Principles Of Research Ethics Research Articles

Exploring the perspectives of transwomen on ethical issues in conducting research with the transwomen community in India: A qualitative enquiry

Background Research with or involving transwomen in India is limited; previous research has focused on understanding the problems and discriminations they face. However, no studies have focused on exploring the ethical dimension of conducting research among transwomen. This kind of research is important for true representation but is only possible when cis-gender researchers engage with transgender perspectives. The study aimed at identifying the perspective of transwomen regarding the need to undertake research among them, understanding their perspectives of research ethics and articulating requirements to ensure their inclusion in research. Methods The study was an exploratory study using qualitative research methods, conducted with transwomen in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in collaboration with a transgender led community-based organisation. The National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving Human Participants by the India Council for Medical Research was the reference point for this exploration with focus on select research ethics principles and allied ethical aspects. Results Insights into the perspectives of the transwoman from this research include: research among transgender persons is much needed to understand the trans way of life, identify problems and possible solutions; researchers should be mindful of the preferred nomenclature, invest in rapport building; ensure research is done in a safe space; the results are reported in a way that does not increase stigma and the research findings are used for the benefit of the community. Conclusions While conducting research among trans-communities is important, it is essential that before starting any research with transgender persons, researchers should carefully examine questions related to who benefits from the proposed research, whether the proposed study is meaningful to the trans-community, whether it address their immediate and pressing needs and finally whether it furthers the stigma that transgender persons are subjected to, before embarking on the study.

Exploring the perspectives of transwomen on ethical issues in conducting research with the transwomen community in India: A qualitative enquiry

Background Research with or involving transwomen in India is limited; previous research has focused on understanding the problems and discriminations they face. However, no studies have focused on exploring the ethical dimension of conducting research among transwomen. This kind of research is important for true representation but is only possible when cis-gender researchers engage with transgender perspectives. The study aimed at identifying the perspective of transwomen regarding the need to undertake research among them, understanding their perspectives of research ethics and articulating requirements to ensure their inclusion in research. Methods The study was an exploratory study using qualitative research methods, conducted with transwomen in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in collaboration with a transgender led community-based organisation. The National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving Human Participants by the India Council for Medical Research was the reference point for this exploration with focus on select research ethics principles and allied ethical aspects. Results Insights into the perspectives of the transwoman from this research include: research among transgender persons is much needed to understand the trans way of life, identify problems and possible solutions; researchers should be mindful of the preferred nomenclature, invest in rapport building; ensure research is done in a safe space; the results are reported in a way that does not increase stigma and the research findings are used for the benefit of the community. Conclusions While conducting research among trans-communities is important, it is essential that before starting any research with transgender persons, researchers should carefully examine questions related to who benefits from the proposed research, whether the proposed study is meaningful to the trans-community, whether it address their immediate and pressing needs and finally whether it furthers the stigma that transgender persons are subjected to, before embarking on the study.

Implications of AI in land management

This study sought to find out implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in land management. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers significant benefits for land development and decision-making, ethical concerns regarding data privacy, bias, and social impact necessitate frameworks to ensure its responsible application. The increasing use of AI models in land management raises ethical concerns about data ownership, privacy, algorithmic bias, environmental impact, and social displacement. Traditional research ethics frameworks may not be sufficient for AI-driven land management practices. This paper examines critical issues arising from data governance, algorithmic transparency, and environmental and social impact assessment. It proposes frameworks that consider established research ethics principles and advocate for community engagement. The paper highlights the potential for AI to contribute to sustainable and equitable land management. However, it also identifies potential negative consequences such as job losses, unequal access to technology, and exacerbation of existing social divides. The paper emphasizes the need for collaboration between researchers, policymakers, communities, and developers to construct ethical frameworks that ensure AI contributes to sustainable land management practices. These frameworks should address data governance, algorithmic transparency, environmental and social impact assessments, and community engagement.

Military Security and Research Ethics: Using Principles of Research Ethics to Navigate Military Security Dilemmas

Military Security and Research Ethics: Using Principles of Research Ethics to Navigate Military Security Dilemmas

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Research Ethics among Researchers in Nepal

Introduction: The universal health research ethical principles must be adhered to ensure a balance between science and safeguarding participants' rights, safety and dignity. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of research ethics among researchers in Nepal.Methods: The study was carried out among 449 researchers who submitted proposals for ethical review and approval from the Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council between January 2017 to August 2021. Simple random sampling was done ensuring a proportional representation of researchers from all areas of health research. A structured questionnaire was administered online for data collection.Results: The participants aged between 23-80 years old consented to complete the survey questionnaire. The median age of the respondents was 35 (23-80) years. Among all the respondents, 52 (11.58%) were unaware about the National Ethical Guideline for Health Research. Similarly, 110 (24.50%) respondents strongly agreed that the ethical review process impairs research and makes it harder for researchers to conduct research; 372 (82.85%) respondents had pursued research activity only after obtaining ethical approval. Conclusions: Half of the respondents had knowledge on different aspects of research ethics.

