Ethical Action Research Articles

Laying the Groundwork: Insights from Organisational Ethics for Humanitarian Innovation

Humanitarian innovation is occurring in a wide range of organisational contexts, from innovation labs and hubs, to specialised units within humanitarian organisations, to small social innovation startups and through intersectoral partnerships. Ethical considerations associated with innovation activities have been the source of increased discussion, including critiques around inclusion in the definition of problems, imposition of solutions, introduction of new risks for people in crisis situations and potential for exploitation. To promote ethical innovation, various initiatives have sought to articulate guiding values and to create resources and frameworks to integrate values in project design and implementation. A distinctive yet complementary line of ethical analysis is offered by the approach of positive organisational ethics, which considers the features of organisations that promote and sustain conditions supportive of ethical action. In this paper we examine three dimensions of an organisation’s ethical infrastructure: the resources that are established, such as policies and statements of organisational values; the practices that are enacted, such as methods of onboarding new staff; and the capacities that are fostered and accessed, including ethics knowledge and skills. Attention to these features constitutes an important means of laying the groundwork for organisational conditions that are supportive of ethical humanitarian innovation.

Transferable Skills And Graduate Attributes: Analysis of health services management students’ reflections on an industry-based placement

Purpose: Work Integrated Learning (WIL) supports learners to acquire transferable skills and graduate attributes for employability through placements in settings aligned with their future profession. The purpose of this paper is to explore, student reflections on the attainment of transferable skills and university graduate attributes on health service management (HSM) work integrated learning placements in one Australian University. Design/methodology/approach: The study used data collected from e-portfolios from two cohorts of students who completed placements in the health industry. Structured e-portfolios recorded student reflections, these were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. To analyse the reflections, content analysis and mapping of narratives to transferable skills and University graduate attributes was used to evidence their attainment by learners on placement. Findings: The data demonstrated that students attained transferable skills and university attributes and reflected upon them in their e-portfolios. However, not all transferable skills and attributes were evidenced in student portfolios. Ethical thoughts and actions, respect and capability with First Peoples, citizenship and social responsibility, negotiation and conflict resolution, research and organizational membership were not comprehensively demonstrated. Reflective skills and learning how to reflect could be further emphasised and practiced within the curricula. The outcomes of the study can be used to strengthen the focus of reflective e-portfolios, inform the development of HSM curricula and support academics teaching in WIL programs to further clarify expectations on reflection. Originality: This paper is of interest to Universities aiming to equip graduates with transferable skills and the attributes to thrive in complex and rapidly changing work environments. The study identified further research opportunities that could inform the design and content of e-portfolios to demonstrate the skills attained on placement.

FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF TAX EVASION

This study aims to examine the factors that influence students' perceptions of ethical tax evasion actions. The population of this study were students majoring in accounting and tax administration at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Sampling was carried out based on purposive sampling with the type of judgment. The stages in this study were carried out by collecting data through questionnaires distributed to accounting and tax administration students who had taken taxation courses and continued with data analysis. The data of this study are primary data and were analyzed using validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, multicollinearity tests, heteroscedasticity tests and multiple linear regression analysis tests. The results of this study indicate that the taxation system and money ethic have a positive and significant effect on the ethical perception of tax evasion. While the variables of fairness and tax sanctions have a negative effect on the ethical perception of tax evasion. The results of this study also show that the four variables together can influence the ethical perception of tax evasion actions.

The Rhetoric of Healthcare and the Moral Debate About Theatre-Funded Hospitals in Early Modern Spain.

While early modern Spain may seem a world away, it is an extremely rich and relevant context for gaining a better understanding of the Rhetoric of Health, specifically the power of metaphor, in the related spheres of policy-making and public debate. It was a time and place in which the urban populace's physical well-being depended upon the fortunes of theatrical performances due to a system of alms for hospitals driven by ticket receipts. Anti-theatricalists argued that the immoral nature of theatrical performances made them spiritually and medically detrimental to society. Pro-theatricalists argued that plays were always a public good on balance because they raised much-needed funds for hospitals. Instead of producing a conflict between morality and public health, each side reinforced their connection until the two topics became nearly inseparable in the sphere of public debate. While pro-theatricalists mainly stayed with their arguments about funding hospitals, anti-theatricalists developed a new strategy of literalising the metaphor of theatre as a "plague of the republic" and arguing that immoral entertainment brought literal disease to the populace as a punishment from God. This exemplifies Stephen Pender's observation of how, in an early modern medical context, "Rhetoric as a way of perceiving probabilities and adjusting one's argument to the audience and circumstance offers a model of ethical action and interaction". This article is organised chronologically to track specific adjustments to a specific public-health debate that rely upon moral metaphors of medicine. Each side wrangled over these metaphors in an effort to break a deadlock in a public-health policy debate with entertainment, finance, and morality at its centre. By the end of the seventeenth century, anti-theatricalists finally found their best rhetorical weapon in the literalisation of the "plague of the republic" metaphor, but it only offered a short-term solution to banning theatre contingent upon the ebb and flow of epidemics. Simultaneously, the finance structure of funding hospitals began to erase the role of hospitals from the longstanding debate about the morality of public theatre. The case of early modern Spain provides valuable lessons about the power of metaphor in the Rhetoric of Healthcare that are still applicable today.

