Ethical Disclosure Research Articles

Does Business Ethics Disclosure Contribute to ESG Disclosure and ESG Performance on Firm Value?

Purpose: This study investigates whether Business Ethics Disclosure (BED) contributes to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and ESG performance, and how these factors influence firm value.Methods: Using data from publicly traded companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), we employ multiple regression analysis to examine the relationships between BED, ESG disclosure, ESG performance, and firm value.Findings: Our results indicate that BED significantly moderates the relationship between ESG disclosure and firm value. While ESG disclosure alone does not consistently impact firm value, the inclusion of BED enhances the positive effects of ESG practices on firm valuation.Novelty: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the moderating role of business ethics in the ESG performance-firm value nexus, offering new insights into the interplay between ethical disclosures and ESG outcomes.Research Implications: The findings suggest that companies should integrate ethical disclosures into their ESG strategies to improve firm valuation. Policymakers and regulators are encouraged to establish comprehensive reporting standards that include ethical practices to enhance transparency and investor confidence.

Instrument fracture in periodontal therapy: ethical disclosure and clinical management - a case report

Periodontal instrument fractures are rare events in dentistry, with limited literature available on their occurrence and management. This case report highlights an incident involving the fracture of a periodontal sickle scaler blade during manual instrumentation for the removal of calculus. The fracture occurred during instrumentation on the mesial surface of the maxillary right second molar, and the separated blade was subsequently pushed into the sulcus. A radiographic assessment was performed to verify the precise location of the fractured segment. Following confirmation, the broken blade was subsequently retrieved using curved artery forceps. The case report highlights factors contributing to instrument fractures, emphasizing the importance of instrument maintenance, sterilization cycles, and operator technique. Ethical considerations regarding patient disclosure, informed consent, and instrument retrieval methods are well discussed. This case underscores the importance of truthful communication, the proper use of instruments, equipment maintenance in dentistry, and the significance of ongoing professional development to enhance treatment safety, proficiency, and ethical standards in dental care.

Three pathways for standardisation and ethical disclosure by default under the European union artificial intelligence act

Under its proposed Artificial Intelligence Act (‘AIA’), the European Union seeks to develop harmonised standards involving abstract normative concepts such transparency, fairness, and accountability. Applying such concepts inevitably requires answering hard normative questions. Considering this challenge, we argue that there are three possible pathways for future standardisation under the AIA. First, European standard-setting organisations (‘SSOs’) could answer hard normative questions themselves. This approach would raise concerns about its democratic legitimacy. Standardisation is a technical discourse and tends to exclude non-expert stakeholders and the public at large. Second, instead of passing their own normative judgments, SSOs could track the normative consensus they find available. By analysing the standard-setting history of one major SSO, we show that such consensus tracking has historically been its pathway of choice. If standardisation under the AIA took the same route, we demonstrate how this would lead to a false sense of safety as the process is not infallible. Consensus tracking would furthermore push the need to solve unavoidable normative problems down the line. Instead of regulators, AI developers and/or users could define what, for example, fairness requires. By the institutional design of its AIA, the European Commission would have essentially kicked the ‘AI Ethics’ can down the road. We thus suggest a third pathway which aims to avoid the pitfalls of the previous two: SSOs should create standards which require “ethical disclosure by default”. These standards will specify minimum technical testing, documentation, and public reporting requirements to shift ethical decision-making to local stakeholders and limit provider discretion in answering hard normative questions in the development of AI products and services. Our proposed pathway is about putting the right information in the hands of the people with the legitimacy to make complex normative decisions at a local, context-sensitive level.

Effect of a Crossover and Resistance Exercise Routine on IL-15 in Adults with Type B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia during the Induction Phase. Randomized Pilot Study

Background: IL-15 is a proinflammatory myokine essential for activating NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and its overexpression has been associated with decreased survival in patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Physical exercise has been shown to be safe, feasible, and beneficial in hematological cancers. This requires the activation of muscles that secrete cytokines such as IL-15, causing immune mobilization and accumulating CD8 T cells. The objective was to compare the effect of two exercise strategies on IL-15 and survival prognosis in adult patients diagnosed with de novo ALL. Material and Methods: A blind randomized clinical study was carried out where twenty-three peripheral blood samples were obtained pre- and post-exercise from patients classified into three types of intervention: resistance exercise (GER), crossover exercise (GEC), and control group (GC). Ethical disclosure: All patients gave written informed consent for the study and data collection. This three-arm, prospective, randomized, blinded, open-label pilot study (ratio 1:1:1) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: The results showed that the changes in IL-15 levels during the intervention were not significant in any of the groups (GC p= 0.237, GER p= 0.866, and GEC p= 0.678). However, 78.26% of patients achieved remission at the end of induction, while only 21.73% experienced a relapse. There were no deaths during the study. Conclusions: Although IL-15 compliance levels in GER and GC were similar, GER patients had a better prognosis. It is suggested that resistance exercises may help improve survival prognosis and reduce early relapses in patients with ALL. Keywords Interleukin-15; exercise; Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; chemotherapy; body composition