Engaging African American Faith Leaders as Partners in Ethical Research

This paper outlines an initiative to adapt the Community Partnered Research Ethics Training (CPRET) for the cultural context of the CHURCH (Congregation as Healers Uniting to Restore Community Health) project. The CHURCH project is a community-partnered participatory research project that seeks to promote the mental well-being of African American populations by developing, implementing, and evaluating a mental health training curriculum for faith leaders in Black churches. Participatory research, in which community stakeholders collaborate with researchers as equal partners to address problems impacting marginalized communities, has recently become more popular in academia. Training is necessary to equip community partners with the skills and knowledge required for full research participation. Community partners frequently encounter ethical issues in participatory research, but limited training resources are available to proactively prevent and address such issues. The CPRET was developed through a collaboration between the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and the Human Research Protection Office and Community Research Advisory Board at the University of Pittsburgh. It surveys research processes and core research ethics principles, and it stimulates discussion regarding best practices by engaging participants in scenario-based exercises in which they identify ethical and unethical research. By describing how we utilized the CPRET in the CHURCH project and presenting a summary of participant feedback, we aim to build resources for community-engaged scholars seeking to engage community members in ethical research.

Efecto de una intervención enfermera sobre la incertidumbre de familiares en Cuidado Intensivo

Introduction: Family members of patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit present high uncertainty level due to not knowing what is happening and to not having clear details about the related events; therefore, interventions are required to allow modulating those levels. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an educational Nursing intervention compared to conventional care on the uncertainty of family members of patients hospitalized in an ICU. Materials and methods: An experimental study with a sample comprised by 132 relatives of patients admitted to an ICU, randomly distributed in four Solomon groups (33 in each group). The Nursing intervention based on the concepts of the Uncertainty in Illness Theory was applied to both experimental groups and devised under the Whittemore and Grey parameters with three moments: assessment; education about the relative's hospitalization in the ICU; and accompaniment. This was done with pre-assessments for two groups and post-assessments for the four groups, using the PPUS-FM Uncertainty Scale. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and respective non-parametric analyses. The study took into account the ethical principles in research. Results: The family members in the experimental groups presented a lower final uncertainty level when compared to the control groups, with a difference of 73.04 points and a p-value of 0.001. Discussion: Standardized interventions and under a theoretical model allow reducing uncertainty in relatives of patients in ICUs. Conclusions: The Nursing intervention based on the Uncertainty theory allows reducing uncertainty in relatives of patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit.

The use of GNSS technology in smartphones to collect sensitive data on human mobility practices: Ethical challenges and potential solutions.

The advent of mobile smartphones and similar technology has opened new opportunities for studying human mobility within psychology and companion disciplines such as human geography, demography, and sociology. This article examines how such research raises novel ethical concerns. To do so, we outline two research projects: one based in Northern Ireland (The Belfast Mobility Project) and the other in Chile (The Norm-Contact Mobility Project), drawing concrete examples of the ethical challenges encountered throughout both projects, which used global navigational satellite systems as a tool for data collection. We discuss new threats to participant confidentiality and anonymity, problems of "unanticipated" data collection and exploitation, emerging difficulties in achieving properly informed consent, and concerns regarding the representation of vulnerable populations with limited access to smartphones and a legitimate fear of surveillance. We also reflect on the different measures we took to tackle these challenges and discuss the importance of implementing wider changes in the protocols associated with basic ethical research principles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethical research principles: Documenting Latin American faculty perspectives through Q-sort

The ethical principles in research are universal and serve as a humanizing guide throughout the research process. Their application requires keeping in mind the local health, socio-cultural, and economic conditions where research is conducted. Higher education institutions and researchers share the responsibility of ensuring application of ethical research principles in science, technology, and innovation activities. This article reports findings from a mixed methods study on the perspectives of university faculty regarding the application of research ethical principles to research endeavors. Utilizing a Q-method approach to capturing subjectivity, 52 faculty-researchers participated in an online Q-sort exercise which also included an open-ended questionnaire. The study looked at similarities and differences in viewpoints regarding the application of ethical research principles. The study research questions included: (1) what are the participants’ perspectives applying research ethical principles? (2) what are the similarities and differences in viewpoints when looking at the participants’ years of research experience, research ethics preparation, and field of expertise? This article presents the results analyzing the responses of the participating faculty researchers. Similarities and differences of their perspectives were documented by looking at years of research experience, research ethics background, and field of expertise. Study findings point to the need to offer more opportunities for training to better prepare experienced and less experienced researchers on how to anticipate and plan for ethical dilemmas that may arise while conducting research. Emerging and experienced researchers can benefit from such training and self-awareness.
 