Professional ethics and ethical challenges related to nurses and patients: A narrative review

This study was conducted to evaluate professional ethics and ethical challenges related to nurses and patients. The study establishes a strong link between nursing, spirituality, and ethical performance, with nurses' religious beliefs significantly influencing their approach to patient care. Ethical decision-making is vital in nursing, with patients' rights and information disclosure being top priorities. The shortage of nursing staff and its impact on ethical practices are acknowledged. Rewarding ethical conduct and providing ethical education are recommended to promote ethical behavior among nurses. Ethical distress arises when organizational factors hinder ethical actions, affecting nurses' job satisfaction and patient care quality. Younger and married nurses may experience higher ethical distress, while experience may mitigate it. Overall, nurturing ethical behavior is crucial for better patient outcomes. Nurses often face ethical issues in their clinical practice. Ethical decision-making is now integral to professional nursing, requiring nurses to recognize ethical dilemmas and demonstrate ethical sensitivity in all patient interactions and during interventions, ensuring high-quality patient care and upholding the nursing profession's integrity.

Competences for socio-ecological stewardship: a qualitative assessment of the transformative potential of farmers’ learning processes in Eastern Uganda

ABSTRACT Purpose: This paper identifies socio-ecological stewardship competences that smallholder farmers in the Manafwa watershed in Eastern Uganda, developed by participating in a project founded on the Participatory Integrated Planning approach. Methodology: A case study approach was applied. Data were collected by interviewing smallholder farmers and PIP trainers; observing farm practices and PIP training sessions; and conducting focus group discussions. Data were analysed thematically, inspired by the environmental competence model of Roczen, to identify socio-ecological stewardship competences. Findings: The study identified socio-ecological stewardship competences comprising different sustainability-related dimensions including: ‘environmental knowledge’ as environmental systems, action-related, effectiveness, social, and ethical knowledge; ‘connection with nature’ as establishing an identity with nature, appreciating the value of nature, social, and ethical attitudes; and ‘ecological behaviour’ as conservation and restoration, social, and ethical actions. Practical implications: Competence dimensions are interconnected thus requiring learning environments that develop them simultaneously. Additionally, social and ethical competences are relevant for supporting stewardship action. Theoretical implications: This study expands Roczen’s environmental competence model by including social, ethical, and conservation and restoration action competences. Originality/value: This study is the first to identify socio-ecological stewardship competences and the learning processes that can foster these competences.

On place, privacy, and ethics

ABSTRACT The personal and often highly individualized relationship with places leads to a number of questions related to privacy and ethics. This article addresses both privacy and ethics by arguing that location privacy needs to be considered a proxy for place privacy; that place-making exposes several inherently ethical dimensions, such as the participation in the place-making; and that equitable participation in platial information is an important component of ethical action in relation to places themselves. Building on this, corresponding need for further research is outlined, specifically concerning power relations acting on places and multicultural perspectives in research about place.

Unit-Based Ethics Rounds: Creating an Ethical Work Culture for Nurses in the Hospital

Nurses who work in a hospital setting with seriously ill patients often face ethical dilemmas with no clear solutions but instead difficult choices and uncertainty. Unit-based ethics rounds in the hospital can be tailored to unit specific needs. However, there is a gap in the literature describing how to implement such unit-based rounds. This article describes the experience of nurses who implemented unit-based ethics rounds on one unit using the Integrated Ethics Model as a framework and the feasibility of continuing ethics education into the practice setting. Eight sessions described targeted two of the three Integrated Model’s focus areas: systems and processes, and environment and culture. Seven of the sessions targeted all three foci, and also included decisions and actions. The design of this project maximized exposure to education about ethics in nursing, reflected the unit pace and culture, and has normalized and engaged nurses in ethical thinking and actions. The Integrated Ethics Model provides a feasible framework that can focus unit-based ethics rounds and expand nursing ethics education into practice at the unit level.