Mild Cognitive Impairment in Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease: An Investigation of Principles, Classifications, Ethics, and Problems

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a diagnostic category indicating cognitive impairment which does not meet diagnostic criteria for dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease. There are public health concerns about Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prompting intervention strategies to respond to predictions about the impacts of ageing populations and cognitive decline. This relationship between MCI and AD rests on three interrelated principles, namely, that a relationship exists between AD and MCI, that MCI progresses to AD, and that there is a reliable system of classification of MCI. However, there are also several ethical issues and problems arising in the AD/MCI relationship. These include early diagnosis and interventions, the effects on people with MCI, and the newer neuroimaging and neuropharmacological approaches used in diagnosis and treatment. All these issues pose questions about the principles of MCI in relation to AD, with implications for how MCI is understood, diagnosed, treated, and experienced by patients. This article analyses four challenging areas for neuroethics: the definition and diagnosis of MCI; MCI in relation to AD; clinical implications of MCI for ethical disclosure, diagnosis, and treatment; and the research implications of MCI. The significant connections between these areas are often overlooked, together with uncertainties overall. Patients, healthcare systems and society are best served by informed clinicians, academics and researchers. After 35 years, the store of MCI knowledge is expanding and evolving.

Three Pathways for Standardisation and Ethical Disclosure by Default under the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act

Three Pathways for Standardisation and Ethical Disclosure by Default under the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act

Instruments to measure postintensive care syndrome: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionThere is an increasing need for evaluating postintensive care syndrome in adults concerning their long-term physical, psychological, cognitive and/or social outcomes, yet there is no consensus regarding the choice of...

Publication ethics: Patient consent for publishing case reports of adverse drug reactions is important yet absent from several recent manuscripts

Case reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute an important source of medication safety information. Detailed description of patients in such reports could potentially make subjects identifiable, thereby emphasizing the importance of consent for publication. The Committee on Publication Ethics and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommend obtaining patient consent prior to publishing potentially identifiable patient information. However, this report shows absence of information regarding patient consent for publication from several recently-published ADR case reports. A sample of 100 most-recent ADR case reports with free full-text indexed in PubMed was qualitatively reviewed for information regarding publication consent and other ethical disclosures. Of the 100 most-recently-published ADR case reports, only 52 (52%) manuscripts clearly described obtaining patient consent for publication. Thirty-seven (37%) manuscripts made no mention of such consent or approval from an ethics committee. Eleven (11%) manuscripts contained ethical disclosures such as patient consent to undergo treatment and study approval from an institutional ethics committee, but without a clear statement regarding patient consent for publication. A significant number of recently-published ADR case reports do not clearly describe if patient consent for publication was obtained. This could be attributable to various factors, including lack of clarity in journals’ guidelines regarding publication consent for case reports and dilemma regarding what constitutes identifiable patient information. This report calls for diligence of all stakeholders involved in medical manuscript publishing, viz. authors, manuscript reviewers, editors, and journal publishers to ensure that information regarding patient consent for publication is properly disclosed in ADR case reports.

The influence of audit committee characteristics on the ethical disclosure of sharia compliant companies

The influence of audit committee characteristics on the ethical disclosure of sharia compliant companies

Determinants Of Business Ethics Disclosure In Indonesian Companies

Business ethics in the company is needed as a guide for the company to carry out its operational activities. This study aims to analyze the factors the influence the disclosure of business ethics in Indonesian sharia compliant companies (SCC). The independent variables consist of board size, gender diversity, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, profitability and company size. Using content analysis, the study examines 160 data from companies listed in the Sharia Securities List (SSL). The results show that managerial ownership and company size have a positive effect while the rest have no effect on the disclosure of business ethics. Business ethics in sharia compliant companies will strengthen the identity of companies that always prioritize ethics in their business activities.