 Keywords: Q-sort, Ethical Research, Ethical Dilemmas, Scientific Research, Faculty Perspectives.

THE IMPACT OF DUOLINGO TECHNOLOGY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING ON STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT

Consequences of tech-Based Applications on English Learning a Language: A Case Study of Duolingo what part does technology play in the field pertaining to the English language learning has experienced a notable surge in importance within contemporary society. Duolingo provides a novel methodology for enhancing interactive and autonomous language acquisition. The utilisation technical means in language learning within the context of Indonesia presents a range of pertinent concerns. The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of Duolingo technology on individuals' levels of English proficiency. The study additionally exhibits a profound dedication to meticulous research methodologies and ethical principles. Ensuring the respect of study participants' rights and security is achieved through the voluntary involvement of students and the acquisition of consent from the school. In summary, this study significantly enhances our comprehension of the correlation between the utilisation of technology in the context of English language acquisition and academic performance among high school students. The study employs a rigorous experimental methodology to establish a solid empirical basis for advocating the use of technology-based apps in the context of English language acquisition. The consequences of this phenomenon have the potential to influence educational policies and pedagogical approaches in order to improve students' competency in the English language, equipping them with the necessary skills to tackle future global challenges.

The effects of interpersonal conflict on employee satisfaction and productivity in the workplace

This study investigates the impact of interpersonal conflicts on employee satisfaction and workplace productivity. The review of relevant literature revealed significant relationships betweenthese variables, forming the basis for the current investigation. The research aimed to analyze the connection between interpersonal conflicts in the workplace and employee satisfaction, concurrently evaluating the consequences of these conflicts on organizational productivity. Hypothesis 1 assumeda negative correlation, indicating that an increase in interpersonal conflicts is associated with a decrease in employee satisfaction. Hypothesis 2 anticipated a positive correlation, suggesting that interpersonal conflicts among employees lead to an intensification of the reduction in organizational productivity.The Workplace Interpersonal Conflict Scale, Workplace Productivity and Disruption Questionnaire, as well as the Job Satisfaction Subscale from the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire, were utilized in a sample of 81 participants from Romania. Data collection took place online through the Google Forms questionnaire, adhering to ethical research principles and ensuring participant confidentiality. Statistical analysis confirmed Hypothesis 1, highlighting a significant and negative correlation between interpersonal conflicts and employee satisfaction. Participants reported a moderate level of interpersonal conflicts (mean 1.74) and relatively consistent satisfaction (mean 2.45), supported by distribution tests. Additionally, Hypothesis 2 was validated, indicating a significant and positive correlation between interpersonal conflicts and reduced workplace productivity.

Ethical Considerations for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging: Data Collection, Development, and Evaluation.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) within nuclear imaging involves several ethically fraught components at different stages of the machine learning pipeline, including during data collection, model training and validation, and clinical use. Drawing on the traditional principles of medical and research ethics, and highlighting the need to ensure health justice, the AI task force of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging has identified 4 major ethical risks: privacy of data subjects, data quality and model efficacy, fairness toward marginalized populations, and transparency of clinical performance. We provide preliminary recommendations to developers of AI-driven medical devices for mitigating the impact of these risks on patients and populations.

The ethical pathway of individuals with stroke-A follow-up study.

To analyse the ethical pathway as perceived by individuals with stroke (IwS) in the first three post-stroke months. In the novel concept of ethical pathway, dignity, privacy, and autonomy are considered as dimensions of the ethical pathway while the pathway illustrates their potential change in the post-stroke time. Furthermore, the focus of interest was on whether the perceived realisation of values is associated with the life situational factors of symptoms diminishing functioning, social environment, and self-empowerment. A follow-up study with a descriptive correlational design was used to capture the changes in the perceived realisation of values. The study followed the ethical principles of research involving human participants. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the university and one of the university hospitals following national standards. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the university hospitals. Data were collected from IwS after the onset of stroke and 3 months post-stroke with the Ethical Pathway of Individuals with Stroke instrument and background questions and were analysed statistically. Thirty-six participants completed the questionnaire at both measurement points. Wide variety in the ethical pathway was detected. IwS' perceived dignity decreased and autonomy increased. Privacy did not change significantly. Of the life situational factors, IwS perceived less symptoms diminishing functioning and stronger self-empowerment while social environment was perceived as rather stable. Only one association was detected between the dimensions of the ethical pathway and life situational factors: autonomy had a low negative correlation with social environment of health care professionals. The results provide preliminary evidence of the dynamic nature of the ethical pathway. The ethical pathway was incompletely realised for most participants and requires special attention and improvement in health care. The sample size is small and the results are therefore not generalisable.