Drone Form and Techno-Futurities

Abstract: What does it mean for humanity to inhabit a techno-planetary system in which it is not central? This essay will address a facet of this question by exploring the aesthetics of drone warfare. The drone features in my reading as a metonym for a techno-human continuum in which the human as an autonomous subject with interiority and capacity for ethical action appears as eminently dispensable. Aesthetic forms not only are informed by but also shape a mode of perception by means of which we apprehend the world. What happens to such apprehension when both the mode of perception and subjecthood defy human-centered assumptions about aesthetic form? How does one novelize the scalar complexity of distributed vision beyond the human? When decisions about life and death are ceded to a machinic vision, do questions of moral agency and responsibility recede into a posthuman realm or do they gain even more urgency? The essay pivots around questions such as these.

Teaching ethics and ethical leadership with the Harvard Everest simulation

PurposeThis is a step-by-step guide for teaching Ethics and Ethical Leadership utilizing the Harvard Everest Leadership and Teams Simulation, V.3. The suggested approach is focused on facilitating a discussion and coaching students to recognize and solve problems by applying moral theory explicitly and deliberately. Applying this approach can also help them develop a habit of analyzing one’s own and others' behavior using ethical lenses and principles of authentic leadership. It offers practical debrief steps and specific discussion questions that can be used as a standalone resource or alongside the Harvard teaching note accompanying the simulation.Design/methodology/approachThis innovative approach enables teaching and coaching students on the ethical aspects of their leadership and decision-making based on this hands-on experience with the Harvard Everest Leadership and Teams Simulation. This approach enriches the original HBR teaching suggestions by enabling students to recognize moral dilemmas, confront typical rationalizations and practice ethical actions and decision-making in real time.FindingsIn-class discussion and student reflection assignments provide evidence of the method's effectiveness in translating values into impactful insights and enhanced likelihood of ethical behaviors in real-life scenarios. Students’ end-of-class feedback and course evaluations often cite the benefits of using the Everest simulation as a backdrop for raising self-awareness and practicing ethical decision-making.Practical implicationsThe approach discussed in the paper can serve as a flexible framework for analyzing and debriefing the HBR Everest simulation and other simulations, “survival scenario” exercises and activities designed to teach and facilitate practicing ethical leadership, authentic leadership and ethical decision making. It is adaptable and can be effectively applied across various disciplines centered around ethical leadership, teamwork, communication and decision-making in higher education and business.Originality/valueHarvard Everest Leadership and Teams Simulation is among the most popular ones in business education and is used by teachers worldwide (Roberto & Edmondson, 2017). While a comprehensive teaching note on communication and group dynamics is available through Harvard Business Publishing, it still needs to address the ethical issues students face during the simulation. This paper provides a roadmap for instructors who want to improve the student experience with ethical decision-making and ethical leadership.

The perfect technological storm: artificial intelligence and moral complacency

Artificially intelligent machines are different in kind from all previous machines and tools. While many are used for relatively benign purposes, the types of artificially intelligent machines that we should care about, the ones that are worth focusing on, are the machines that purport to replace humans entirely and thereby engage in what Brian Cantwell Smith calls “judgment.” As impressive as artificially intelligent machines are, their abilities are still derived from humans and as such lack the sort of normative commitments that humans have. So while artificially intelligent machines possess a great capacity for “reckoning,” to use Smith’s terminology, i.e., a calculative prowess of extraordinary utility and importance, they still lack the kind of considered human judgment that accompanies the ethical commitment and responsible action we humans must ultimately aspire toward. But there is a perfect technological storm brewing. Artificially intelligent machines are analogous to a perfect storm in that such machines involve the convergence of a number of factors that threaten our ability to behave ethically and maintain meaningful human control over the outcomes of processes involving artificial intelligence. I argue that the storm in the context of artificially intelligent machines makes us vulnerable to moral complacency. That is, this perfect technological storm is capable of lulling people into a state in which they abdicate responsibility for decision-making and behaviour precipitated by the use of artificially intelligent machines, a state that I am calling “moral complacency.” I focus on three salient problems that converge to make us especially vulnerable to becoming morally complacent and losing meaningful human control. The first problem is that of transparency/opacity. The second problem is that of overtrust in machines, often referred to as the automation bias. The third problem is that of ascribing responsibility. I examine each of these problems and how together they threaten to render us morally complacent.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ КУЛЬТУРНО-ЕТИЧНИХ ЗАСАД УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ ВІДНОСИН У ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ

