair law enforcement

Epistemology in AI (Transdisciplinary AI)

A critical look at the evolution of AI strongly shows a sustained but stealth race to replace humans with AI. Early scientific literature and discourse on AI for some reasons (either to allow AI gain entry and acceptability in mainstream scientific and technological arena) vehemently deny this "human replacement agenda". This thinking pattern unknowingly shaped current scientific literature, discourse, general understanding of what AI is and its development and applicability (a reductionist thinking). This limits our understanding in both the beneficial and destructive capabilities of AI. But when considering a TD assessment on the developmental dynamic of AI, one would comfortably say and must be bold to admit, that indeed AI intends replacing humans and is on course for fulfilling this.
 
 We see this AI human replacement agenda in intensified R&D efforts dedicated to developing powerful AI system of systems which massively augment human reasoning, most times far better. The inexhaustible list includes the AI replacement of formerly considered human-centric jobs, advanced autonomous weapon systems, killer robots and AI in warfare, intelligent facial recognition, biometric monitoring, integrating AI on biological, nuclear and space-based weapons systems, etc. If this is the direction AI is taking, then a secondary aim would surely arrive at integrating epistemology in AI or "grant spirits" for AI systems. This is because a distinctive characteristic of a human is his spirit and one cannot replace humans with AI without creating proportionate or appropriate spirits for the AI systems. Sooner or later our AI systems would have epistemological functions and possess spirits. The place of the soul for such AI systems would be attained as well. If human knowledge, beliefs, voices, clips and laws can be preserved long after they are gone as is possible in smart digital technologies, then spirit-based AI would indeed cause these humans to live forever. If the feat of a spirit enamored AI is near, then why worry? Indeed when considering that humans possess good and bad spirits (from the epistemology of rational and irrational inertia) then these AI systems would of course have good or bad spirits and be bad or good AI.
 
 Would integrating a spirit into a rule-based or machine learning algorithmic structure of an AI system have benefits? Yes!, profound benefits too. A spirit-based AI would of course make possible the "possession of feelings" by AI systems, a feat unattainable in both algorithmic, operational and inferential basis of AI systems today. This inability of AI systems to have feelings has continued to remain a major setback in the acceptability (indeed trust) and utilization of AI. As we agree that the spirit in AI is possible, then overlooking efforts aimed at making this possible or allowing AI to attain this level unhindered (admitting dangers of human involvement in AI) could pose a dangerous threat which can become highly destructive to mankind. This calls for critical supervision (TD-based ethical policing) and the accompanying of the evolution, development and applicability of AI hence venerating the need for human mediation in AI both as a major TD research subject and applicable function.
 
 A discussion would be made on my approach which considers the synergy of critical systems heuristics (CSH) and systems engineering (Transdisciplinary Systems Engineering) to create "Transdisciplinary AI" which would formulate methods of integrating "human" epistemology in expert systems. Human epistemology is emphasized because by the maturity of this future nature of AI, there would be terms known as "AI or machine epistemology" or "AI or machine spirits". The investigation begins with creating expert systems (knowledge-based systems) with these functions with plans of moving into robotics and other machine learning arena. Finally, to move the needle on what is considered permissible epistemology or permissible spirit of/in AI is a critical component of the study of human mediation and AI which must be given critical attention. This would be discussed as well.

Transformasi Organisasi pada Budaya Organisasi Polri Menuju Polri Presisi

The Indonesian National Police (INP) should become a professional, credible, accountable, transparent based on the principles of Democratic Policing. This research uses qualitative approach with case study as a research method which uses sources such as documents, books, and other related literatures. From several evaluation research show that there are lots of efforts for organisational transformation which experience failures although the INP have chosen many strategies, planning and resources as well as strong administrative commitments. Threats to the success of transformation within the organisation may emerge whether from the inside or outside. The political will in a bureaucratical field and willingness of the public which is the initiative and capability to support the INP's transformation becomes the primary key in actualising the INP that is Presisi. It is a utopia if the transformation of the INP in becoming an ideal national police comes solely from internal INP efforts. This research's recommendations are: the public must be involved actively in all processes of transformation, the need to strengthen organisational culture, moral and ethics of police, the empowerment of human resources which are based on science, and the process of transformation must be followed through continuous monitoring and evaluation.