Exploring Community Participation Towards Sustainable Livelihoods

South Africa still struggles with poverty, inequality and unemployment after two decades of democracy. By historical and international standards, poverty levels continue to be relatively high despite some recent progress in reducing the scourge. This study explores community participation to mobilise the strengths and assets of community members towards sustainable livelihoods in Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The qualitative study was undertaken with 21 participants from four community development projects. The participants were purposefully selected, and individual semi-structured and focus group interviews were utilised to elicit data following ethical research principles. The findings of the study demonstrate that the community development projects managed by the development centres struggle to uphold accountability in poverty alleviation because they lack community participation, skills and the capacity to mobilise assets. The implications of the study are that development centres need to ensure the participation and mobilisation of strengths and assets of community members to empower them towards self-reliant, sustainable livelihoods.

Living with Experience in the Academy: Pressures to Disclose in Routine Research Activities

ABSTRACT Lived-experience perspectives have gained increasing traction in social work research, presenting valuable opportunities for novel insights to inform policy, practice, and research. Yet these developments have perhaps outpaced our capacity as producers and consumers of research to consider their broader ethical implications for social work researchers with lived experience (particularly those with undisclosed experiences). Through a series of critical incident analyses, this article highlights ethical dilemmas researchers may face concerning disclosure of their lived experience, and how application of trauma-informed and ethical principles may assist in responding to these dilemmas. IMPLICATIONS Social work researchers may face increased pressures to disclose their lived experience in the course of typical research activities. Trauma-informed and ethical research principles can be drawn upon to navigate these dilemmas. Academic and research institutions and bodies should consider the impact on researchers of processes which impel disclosure of lived experience.

CHALLENGES IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF COELIAC DISEASE AND GLUTEN INTOLERANCE IN CHILDREN

CHALLENGES IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF COELIAC DISEASE AND GLUTEN INTOLERANCE IN CHILDREN

Implementation of dementia care management in routine care (RoutineDeCM): a study protocol for process evaluation

IntroductionDementia care management is a complex intervention intended to support persons with dementia and their (caring) relatives in home-based care arrangements. Dementia care management was developed in the federal state...

Implementation of disaster risk reduction management of Visayas state university, Tolosa, province of Leyte-Philippines

In Leyte, one of the Philippines’ disaster-prone provinces, effective Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) is crucial for safeguarding lives and properties. This research explored gaps in DRRM implementation at Visayas State University Tolosa for 2022 using a qualitative case study approach. Focusing on the university’s Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee, comprising seven members, semi-structured interviews were conducted to discuss policy and standard requirements for academic institutions, observing ethical research principles. Four themes emerged: Institutional Preparedness, Disaster Risk Prevention and Awareness, Lifesaving and Protective Equipment, and Budget for Resilient Building Reconstruction. Key findings highlighted the importance of enhancing the university’s disaster policies, strategies, and building infrastructure. Adherence to the Philippine Building Code and a specific emergency plan, coupled with increased awareness campaigns, were deemed essential for improved safety. Notably, gaps were identified in the provision of rapid communication technology, solar lighting, powerful generators, and emergency vehicles. The study also underscored the necessity for dedicated funding to foster resilient building infrastructure, ensuring a safe environment for the university community.
 Keywords: Implementations; Disaster Risk Reduction Management; School.

Post Graduate Students' Experiences with Research Ethics: A South African Perspective.

The strict adherence to ethical principles (namely respect for persons, beneficence/non-maleficence and justice) when conducting research involving human participants is the bedrock of research. There has been little research on students' experiences with the research ethics process and how these students incorporate ethical standards into their research work, despite previous research looking into teaching methodologies, curricula, and the educational environment for postgraduate students. The purpose of the study was to investigate postgraduate students' experiences with research ethics during their research project. A sample of 11 participants was used. Through online interviews, this qualitative study, underpinned by the interpretivist paradigm, collected data from postgraduate students from different disciplines and universities in South Africa between June and August 2021. The findings showed different perspectives on the training received in research ethics, and on support and guidance received from supervisors, and the application of research ethics principles in their research projects. Most participants indicated gaps in the teaching and support they received and had not read their university research ethics policies. By focusing on students' experiences in a developing country and different disciplines, the study contributes to the body of knowledge on postgraduate student experiences. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there is need for more research ethics training amongst postgraduate students in South Africa.

Ethical challenges in first-in-human trials of the artificial placenta and artificial womb: not all technologies are created equally, ethically.

Artificial placenta and artificial womb technologies to support extremely premature neonates are advancing toward clinical testing in humans. Currently, no recommendations exist comparing these approaches to guide study design and optimal enrollment eligibility adhering to principles of research ethics. In this paper, we will explore how scientific differences between the artificial placenta and artificial womb approaches create unique ethical challenges to designing first-in-human trials of safety and provide recommendations to guide ethical study design for initial human translation.