The article reveals the basics of the cultural and ethical foundations of managerial relations in public administration, describes the culture of managerial relations in the public administration system elucidates the basic foundations of the ethical foundations of managerial relations in the public administration system. It is noted that the European integration progress of Ukraine requires the formation of a new generation of employees who would act in accordance with European standards of management, moral and ethical norms of European society, correspond to modern trends in the political, economic arena, social realities and be able to observe a fundamentally new order of organizational and management interactions. The specifics of compliance with ethical and moral principles and the main components of the management culture of civil servants are determined: ethical beliefs, moral qualities (sense of responsibility, conscience, uncompromisingness), moral habits, abilities and actions, etc. The general characteristics of the culture of the social environment in which the personality of the civil servant is formed and the culture of the society in which his official activity is carried out are revealed, which determine the content of value orientation in the process of performing professional duties and general moral guidelines. It has been established that the key point for building professional ethics is awareness of the purpose of the profession in society, the social functions that professionals must perform – awareness of the mission of the profession. Such a mission for civil servants is the principle of service to the people – the semantic core around which the system of cultural and ethical professional value orientations of public managers should be built. Directions for improving the cultural and ethical foundations of managerial relations in public administration at the organizational and personal levels are proposed.

Communal Trauma, Communal Justice: Discussion of Afarin Kohan and Bettina von Lieres

ABSTRACT In exploring collective trauma, the works of Kohan and von Lieres reveal how political subjectivity emerges through collective activism transforming helplessness, invisibility and despair. Inspired by the two authors, and their deep commitment to political action, I want to find ways to break through the dissociation of those in power. Rather than leaving the responsibility of political citizenship solely in the hands of the marginalized, I explore ways for those of us living in unjust societies to be more generative justice seekers. In the midst of polarization, violence, staggering inequality and ecological disaster it is time to build solidarity across borders of nation, identity, and class. In resonance with the two authors, I am in search of ethical actions that traverse the rough waters of collective trauma. I explore ways that we may continue to develop as an ethical society accepting responsibility for the injuries that have been experienced without acting as rival factions or waging wars of small differences within movements.

Elephants, Ecological Grief, and Art Therapy

Climate change is a well-documented challenge for human societies where human actions have spurred global warming leading to climate breakdown. Ecological disasters are already affecting the mental health of many people, and this is escalating. By painting elephants, I address ambiguous loss and demonstrate the power of art therapy to inform grief work and ecological grief as humanity’s shared trauma. Seen through the lens of elephants, one realizes the many connections between elephant and human societies, including ancestral memories, experience of attachment and trauma, and capacities to heal. Maintaining a consistent art practice helps one make sense of the senseless and deal with grief as an act of resilience, self-and-planetary care, and ethics, thereby having implications for art therapists.

THE MORAL AND ETHICAL POTENTIAL OF A FUTURE TEACHER’S PERSONALITY – THE FOUNDATION FOR THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

