Ethical Expectations Research Articles

Perspectives and insights of critical care clinicians, patients and families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds around end-of-life care in an ICU: a scoping review protocol.

Protocol to explore what is known about communication between critical care providers and patients and families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (defined as people who are either from minority ethnic groups, non-English-speaking backgrounds who may have diverse cultural, linguistic, spiritual and religious affiliations and opinions) about death, dying, end-of-life care and organ donation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds experience barriers to optimised care when admitted to the ICU. These barriers appear to derive from differences in language, cultural, societal and ethical expectations between patients, their families and healthcare professionals. These barriers may significantly impact the delivery of end-of-life care to patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Therefore, this has the potential for inadequate management of medical, psychological and existential distress. Studies of all designs reporting for adult (age ≥18 years) patients and family members from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds at end-of-life in the ICU setting will be included. Studies that report results for patients aged <18 years or that are based outside the ICU will be excluded. Relevant sources will be retrieved, and their citation details will be imported into the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information. This scoping review was guided by the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A systematic search was conducted in EBSCOhost, Web of Science, PubMed Central and SciELO, OVID Medline, CINAHL, and Scopus, limited to English-language publications, without date limitation. Key study characteristics and findings will be extracted using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. Anticipating heterogeneous study designs, findings will be presented as a thematic synthesis. This is a protocol for a scoping review, formal ethics approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Local Health Network will be obtained for research projects that could potentially stem from this review and will then be subsequently disseminated through proper channels.

The Right to Effective Behavioral Treatment Revisited: Ethical Expectations for Behavior Analysts Today

The Right to Effective Behavioral Treatment Revisited: Ethical Expectations for Behavior Analysts Today

The Changing Educational Landscape for Sustainable Online Experiences: Implications of ChatGPT in Arab Students’ Learning Experience

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into education is rapidly transforming traditional paradigms of teaching and learning. ChatGPT, an advanced AI system capable of sophisticated language generation, represents a potentially disruptive innovation in this sphere. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design using a cross-sectional approach to examine ChatGPT’s emerging role in reshaping students’ learning experiences within higher education. A survey of 473 undergraduate students at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia assessed ChatGPT’s usage patterns, effectiveness, and implications across diverse learning domains. Data were collected through a structured online survey distributed over a month and analyzed using quantitative measures (i.e., SPSS). Sixty precent (60%) of the students reported using ChatGPT for homework assistance, with 27.7% doing so weekly. Additionally, 45.5% utilized it for research, 35.5% for exam preparation, and approximately 30% for language learning and content discussions. Over 60% of the students recognized moderate to significant positive impacts of ChatGPT on their academic performance, research skills, and technical competencies. However, 38.7% reported no discernible effects on critical thinking. Factor analysis identified engagement as a key pathway for ChatGPT to enrich learning, with usage strongly linked to participation and motivation. Regression analysis determined usage frequency, satisfaction, and perceived usefulness as significant predictors of ChatGPT’s academic effectiveness, evidenced by beta coefficients of 0.21 for usage frequency and 0.25 for satisfaction. The findings showcase ChatGPT’s promising versatility as an AI-powered educational tool, while emphasizing the need for ethical frameworks, balanced expectations, and holistic adoption strategies to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Further research into pedagogical integration capabilities and evolving impacts will be critical as advanced AI becomes increasingly pervasive throughout education.

Disciplining Citizens and Commodities: Economic Crimes and Accusations in 1970s Uganda

Abstract In 1975, the Ugandan state established an Economic Crimes Tribunal to investigate and penalize smuggling, hoarding, overcharging, and other commercial malfeasance. In the coming years, innumerable Ugandans were arrested and charged with contravening the state's economic regulations. Prior observers have seen this as another instance of a capricious state, but in this article, I demonstrate the popular investment in economic regulation. Ugandans demanded better stewardship of money and things because they were aghast at the ungovernable world of commodities. For one thing, the inaccessibility of so-called “essential commodities” — sugar and salt, preeminently — impeded ethical expectations surrounding social reproduction, hospitality, and masculine respectability. More troubling, essential commodities were not completely unavailable; rather, they were available on exclusionary and confusing terms. Relative deprivation was more upsetting than absolute scarcity because it offended a sense of consumptive entitlement. As a result, it was not only the state that accused citizens of economic crimes. There were widespread accusations in which allegation and denunciation circulated among neighbors, families, and bureaucrats in an urgent effort to discipline commodities and people.