Communicated ethical identity disclosure (CEID) of Islamic banks under the AAOIFI and IFRS accounting regimes: a global evidence

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the ethical disclosure of Islamic banks (IBs) under different accounting regimes and to ascertain whether the adoption of an Islamic accounting standards (Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions [AAOIFI]) promotes the practice of ethical disclosure.Design/methodology/approachAn ethical identity disclosure index was developed to serve as a benchmark to assess the level of the communicated ethical identity disclosure (CEID) of 47 IBs over 18 countries using annual reports.FindingsThe findings suggest that, overall, there is poor ethical disclosure practices and even banks that had some initiatives towards disclosures had no proper reference to benchmark for effective implementation of ethical reporting standards and had no plans for ethical and socially responsible schemes. There was no evidence to suggest that IBs that adapted the religious-based accounting regime (AAOIFI) had better levels of ethical disclosure.Research limitations/implicationsThough poor practices of CEID are expected to increase reputational risks and the likelihood of loss of religious conscious customers and investors’ confidence and therefore market share and performance in the long-term, the current practice does not concur with this expectation. Furthermore, since there is no evidence to support the notion that the adoption of AAOIFI standards would support greater initiatives towards level of ethical identity disclosures, a mandatory requirement for effective disclosure through enforcement of AAOIFI’s financial reporting standards, specifically with regard to ethics and social and environmental commitment is needed.Practical implicationsIn addition to introducing commonly accepted regulatory and supervisory guidelines and best practices that cater for the specificities of Islamic banking could significantly improve the level of CEID of IBs. In addition, the standardization of ethical (non-financial) reporting practices of IBs through guidelines and key performance indicators will facilitate CEID practices of IBs.Originality/valueThis paper contends that for Islamic bankers, ethics is an entrenched part of the business practice and should mitigate unethical behaviour, more so with the additional filter of Sharīʿah supervisory boards. Even if there are such practices due to ineffectiveness of Sharīʿah committees, management pressure to meet performance expectations and competitive pressures from peers in the conventional banking sector, it will not be in the interest of the banks to report them.

Tanggungjawab Sosial Bank Syariah di Indonesia

Islamic banking are banking that are based on islamic law, both from the work system and the activities in it all in accordance with islamic law. Islamic bank ethics and social responsibility must also be in accordance with islamic principles. This research was conducted to determine and analysis ethical disclosure and social responsibility based on the maqashid sharia perspective on islamic banks in Indonesia. The objects used in this study are 11 Banks taken from Sharia Commercial Banks and Banks that have Sharia Business Units registered at Bank Indonesia. The study uses annual report in 2017 on the official website. Analysis of data using qualitative descriptive analysis. The result of this study obtained ethical disclosure based on islamic banking ethics disclosure index of 69%, the highest total disclosure were vision and mission indicators with a score of 86%, and the lowest value obtained by the zakat indicator with a value 0f 45%. While the disclosure of social responsibility in the perspective of maqashid sharia based on islamic social reporting index was 66% overall. For product and service indicators is an indicator that has the highest disclosure value of 100%, the lowest value is obtained by environmental indicators with a value of only 15%. From this it can be concluded that the communication between the banks management and stakeholders is necessary, in order to create sharia purpose is to benefit the ummah.

Ethics disclosure as strategy: a longitudinal case study

PurposeThis study investigates how a globally-oriented, developing country enterprise formulates and implements ethics strategies, policies and behaviours with respect to its stakeholders, and how the case company discloses and utilises its ethics strategies, policies and behaviours to gain competitive advantage and create stakeholder value.Design/methodology/approachA longitudinal single case study is presented featuring a tea producer and marketer in Sri Lanka, one of the country’s largest exporters, that is targeting a global consumer market. Applying Spiller’s (2000) framework for ethical business practices, this research analyses data collected in a series of interviews in combination with content analysis of company annual reports and sustainability reports covering 2010 to 2019 supplemented by on-site observation.FindingsAnalysis reveals that the company maintains ethical strategies, policies and behaviours with respect to its prominent stakeholders, and strategically discloses those practices. The firm’s proactive disclosures of its business and sustainability ethics practices enabled it to establish and sustain competitive advantage over its competitors. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications, identifying areas for future studies.Originality/valueThis is the first ethics study to include both longitudinal documentary analysis and personal interviews in a single case study based in Sri Lanka. It contributes to discussion regarding balancing ethics and sustainability as parts of business strategies for reputation building and value creation through identifying salient stakeholders and ethics-based non-financial disclosures by contemporary business organisations.