The article examines the resource capacity of future teachers’ moral and ethical potential as a guarantee of the productivity of their training for creative professional activity. The article aims to substantiate the moral and ethical potential of an individual’s personality as a personal resource to ensure the productivity of future teachers’ professional training for pedagogical activities and the ways of its formation in the conditions of university education. The study operated methods of analysis, generalisation, and specification of theoretical positions and the results of empirical research on forming the moral and ethical potential of future teachers in university education conditions. The essence, content, structure, and main characteristics of this complex phenomenon have been clarified and specified. The moral and ethical potential of a personality is defined as an integrated personal creation that organically combines professional moral and ethical views, the professional orientation of mental processes towards interaction and communication, pedagogical optimism and democracy, moral efforts, and actions aimed at improving the moral and ethical sphere of the future teacher and ensuring positive results in the professional branch. It has been established that these indicators of the moral and ethical potential of a personality positively affect the productivity of future teachers’ professional training if they achieve their goals in the process of developing moral and ethical qualities and professional improvement. This potential has a complex structure, encompassing interconnected components, including motivational one – a positive attitude towards people and moral norms regulating their behaviour in life and activity; moral-orientational one – knowledge of moral norms and ethics of behaviour concerning the rules accepted in society, requirements for the personality of a professional, and their actions and deeds; ethical-operational one – mastering moral and ethical experience in the professional and pedagogical sphere of activity; volitional one – self- control, management of one’s behaviour concerning adherence to moral and ethical norms in the course of pedagogical activity; control-evaluative component – self-assessment of one’s actions in transmitting moral and ethical norms, behaviour, and during the resolution of pedagogical problems. The practical course “Secrets of Pedagogical Ethics” has been developed and tested, aimed at forming these components of the future teachers’ moral and ethical potential. The effectiveness of active forms and methods of forming the professional-moral orientation of future teachers has been confirmed, including discussions, ethical conversations, debates, and presentations, as well as technologies of personality- oriented learning, cooperation technologies, and creativity development (SCAMPER). Based on the research results, it is concluded that moral and ethical potential serves as an effective means of performing professional functions, demonstrating moral and ethical positions, humanity, ethical actions and deeds, pedagogical tact, and professional pedagogical ethics of a teacher. Its formation should be considered as a core task of professional pedagogical training. Prospects for further research are seen directly in the development of the following aspects of the problem: updating the techniques for using the moral and ethical potential of students in ensuring the success of their professional training; theoretical substantiation of various types of technologies in the development of the moral and ethical potential of future teachers, forms, and systems for assessing and controlling the formation of this complex personal creation as an important resource for the positive dynamics of their professionalism level.

Explicating the Pathways Among Memorable Message Themes About Religion and Spirituality, Positive Role Models for Aging, and Successful Aging

ABSTRACT Grounded in the communicative ecology model of successful aging (CEMSA), this study asked older adults to report on a memorable message about religion or spirituality. The message themes were tested as directly predicting perceptions of the message source as a positive role model for aging and indirectly predicting successful aging. Messages with an ethical actions theme, personal relationship with God theme, and eternal damnation theme were directly associated with perceptions of the source as a positive role model. Further, messages with an eternal damnation theme were indirectly associated with successful aging, via perceptions of the source as a positive role model and aging efficacy. Findings address how religious memorable messages and role models for aging might operate in the CEMSA.

Review on Challenges of Nutrition Intervention Research at Workplace

Workplace nutrition interventions have become a popular approach to improving employee health and well-being. Nonetheless, such interventions require special attention to ethical aspects to ensure participant well-being, research integrity, and long-term benefits. A literature review was carried out using leading research databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords used include "ethical considerations", "workplace", "nutritional intervention", and "study". Only studies published within the last ten years were included in this review. Each study was analyzed to identify common ethical issues and actions taken to address those issues. The results of the review indicate that key ethical issues in workplace nutrition intervention studies include participant privacy and confidentiality, informed consent, balancing risks and benefits, and potential bias and conflicts of interest. Some studies suggest that employees may feel pressured to participate because of company policies or social expectations. Additionally, several studies revealed deficiencies in data protection and transparency regarding the use of participant data. From the results of the review, it is important to ensure that informed consent is provided clearly and free from pressure. Studies must also ensure the protection of participants' privacy and confidentiality. Furthermore, there is a need to carefully assess the risks and benefits of any nutritional intervention, as well as avoid potential bias in research design and implementation. This review suggests that ethics in studies of workplace nutrition interventions require significant attention. Best practices include strong informed consent, privacy protection, and careful risk evaluation.

A Sustainability Project: Collaboration of a Campus TV Station and a Great Mosque