Analysis Of Police Law That Deviates From The Ethical Perspective Of The Police Profession

The development of Professional Ethics is contained in the regulation of the head of the profession and security section of the National Police. However, it is still a deviant act committed by members of the National Police. Like the cases we know such as sambo, tedi minahasa, akhirudin hasibuan where they are the police officers themselves who are supposed to set an example to the community but deviate from the essence of compliance and the basic duties of police members. The results of this study indicate that the deviation of the police apparatus is currently located by the person himself both in terms of economy and in terms of power so that the need for the implementation of the police ethics commission against members of the police who violate the law expressly without looking at the conditions of power carried out by members of the police.

Effects of police ethics training on ethnic prejudice and social dominance orientation

Police administrators are looking for concrete pathways to fight the phenomenon of (ethnic) prejudice among members of the police force. Surprisingly, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of existing police ethics training programs on prejudice and social dominance orientation. Therefore, we assessed the impact of a 1-day training called the Holocaust, Police, and Human Rights (HPH) program on the attitudes related to ethnic prejudice and social dominance orientation of 223 members of the Belgian police. Analyses of three-wave panel data indicate that HPH training reduced ethnic prejudice and social dominance orientation. For ethnic prejudice, the reduced effects were maintained after 1 month in the follow-up study. However, the effect of training on prejudice was weaker for police officers who were more often exposed to victims and perpetrators of crime. No lasting effect of HPH training was found for social dominance orientation.

경찰에 대한 시민의 인식에 미치는 미디어의 영향 연구

Police are constantly being judged by the citizens. A series of images of the police are formed in repetitive evaluations, and it is very important to maintain a positive image of the police performing their duties through direct or indirect contact with citizens. In particular, the media has a great influence on the formation of a police image today. In this study, the effect of media on citizens' perceptions of the police was verified, and specific analysis was conducted by subdividing the types of media.
 As a result of the study, it was found that the positive image of the police secured from TV news, Internet articles, and SNS services among media types has a positive (+) effect on citizens' perception of the police. On the other hand, the film has little effect on citizens' perception of the police. In other words, it was confirmed that the image of the police obtained through the media had a different effect on citizens' perception of the police depending on the type.
 Even now, police organizations are implementing various policies to manage the police image depicted in the media. Regarding SNS services, the “principle of using SNS for police officials” was also enacted to inform members of the organization that posts posted privately can always be publicized by the media and affect the entire police organization. However, the image of the police through the media is ultimately a matter for all police officers to take responsibility together. Complying with police ethics at every moments will be the most fundamental solution to form a positive police image.

Why Police Ethics Matter

When police abuse their duties, it undermines the state's internal security. It creates a crisis of legitimacy of police because people detest them for their abuse and tyranny. In 1957, IACP (the International Association of Chiefs of Police) developed an ethics tool Code of Ethics for law enforcement. Nevertheless, training has been focused and emphasized on techniques and tactics of policing. Ethics is not the part of presell of the training. The Code of Ethics is pronounced once in a life only during pass-out day. Police face dilemmas in real-time situations with people and society. This is why, this article is concerned with ethics a tool, and procedures to reduce police abuse.

Dominic A. Wood (2020). Towards Ethical Policing

At a time when police on both sides of the Atlantic are under intense scrutiny; when well-founded accusations of gross misconduct in a toxic culture of misogyny, racism and homophobia plague the UK Met; when racial bias and police shootings in the US strip crime and justice authorities of trust and legitimacy, there is an increasing focus on police ethics and finding ways to reset degrading police culture and restore public confidence. The focus in the UK on police professionalism and education and the introduction of the Policing Education Qualifications Framework cultivated the development of the National Decision Framework (NDM) and the Code of Ethics. The NDM, applicable to the spontaneous and planned, the individual and the team, and the operational and the non-operational, is itself of limited use in a fast-moving incident where the best possible is to keep in mind the mission to act with integrity to protect and serve the public (College of Policing, 2022a).