The moral economy of student debt: A pharmacological approach

Over the past three decades, student debt has surged in most English-speaking countries. Despite this trend, enrollment at universities has steadily risen, which testifies to the enduring appeal that higher education still exerts on middle-class individuals and families. Nevertheless, the policies responsible for this growing indebtedness have also stirred up their share of controversy. In an attempt to make sense of these debates, this article focuses mainly on the English and American cases to demonstrate how moral arguments have been put forth both in favor of and against using credit to finance education. Because it shows the ambivalent and unstable nature of the normative principles underpinning debt relations, the concept of moral economy is particularly well suited to discuss this phenomenon. On one hand, it explains how certain ethical expectations seemingly justify the need to incur debt for educational pursuits. On the other hand, it also shows why the perceived legitimacy of student debt eventually comes to be challenged. At its core lies an undecidable choice between antinomic values, as the decision to study on credit involves both a striving for personal autonomy and subjecting oneself to an exploitative relation of dependence. Recognizing this fundamental ambivalence, the article develops a ‘pharmacological approach’ to address the issue of student debt, aiming to better grasp the social and political tensions surrounding higher education in neoliberal societies.

Feminist Pedagogy in Women’s Studies Classrooms: Some Critical Reflections

Based on a study of five women’s studies degree programmes, this article attempts to discuss pedagogical issues that are surfacing in higher education on account of the changing social composition of students since the implementation of reservations for Other Backward Classes in higher education. Critical pedagogy has not found much space in discussions on higher education in the Indian context. The exception has been reflections on feminist pedagogy that primarily draw on Freirian thought and the scholarship of bell hooks. Against this background, the article brings out how the epistemic principles of critical disciplines like women’s studies generate ethical expectations of the feminist teacher, particularly in relation to caste in this case. It goes on to discuss the limits imposed on these ideas of feminist pedagogy by the institutional and structural inequalities in higher education and how the dominant social composition of teachers necessarily limits possibilities of feminist pedagogy.

Rare Opportunity or History Revisited? The Pitfalls and Prospects of Ethical AI in Light of Public Ethical Responses to the Telegraph

This article undertakes a comparative ethical analysis of the types of public expectations and concerns related to the development of two technologies: the telegraph and artificial intelligence. For each technology I provide a historical survey of public ethical expectations and concerns followed by a survey of the outcome or results of those expectations. Expectations and concerns of the telegraph era public are drawn together from popular and public literature and regulation of the period, whereas the expectations and concerns of our contemporary public AI engagement are drawn both from popular literature and public surveys, and supported by a manual search and ranking of a number of ethics related terms found in the raw feedback of the Stakeholder Consultation on the EU Commission High Level Expert Group Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. I then go on to compare those results, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two technologies, in particular the positive economic and socially responsible use expectations outcomes and the negative concerns regarding monopoly, regulation, and control. Finally, I argue that, taking the telegraph outcome as a guide, an ethical focus on accentuating positive expectations toward AI is more likely to produce definite results than concentrating upon prohibitory and negative approaches.

Brain-to-brain interface technology: A brief history, current state, and future goals.

A brain-to-brain interface (BBI), defined as a combination of neuroimaging and neurostimulation methods to extract and deliver information between brains directly without the need for the peripheral nervous system, is a budding communication technique. A BBI system is made up of two parts known as the brain-computer interface part, which reads a sender's brain activity and digitalizes it, and the computer-brain interface part, which writes the delivered brain activity to a receiving brain. As with other technologies, BBI systems have gone through an evolutionary process since they first appeared. The BBI systems have been employed for numerous purposes, including rehabilitation for post-stroke patients, communicating with patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, locked-in syndrome and speech problems following stroke. Also, it has been proposed that a BBI system could play an important role on future battlefields. This technology was not only employed for communicating between two human brains but also for making a direct communication path among different species through which motor or sensory commands could be sent and received. However, the application of BBI systems has provoked significant challenges to human rights principles due to their ability to access and manipulate human brain information. In this study, we aimed to review the brain-computer interface and computer-brain interface technologies as components of BBI systems, the development of BBI systems, applications of this technology, arising ethical issues and expectations for future use.

Is urban planning returning to the past in search of a sustainable future? Exploring the six Paris and London Olympic Games (1900–2024)

ABSTRACT Mega events are facing a disruption, despite their adaptative nature, in their continued 120-year growth in a context of environmental and energy crisis doubled by increased ethical and social expectations. We put forward the hypothesis, in the middle term, of a gradual disconnection between (1) mega events such as the Olympic Games and (2) a catalyst effect on urban regeneration and attractivity pursued by host cities; and over the long term, we explore a return to the past characterized by more modest and ‘sustainable’ Games. We first unveil how urban planning was implemented through the Olympic Games over the last 30 years to understand how Olympic urban mega projects have been increasingly questioned as risky and unsustainable and how IOC frameworks gradually adapted to articulate sustainability and legacy. Is it a return to the comparatively modest 1900, 1908, and 1924 and 1948 Olympics exemplified by the new quarters built after the failed 1992, 2008 and 2012 Paris bids? How do historiography and narratives compare Paris and London? Last, we analyse Paris 2024 as an example of disconnection between the Olympics and mega urban project, as included in an existing 30-year metropolitan project focusing limited new infrastructure on local needs.