Non-Consensual Disclosures

In the course of biomedical research on humans—for example flu, imaging, and genomic studies—researchers often uncover information about participants that is important to their health and wellbeing and sometimes even the wellbeing of others. In many cases, the information is not anticipated in advance, and participants did not consent to receiving it. For example, when the first U.S. Covid-19 case appeared in Washington in early 2020, a group of researchers had already been collecting nasal swabs for the Seattle Flu Study and possessed thousands of recent samples. The researchers believed that they had an ethical duty to test their samples for the coronavirus and disclose results, and they accordingly proceeded to do so, despite regulatory obstacles and agency disapproval. Many samples tested positive, and the team reported their findings to public health officials and affected research participants. This Article examines the law and policy governing human subjects research, focusing on the set of regulations known as the “Common Rule,” which requires researchers to inform study participants, at the consent stage, whether individual findings will be returned to them. The Seattle Flu Study’s consent materials naturally did not inform participants that they might receive coronavirus results. Arguably, then, the consent materials did not support the return of those results, and the researchers violated the Common Rule when they disclosed them. I argue that human subjects researchers will often have strong ethical reason to disclose results even when participants did not consent to the disclosure in advance, and not only in the context of a public-health emergency. The Covid example shows how high and urgent the stakes can be, but should not be seen or treated as an exception to a rule against returning results. The current regulatory scheme stands in the way of ethical disclosures, putting researchers in a perilous position, where they might not be able to fulfill their ethical duties without violating legal ones. Although we need to contend with autonomy and welfare risks associated with returning results, not to mention financial and administrative costs, these downsides are similarly present in analogous scenarios where non-consensual warnings are legally permitted and sometimes even required. There is no good reason to make a policy exception for biomedical researchers when it comes to issuing warnings in the form of information disclosure. To aid difficult determinations about which results warrant return, I argue that policy makers should take advantage of the interest and willingness of bioethicists, biomedical researchers, and others to develop consensus norms, and incorporate these norms into regulations through a process that I call “gentle” incorporation. The upshot is that the regulations would permit researchers to disclose results whenever consensus standards would recommend disclosure. In this way, the law would make space for ethical conduct without necessarily compelling it. At the same time, bioethicists and researchers should train their attention on non-ideal consent settings—the focus of this Article—rather than assuming or hoping that participants will have a chance to consent to the disclosure of results in advance.

Board Governance, Business Ethics, and Firm Social Responsibility Disclosure

This paper wants to investigate the impact of board control on social responsibility disclosure. The duration of this study covers three years, i.e., from 2014 until 2016. The population is from public manufacturing companies in Indonesia, and the samples are taken by a simple random sampling method. To analyze the data, the regression model gets used. This research concludes that a positive influence of the supervising board size and the woman portion in this board on the firm social responsibility disclosure is available. Also, business ethics positively affect it.

Ethical disclosure in the Shari’ah annual reports of Islamic banks: discourse on Shari’ah governance, quantitative empirics and qualitative analysis

PurposeAs an essential component of Islamic governance for ensuring religious compliance, Shari’ah annual reports (SARs) play an important role in providing communication between Shari’ah board (SB) members and stakeholders. This paper aims to determine the ethical disclosure in SARs to identify how close the Shari’ah disclosure to the standards set by AAOIFI and also substantive morality of Islam. The research also aims to examine the factors determining disclosure performance.Design/methodology/approachTwo disclosure indices are developed to generate data from the SARs: the AAOIFI standards for Shari’ah governance index for form related approach, an Islamic ethicality augmented index reflecting on substantive morality approach. The sample consists of 41 Islamic banks from 15 different countries for the period of 2007–2014. Sampled 305 SARs were examined through disclosure analysis in line with the two indices developed for this study. The econometric analysis was run to identify the factors determining disclosure performance.FindingsThe findings suggest that AAOIFI guidelines have an influence on the level of disclosure, even if Islamic banks have not adopted them. However, the level of disclosure for the ethically augmented index is found to be very limited with reliance on general statements in most of the cases. As part of determining factors, the popularity of Shari’ah scholars is significant for both indices, while the existence of an internal Shari’ah auditing department holds some explanatory power. The adoption of AAOIFI standards at the country level, the regulatory quality and the duration of Sharīʿah-compliance are particularly deterministic factors in terms of complying with AAOIFI standards for SARs.Originality/valueAlthough SB is the most crucial division of corporate governance in Islamic banks in terms of securing the “Islamic” identity of these institutions, their most important communication instrument, namely, SAR, has not been explored sufficiently, alongside an insufficient attempt to constitute Islamic corporate governance. Initially, this study attempted to constitute an Islamic corporate governance framework as a theoretical construct, which provides context for the empirical part of the research and this should be considered a novel approach. Second, the empirical part of the research aims to fill the gap observed in the literature such as small sample size and index construction-related matters. This research is conducted with a larger sample size as compared to the available studies in the literature and it has developed two indices for disclosure analysis along with developing an Islamic morality-based index beside an index based on AAOIFI standards.