A Model “Critical Decision-Making Model”, Case-Study of Ghana, West Africa

Introduction: Security and Police organizations in West Africa do not have Critical Decision-making Models to guide the Officer in deciding the Use of Force option. The various Security and Police Services do not appear to place emphasis on ethical policing leading to officer extrajudicial killing and rent- seeking behaviors. Method: Using Ghana’s legal framework on the use of force as a case study, author conducted desk-top review of Critical Decision-making Models of other jurisdictions and did content analysis of Ghana’s Incident and Public Order Management Manual, and Use of Force Order, GPS 004-15 as well as the legislative and Constitutional exceptions and immunities for the use of force. Author conducted twenty interviews opportunistically with police officers for validation. Finding: Police Organizations like the Ghana Police Service, have “Incident and Public Order Management Manual”, designed “to provide direction and information to assist commanders, planners, advisors to prepare for and manage events where there is risk to public safety…” It is a generic Standard Operating Procedure, SOP for incident management. They also have an SOP on the Use of Force, listing the events during which force can be used. These documents do not detail issues of proportionality. There is no emphasis on Critical Decision-making in the training of officers in the Use of Force evaluation. Modalities for risk assessment, and de-escalation of threat levels are not part of the SOP or Incident and Public Order Management. The Police in West Africa have negative public image, accused of being trigger happy, brutal in conducting arrests, and corrupt, which could be the result of the lack of adequate training on ethical policing, familiarity with Critical Decision-making skills, the position of the law on the use of force and accountability. Recommendations: The author has proposed a Critical Decision-making Model, admonished police organizations in West Africa, to create country specific models that are simple, functional, and least restrictive in conducting and controlling the offender during arrests. Conclusion: The author anticipates the proposed model or its derivatives would influence police training on Critical Decision-making, as an essential tool for law enforcement.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICE CODE OF ETHICS FOR POLICE OFFICERS IN PALOPO POLICE STATION

The Police Code of Ethics aims to try to put Police Ethics in a proportional manner in relation to society. The number of cases of violations of the code of ethics committed by members of the Police makes the public image of the Police diminish and even seem to assume that members of the Police are immune to the law, because many cases involving police officers just disappear and evaporate before reaching the trial. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Police Code of Ethics and analyse the factors that influence the occurrence of violations of the Police Code of Ethics in the Palopo police station. The research method used in this research is normative-empirical legal research with deductive data analysis techniques. The findings of this research elucidate that the application of the Police Code of Ethics among members of the Indonesian National Police, as stipulated in Law Number 2 of 2002, does not align with the legal regulations. In conclusion, the study reveals that the reasons behind violations of the Polri code of ethics are intricately linked to five factors, namely the legal factor, the law enforcement apparatus factor, the supporting facilities for the law enforcement process, community factors, and cultural factors. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia should exercise prudence in administering sanctions against Police personnel who breach the code of ethics.

Police Ethics in Rural Contexts: A Left Realist Consequentialist View

This article presents crime survey data from the state of West Virginia in the United States showing that, controlling for structural conditions, community atmosphere is significantly related to crime, violence and many other social problems in rural places. These results help identify measurable and achievable progressive desired ends in rural policing, replacing law enforcement outputs (for example, arrests, gun and drug seizures) with safe, strong community outcomes as the summum bonum (i.e, ultimate outcome) of policing. Findings show that interdependent communities where police are partners with residents are the safest, while conflict communities where the police are viewed as adversaries are least safe. These results suggest a left realist consequentialist approach to police ethics to dismantle the hegemony of draconian policies and practices.

Clinical Ethics Consultations and the Necessity of NOT Meeting Expectations: I Never Promised You a Rose Garden.

Clinical ethics consultants (CECs) work in complex environments ripe with multiple types of expectations. Significantly, some are due to the perspectives of professional colleagues and the patients and families with whom CECs consult and concern how CECs can, do, or should function, thus adding to the moral complexity faced by CECs in those particular circumstances. We outline six such common expectations: Ethics Police, Ethics Equalizer, Ethics Superhero, Ethics Expediter, Ethics Healer or Ameliorator, and, finally, Ethics Expert. Framed by examples of requests for ethics consultation that illustrate each kind, along with brief descriptions, we argue that while these expectations ought to be resisted for clear and practical reasons, they also create opportunities for CECs to articulate, educate, and ultimately be responsible to the professional demands of clinical ethics work. Recognizing, acknowledging, and at times resisting those expectations thus become key activities and responsibilities in the performance of ethics consultation.

Evaluating implementation of the EPIC peer bystander intervention program in basic law enforcement training (BLET)

ABSTRACT Mandated by a consent decree, the Ethical Policing is Courageous (EPIC) program was developed by the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD). The EPIC curriculum is based on active bystandership, encouraging officers to intervene when police misconduct could potentially occur. This research sought to evaluate the EPIC program recently adopted in one state. An adapted integrity measuring instrument from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) developed by Klockars et al. was used to compare officers who have recently completed the ethics programming being phased out against officers who participated in the EPIC program. Results indicate a significant difference in the areas of reporting and intervening with respect to excessive force. Implications for further research are also provided.