Mental health and justice beyond borders: Global crises, sociopolitical determinants, and contemporary practices in forensic psychiatry

In an era marked by escalating international crises, environmental shifts, and sociopolitical volatilities, global mental health is facing profound challenges. With its distinctive position at the intersection between clinical and judicial domains, forensic psychiatry can be predisposed to the consequences of adverse external determinants and events. At present, geopolitical conflicts, rising insecurities, climate change, forced and voluntary migration, and regressive sociopolitical ideologies are all compounding role responsibilities, care models, and ethical expectations across forensic-psychiatric practice; in short, complex distal factors are increasingly informing domestic considerations. These far-reaching concerns indicate a need for adaptive and proactive responses, underpinned by cultural sensitivity, social justice, and respect for human rights. Through illustrative examples from different regions, this perspective paper calls for a greater recognition of the transnational dynamics that are affecting local contexts of practice. Equally, it outlines the importance of advocacy, interdisciplinary collaborations, and potential evolutions in training and ethical frameworks to address contemporary issues. By adopting these approaches, forensic psychiatrists can promote more just systems and equitable mental healthcare for patients amidst the uncertainties of an interconnected and rapidly transforming world.

Ethical Expectations of Academic Research by College Undergraduate Students

The development of research skills is a gradual process that assumedly should start at the undergraduate level. This article aims to explore what research-related skills professional bachelor (undergraduate) students are expected to acquire in Lithuanian colleges. Using a conventional approach of content analysis, the authors analysed twenty-nine descriptors of study fields applied to colleges and sixteen codes of ethics of Lithuanian colleges to identify research-related learning outcomes (learning skills) and ethics norms. Their findings suggest that undergraduate students are not recognized as a contributing part of the research community, although they are expected to be involved in research. Some study fields are more research-oriented than others; however, compliance with research ethics is implied only in eight study fields. Student research activity is even less addressed in the codes of ethics than in the descriptors of study fields.

Impact of Assurance, Reliance, and Compliance on Customer Satisfaction: Insights from Islamic Banks in Pakistan

This study examines the influence of assurance, reliance, and compliance on customer satisfaction within the Islamic banking sector in Pakistan. The study utilized a quantitative research design to distribute structured questionnaires to customers and employees of Islamic banks, aiming to capture diverse perspectives on service quality. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS to validate the relationships between the constructs based on the adapted SERVQUAL model. The findings demonstrate significant positive impacts of assurance, reliance, and compliance on customer satisfaction. Assurance was shown to instill confidence in customers; reliance underscored the importance of dependable banking operations, and compliance with Shariah laws was critical in aligning services with customers' ethical and religious expectations. These insights are precious for Islamic banks seeking to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty in a competitive market. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from the Pakistani context and suggesting practical implications for improving service delivery in Islamic banking. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed, emphasizing the need for broader geographical coverage and longitudinal studies. Keywords: Islamic Banking, Customer Satisfaction, Assurance, Reliance, Compliance, Shariah Law, Structural Equation Modeling.

Self-reported perceptions of ethical and professional expectations of medical students in China and the influence of voluntary work during the COVID-19: a survey on “Five Characteristics”

In the post-pandemic era, there is a need for medical professionals with creativity, clinical expertise, and social responsibility. The Chinese government issued a directive to enhance the “Five Characteristics” perceptions of medical students, incorporating moral integrity and adeptness in saving lives and aiding the injured, embracing a compassionate approach to medical practice, possessing the knowledge essential for academic distinction, mastering technical expertise, and the artistry of applying scientific methodologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the opinions related to ethics and professional behaviors of medical students at one Chinese medical school using a validated 19-item survey instrument and analyze its influencing factors. We conducted a survey in a medical university in Anhui Province, China, and collected 1966 valid questionnaires using the “Five Characteristics Rating Scale”. The results indicated high perceptions of “Five Characteristics” among Chinese medical students (85.42 ± 8.727). Lower-grade-year medical students (86.59 ± 7.888) had higher “Five Characteristics” perceptions than upper-grade-year medical students (84.29 ± 9.327, P < 0.05). In addition, medical students experiencing voluntary work during the COVID-19 pandemic showed higher perceptions (86.21 ± 8.357) than those without such experience (85.13 ± 8.842, P < 0.05). Grade year and voluntary work experience during the COVID-19 pandemic were influencing factors of “Five Characteristics” perceptions. Our research offers a theoretical foundation for governments and medical schools to cultivate doctors with high ethical standards and professional expectations.