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK KOMITE AUDIT TERHADAP PENGUNGKAPAN ETIKA SUKARELA DAN IMPLIKASI TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM

The objectives of this paper is to investigate the impact of audit committee characteristics on voluntary ethics disclosure and its implications on stock price. Independent variable in this paper is measured using four elements of audit committee characteristics consist of competency, the number of meeting, scope, tenure and multiple directorships. On the other hand this paper uses the stock price as dependent variable and voluntary ethical disclosure as mediating variable. The population in this paper are all companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2018. Sample selection method using purposive sampling and the number of samples attained as many as 94 companies. This analysis used in this paper is a multiple regression analysis. The results of this study show that the number of meeting and multiple directorship were significantly associated with the voluntary ethics disclosure, while competency, size and tenure were not significantly associated with the voluntary ethics disclosure. The study also found a positive and significant effect between voluntary ethical disclosure and company stock prices.

Ethics of relational and representational disclosures in qualitative migration research

PurposeThis article engages with the framework of performativity to unpack ethical challenges of interviewing migrants in the setting of shared ethnic background of researchers and participants. From a temporal perspective of shifting contexts from a shared space of the research process, to the post-research reciprocity management, it focusses on the particular aspect of disclosure.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on several qualitative studies performed by the authors as Polish migrant researchers with Polish migrant communities in Norway, Germany and the United Kingdom, the article documents the ethical challenges that come from a shifting “audience” of the research performance.FindingsSpecifically, it discusses how the researchers perform their roles in the field with the focus on rapport building (relational disclosure), to then addressing how this performance changes when the dissemination of findings (representational disclosure) begins and continues over time.Practical implicationsThis article contributes to the long-standing anthropological debate on self-reflection in the field. Also, demythologizing the relations between a researcher and participants, as well as cautioning research by reporting difficulties at different stages of the research process, will likely make it easier for future researchers who may now be better prepared and anticipate the complexities of doing fieldwork. From a temporal perspective, it can also help a broader scientific community avoid pitfalls from presenting unfavourable results prematurely. Thus, the authors hope that this paper may sensitize migration scholars to the possible predicaments in the process of interviewing their co-ethnics.Originality/valueA methodological innovation lies in a clear focus on the cluster of ethical disclosure dilemmas and the article contributes to a lively debate on ethics of “insider research” in migration studies.

Pengaruh Pengungkapan Identitas Etika Islam Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan Syariah Di Indonesia

This research aims to examine the influence of Islamic ethical identity disclosure on Sharia banking financial performance in Indonesia. The samples used in this study were Indonesian sharia banks in 2015-2018 with a sampling method of purposive sampling, resulting in a sample of 11 companies. The identity of Islamic ethics is measured using the index of ethical identities and financial performance using Return On Equity, Return On Investment and Financing to Deposit Ratio. The analysis is done using multiple regression models. The results of this study show that: (1) The disclosure of Islamic ethics identities has a positive but insignificant impact on the ROE financial performance with a significance rate of 0.984. (2) Disclosure of Islamic ethics identity has negative and insignificant effect on the financial performance of ROI with significance level 0.065. (3) Disclosure of Islamic ethics identities has a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of FDR with the significance of 0.018.

Impact of board characteristics on governance, environmental and ethical disclosure

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate how board characteristics impact the governance, environmental and ethics disclosure. Board characteristics such as board size, gender diversity, board independence, CEO/chair duality and board meeting are included.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a sample of 82 companies listed in the SBF120 between 2012 and 2017. A number of econometric techniques are used such as generalized least squares to test the panel regressions.FindingsBoard independence, board gender diversity and board meetings have a positive and significant influence on governance, environmental and ethics disclosure. Board size is positively and significantly associated only with corporate environmental disclosure. The adoption of Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI, G4) has not affected or biased the corporate governance (CG), environmental and ethics disclosure.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature on management reporting behavior and ethics and contributes to the extant CG literature by offering new evidence on the disclosure of good CG practices as well as environmental and ethics behavior. This study offers new insights about the potential influence of board characteristics on such specific disclosure practices focusing “during the optional period of GRI4 and after their mandatory adoption”.