Police ethics committees in England and Wales: Exploratory online and web surveys

Abstract Drawing from practice and learning of Clinical Ethics Committees, Police Ethics Committees began to emerge in the years following the statutory creation of the College of Policing in 2012, but there is little research on their form and effectiveness. This paper reports the results of exploratory online and web surveys undertaken in 2021. The surveys revealed committees with the word ‘ethics’ in their title fell within two different types. First, discursive and advisory committees, largely inclusive but with those operated by the large forces in London and Greater Manchester functioning more like expert panels. Second, some committees operated within formal governance structures, receiving reports and scrutinizing aspects of police performance including complaints. Variation in operation between Police Ethics Committees was evident in respect of composition, web presence and reporting mechanisms. Further research on the operation and effectiveness of Ethics Committees is required.

Teaching phronesis to aspiring police officers: some preliminary philosophical, developmental and pedagogical reflections

According to Aristotle, the crucial meta-virtue of phronesis (practical wisdom) is cultivated through teaching and experience. But he remains mostly silent on the details of this developmental picture and its educational ramifications. This article focuses on the ‘taught’ element of phronesis development in the context of police ethics education. I begin by piecing together the developmental trajectory that Aristotle suggests towards full virtue, up to and including phronesis development. I also briefly list ten potential weaknesses of this picture. I then present a reconstructed Aristotelian model of phronesis and explain how the teaching element of phronesis education could be executed, with an illustration from an ongoing phronesis intervention for UK police-science students. However, I go on to dampen the enthusiasm about this ‘taught’ component, by explaining how relatively small the ‘zone of proximal development’ is that can be targeted by scaffolded teaching. Finally, I elicit some implications of the conclusion that most of phronesis development will need to be ‘caught’ from gradually unfolding personal and professional experiences.

Drones and Policing: Assessing Practical and Ethical Challenges of Developing and Using Advance Technology for Police Activities

The issues of the development of autonomous weapons lacking meaningful human control are significant for any organisation that seeks to use drones for policing, security, commercial or military purposes. Against this background of advances in AI and drone technology, practical application, public controversy and ethical concern, we aim to propose the use of drone technology in three distinct aspects of policing: surveillance, search, and outdoor crime scene mapping. The ethics of police decision-making around the use of drones will always take place within that tension between deontological (process and rule-following) ethics and utilitarian (outcome-based) ethics. Such are the ethical complexities that must be considered when using drones for police surveillance, either in the UK or in the Republic of Korea. Using Focused Group Interview ethical challenges are further discussed and it is found that an understanding of ethical challenges in the field is embedded in the socio-political context.

SISTEM PELAKSANAAN DISKRESI SECARA HUKUM OLEH KEPOLISIAN SEBAGAI APARAT PENEGAK HUKUM DALAM PEMOLISIAN YANG DEMOKRATIS

The application of discretion is the policy of the office that essentially allows public officials (including the police) to carry out policies that violate the law, on three conditions, namely in the public interest, still within the limits of their jurisdiction, and do not violate the General Principles of Good Government. Data analysis is done qualitatively by collecting primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials related to research. The results of the analysis obtained are: the concept of police discretion as a law enforcement officer in the future in democratic policing is characterized by reforms from within the police body itself, namely through structural aspects, instrumental aspects and cultural aspects. The existing laws and regulations in the regulation of the performance of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia, especially in the discussion of discretion, are adequate and there is no overlap between one law and another. It takes understanding of the police in interpreting and applying the provisions of existing rules so as not to become a negative assessment in the community due to improper abuse of police authority in the implementation of discretionary resolving cases. That it required oversight both internally and externally of police performance both personally and in groups. It can also be by improving the quality of police resources by means of formal education or training so as to build a responsible attitude to maintain the image of the police in the community and in accordance with the assessment of the Code of Ethics of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Impact of Active Bystander Training on Officer Confidence and Ability to Address Ethical Challenges

Abstract Active bystandership (AB) training in the Baltimore Police Department (titled Ethical Policing is Courageous, (EPIC)) was designed to (1) prevent misconduct, (2) avoid mistakes, and (3) promote healthy officers. AB training promotes an organizational culture where officers feel empowered to intervene when noticing their colleagues are or are about to, engage in dangerous, unwanted, or inappropriate behaviour. It focuses on direct intervention in an informal capacity rather than formalized reporting. Self-report surveys (n = 1,753) were collected immediately post-completion of EPIC training. Survey domains included perceived impact of the training on behaviour, application to the job, confidence in ability to intervene, and ability to address ethical challenges. A large majority of respondents indicated greater likelihood of intervening after the training and having confidence in their ability to intervene with peers and supervisors; write-in responses suggested that the biggest perceived challenge was in intervening with supervisors.