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

A Review of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Themes in Arboriculture Organizations’ Codes of Ethics

Abstract Codes of ethics (COEs) play an important role in outlining an association’s ethical expectations of its membership. Diversity, equity, and inclusion issues in arboriculture have been long-standing, resulting in prevalent systemic inequality and discrimination within the industry. Codes of ethics may provide a means through which to address systemic barriers; however, unlike the forestry industry, there is limited understanding of how arboriculture organizations’ codes of ethics approach diversity, equity, and inclusion. This review of 9 national and international arboriculture organizations’ codes of ethics examines how equity, diversity, and inclusion are included within the expected ethical conduct of professional members. Through thematic and qualitative content analyses, we found that arboriculture organizations’ codes of ethics varied in length and depth, ranging from 7 to 47 statements in codes of ethics. Most ethical codes were positively framed, indicating what membersshoulddo, rather than the contrasting negative framing which indicates what membersshould notdo. Of the 9 arboriculture organizations, 7 included equity, diversity, and inclusion statements. Inclusion codes were the most common (n= 6 COEs), followed by equity (n= 5 COEs) and diversity (n= 3 COEs). In total, 8 codes of ethics referenced adherence to laws and regulations, 4 of which may provide a means for promoting ethical practice in the absence of explicit statements about equity, diversity, and inclusion.

A Living Statement of DEI and Ethics Expectations Within the Community Science Exchange

Key Points Ethical science must include community engagement The Community Science Exchange promotes ethical responsibilities of editors and authors The grand environmental challenges can only be faced and surmounted with ethical, inclusive approaches

Animal Models in Neuroscience: What Is the “Culture of Care”?

In situations where animal models (AMs) are necessary, as in the field of neuroscience, a strong culture of care must be supported and established. The pivotal question remains: how can we uphold a robust “culture of care”? In the multifaceted domain of neuroscience research, AMs traverse a spectrum shaped by conflicting viewpoints, anthropocentrism and pathocentrism, where established scientific norms intersect with ethical deliberations. Anthropocentrism, representative of conventional scientific approaches, may prioritize scientific goals potentially to the detriment of animal welfare. Conversely, pathocentrism places significant importance on the ethical treatment and well-being of AMs. This divergence of approach prompts the imperative development of a robust culture of care framework within research institutions, advocating for animal welfare, ethical responsibility, and adherence to regulatory standards. In this review, we refer to a European view of animal care, discussing internationally valid concepts that find rebuttal in the current European legislation. This review meticulously analyzes the many facets of the culture of care, particularly for neuroscience studies involving AMs, illustrating the principles, practices, and collaborations critical to overcoming ethical expectations. This commitment increases credibility and builds trust in the public and research spheres, underscoring the critical importance of a culture of care in the ethics of neuroscience research.

Ethical awareness and professional responsibility: educating translators to tackle diversifying industry dilemmas

ABSTRACT Ethical awareness is arguably becoming ever more relevant with the increasing digitalisation of professional practice. Ethical dilemmas are changing in nature, becoming more diverse and more difficult to tackle, also as technologically infused realities give rise to more blurry boundaries. Language professionals, in training for the roles of the future, require a strong sense of professional responsibility. This correlates with the ability to define their own ethical profiles and to apply them agilely to navigate evolving industry expectations. Ethical profiling is paramount if graduates of translation education are to confidently engage with the variety of emerging language-based roles, including those that involve significant automation. This article focusses on professional ethical requirements for the language industry as exhibited in the Romanian national context and describes educational tools that may support the development of ethical awareness for newly trained translators. The article reports on a pedagogical model applied with second year master’s students in translation, which can ensure increased explicit exposure to ethically-charged professional scenarios as part of curriculum design. The suggestive model aims to mould professional ethical behaviours of trainee translators and to equip them with methodological options to support the continuous enhancement of their professional profiles while realistically assessing market developments and identifying shifts in ethical expectations.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Start From Within.

The values associated with diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives are well known to case managers. All values align with the ethical tenets of case management and its established resources of guidance, Yet, how effective is case management at applying these values within the workforce. Opportunities exist for implementation of an inclusive case management model that heeds with quality mandates and ethical expectations for practice.

Institutionalizing Agricultural Ethics

When something is institutionalized, it is established as a convention or norm of an organization or culture. Most professional disciplines have institutionalized and published their professional ethical expectations. Universities routinely include ethical study in the curriculum for medicine, law, business, and the environment. The agricultural science curriculum lacks consideration and study of the effects of agriculture’s ethical dilemmas on society. Moreover, agriculture, the essential human activity and the most widespread human interaction with the environment, needs a defined moral foundation. Ethics has not been institutionalized in US land-grant universities with agricultural colleges,2 colleges of agriculture in other countries, agricultural professional organizations, or the agribusiness industry. That is not to say there are no professional ethical standards.