Objective: As part of the mass media industry, the broadcasting industry has a strategic position as one of the stakeholders responsible for participating to reduce the social impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic to the global economy. The broadcasting industry is expected to be able to participate directly. This participation does not only stop at fundraising actions and sporadic public donation management, but also plays a role as a representative of private corporate institutions that actively and continuously contributes to the support for achieving the national development goals through implementation of the so-called people-centered, participatory, empowering, and sustainable paradigm, within the context of a mosque organizational environment. Theoretical Framework: The community empowerment theory used in this research process was dominated by the resource mobilization theory. Viewed from the community empowerment framework, the mobilization theory was appropriate to be applied in this research, as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the ethical actions of companies or the business world that aim to improve the economy for the quality life of the employees, the communities, and the corporate environment. Method: This descriptive qualitative research employed a case study strategy which aims to analyse the da'wah activities in the mosque through TVKU CSR programs that support the transformation of the da'wah activities at the MAJT Great Mosque. Furthermore, the thematic interviews for data collection included the CSR program strategy carried out, the process and stages of the mosque youth empowerment, the mosque community, the mosque broadcasting community, and the independent mosque broadcasting-business unit. The collected research data were then analyzed by using the Corporate Societal Marketing (CSM) approach and through the application of the Atlas.ti software. Results and Discussion: Through the CSR program carried out by the Campus TVKU Semarang at the MAJT Great Mosque, the research findings showed a significant success in building an empowerment pattern entity that transforms innovative steps towards a positive impact for increasing empowered human development at the MAJT Great Mosque. From the convergence model pattern, several steps were then recommended based on the stages that occurred both in the application of technology (adoption process, new technology, and attitude formation) and media integration (computing, communication, and content) in the model. This is in line with the spirit of the emerging empowerment principles on people-center, participation, empowerment, and sustainability. Research Implications: This research theoretically develops the application of Corporate Social Responsibility and the society empowerment, while empirically, this research proposes to encourage the mosque youth comunity to be independent and creative in managing and producing contents of the significant mosque programs, and to encourage Campus TV’s to developp their innovative contents from the conventional practices into the digital practices. Originality/Value: The findings of this sustainability project research from the collaboration between a campus TV and a great mosque are expected to be able to build an empowerment pattern entity that transforms innovative steps and has the potential to have a positive impact in spreading the message of da'wah to the younger generation.

Arnica D30 – an alternative for managing procedural pain in full-term neonates

Background: Despite scientific advances, the management of procedural pain in neonates remains suboptimal. Applying adequate therapy to control pain during the neonatal period is a moral and ethical act. In recent decades, ample evidence has accumulated regarding the risks, associated with both untreated pain and the use of more aggressive analgesic therapy. Thus, the emphasis in neonatal clinical practice is on non-aggressive pain management techniques, including non-pharmacological methods, such as glucose and homeopathic agents. The efficacy and safety of homeopathic agents for reducing procedural pain in neonates is the subject of the present study. Materials and methods: Healthy full-term newborn babies with an average age of 72–84 hours were included. They were divided into three study groups: group (A) – without analgesia, (n = 67), group (B) – analgesic with Arnica D30 (n = 57) and group (C) – analgesic with Sol.Glucose 25% (n = 40). The severity of the pain was assessed using the multimodal - Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and the unimodal - Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) scale. Assessments were done 30s before, 30 seconds after, and 5 minutes after the painful stimulus caused by the heel prick. Heart rate, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and blood pressure were examined at the same intervals. The results obtained were processed statistically by descriptive analysis and ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Five minutes after heel prick both scales showed a score near 3, i.e. no significant pain, and statistically significant lower score in those given Arnica D30, compared to those who received Sol.Glucose 25% (p < 0.05). When monitoring the physiological indicators, we found a significant increase in the heart rate 30 seconds after the procedure between group B and C. Five minutes after the heel prick we recorded significantly values of respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure in all three groups compared to accounted for pre-procedural values. Conclusion: Arnica D30 has better analgesic effects compared to Sol.Glucose 25% for newborn babies after heel prick tests.

Organization philosophy: a study of organizational goodness in the age of human and artificial intelligence collaboration

AbstractThis study challenges the conventional boundaries of philosophy by asserting that organizations can function as legitimate subjects within philosophical discourse. Western philosophy, epitomized by Descartes, has long assumed that individual human beings are the fundamental units of thought and moral agency. However, in a significant oversight, this belief overlooks the idea that organizations can think independently, leading to both virtuous and malevolent results. Epistemology lacks a clear prioritization of morally sound knowledge over potentially harmful knowledge. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has also transformed the landscape of cognition from a primarily individual human endeavor into a joint undertaking where humans collaborate with AI entities in collective thinking and decision-making. Nevertheless, AI lacks the innate ability to discern between ethical and unethical actions. This symbiosis creates organizations as fundamental philosophical subjects, marking a significant shift in philosophical emphasis where the organization takes the center stage. Accordingly, within this emerging field, we advance four propositions as the core subjects of organization philosophy: organizations can think, organizations can create knowledge, AI can be part of an organization, and humans in the organization control moral discipline. These propositions guide the ethical coexistence of AI and human agents in organizations, emphasizing the importance of ethical deliberation in knowledge use. Moreover, the malicious use of profound knowledge hinders human progress, as illustrated in this study by an ethical examination of military institutions within organization philosophy.