Ethernet Services Research Articles

Design of an internet of things based real-time monitoring system for retired patients

The main aim of this article is to design a monitoring center for collecting and evaluating the physiological function of retired patients in nursing homes. The system should be able to collect the information of body heat, heart rate, blood oxygen, orientation, and sleep time in the form of the little bracelet. The evaluating part of the system with the program can be placed into personal computer (PC) which can provide a user-friendly interface and easy managing. The program can display all needed information of the patient from previous days or months in the form of the graphs and the nursing person can have the view of the patient´s physiological health. The evaluation and the collection of the data from each patient are done only on the card and the computer is only a device for live-view and managing. In case of the power failure, the monitoring system will be still operating normally due to the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in the form of the battery. It means that the system will operate even if the PC is powered off. The system also has several external communication interfaces like wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), ethernet, and general packet radio service (GPRS) which provides an external connection.

Practical Consistency of Ethernet-Based QoS with Performance Prediction of Heterogeneous Microwave Radio Relay Transport Network

Microwave line-of-sight radio relay (RR) systems are a constitutive part of a telecom operator transport network, as an alternative to optical transmission systems when the latter are not technically possible or rational to implement. Nowadays, RR links are quite often used in the access network for connecting mobile radio base stations, thus also enabling traffic aggregation, and so on. In this paper, we focus on a practical, real-life, five-section heterogeneous RR network, comprising classic synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and SDH new generation network (NGN) architecture, hybrid parallel and mutually independent transmission of native Ethernet and TDM services, and all-IP network parts. Specifically, the main task of this work is to answer whether such a diverse RR system could satisfy the quality norms for Ethernet-based services, meaning whether a tolerable RR unavailability will necessarily imply the according Ethernet quality of service (QoS) degradation. This question is addressed by the comprehensive in-service and out-of-service testing of an operational hybrid RR transmission system. After extensive practical testing and appropriate analysis of the achieved results, it came out that the impact of RR-level impairments that determine the performance prediction affected the Ethernet QoS to the extent that BER values increased to the acceptability threshold values. We believe that the preliminary results reported here could serve as a hint and a framework for a more comprehensive cross-layer test strategy in terms of both test diversity and repeating rate, which contemporary network operators need to implement in order to enable the appropriate quality of experience for users of their services.

Optical service unit (OSU)-based next generation optical transport network (NG OTN) technology and verification

With the development of transmission technologies, optical transport network (OTN) has evolved from a digital encapsulation technology to a network technology that supports multi-service transport. As the OTN gradually expands to the edge of the metropolitan area network (MAN) and enterprise users have higher quality requirements on bandwidth and service security, more and more private line services are provided via OTN network. Therefore, the OTN container is transformed from an optical data unit (ODU) to an optical service unit (OSU). The OTN industry has studied several OSU technologies to fit the development trends of NG OTN, aiming at transporting 2 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s constant bit rate (CBR) services and Ethernet services with high efficiency and more flexibilities, as well as reducing OTN network deployment and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. In this work, several key technologies in NG OTN are introduced including NG OTN technical architecture, OSU frame format, client mapping and OSU multiplexing. Based on these technologies, we (China Mobile) took the lead in conducting the industry's first NG OTN test in Qingdao, which verified the service transport capability and lower latency performance of OSUs and promoted the maturity of the NG OTN industry chain.

Elastic Metro Ethernet and Elastic Cloud Services

Lifecycle Services Orchestration (LSO) architecture for Metro Ethernet Services was introduced by MEF. In the LSO architecture, the ALLEGRO interface was defined for dynamic service control between customer and Service Provider while the INTERLUDE interface was defined between Orchestrators of two Operators to initiate a technical operation or dynamic service control. In order to address dynamic control of services supported by networks of multiple operators over ALLEGRO and INTERLUDE interfaces, Elastic E-Line Service was introduced by the author in MEF. In addition, Cloud Services Architecture was introduced as an architectural framework for virtual services by the author. In this paper, we describe LSO architecture and Elastic E-Line Service concept, and interactions between various LSO entities for dynamic service provisioning. After that, we describe Cloud Services Architecture and dynamic modifications of Elastic Cloud Services over ALLEGRO and INTERLUDE interfaces, for the first time.

Design and implementation of security system for smart home based on IOT technology

Abstract In the world today, home security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. This design adopts the idea of “Internet of Things close to life and easy to use” as a design concept, and builds a smart home system based on the internet of things. The modules included in this design include a getaway board module, a node module, and an APP module. The main functions realized are: the PC can display the temperature and humidity data collected by the node board through the browser and control the switch state of the LED Light of the control node board through the browser, and can also display the temperature and humidity data collected by the node board through an APP and control the switch state of the LED Light of the gusset plate. The communication between the PC and the node board and communication between an APP and the node board need to transfer through the gateway board, so the gateway board is the communication bridge of the whole system. In order to realize the role of the gateway board communication bridge, the design of the gateway board uses NPC’s LPC1769 as the master MCU. The system builds an Ethernet service controller by the LPC1769 embedded Ethernet module and DP83848 chip. Built a gateway system with the wifi module, NB-IOT module and W25Q128 memory chip. The software is based on the uC/OS-II real-time operating system, equipped with uIP protocol tasks and other task modules, and built into a webserver function.

Control and indicating equipment communicating via the peripheral component interconnect express bus

Nowadays, the Intruder Alarm system is commonly used to protect the life, health and the possession of people in big companies. However, these systems have limited options for managing and remote control. This lack is very often criticized by big companies which want to use the Intruder Alarm System with other applications like Access and Attendance control. The aim of this article is to design a Control and Indicating Equipment which can be implemented into commercially made Personal Computer as expansion card. The designed card provides the main function of the Intruder Alarm system which can be further extended by other applications. The system consists of external communication like Universal Serial Bus, Ethernet and General Packet Radio Service interface. Each individual part of the system is driven by a single microcontroller ATmega328P which can handle communication and evaluation of the current state obtained by devices connected to it. The design can offer all alarm and non-alarm visualization of smart control like irrigation, lights control, audio system, etc. The whole design is driven by the proper standardization and the design consists of every schematic which comes with the explanation

Capacity Improvement and Protection of LTE Network on Ethernet Based Technique

High demands for data rates in mobile communications is the reason for developing broadband wireless access technologies. Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) networks which offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. To prepare for the high data rates usage in 4G LTE, operators are using ethernet services in terms of backhaul connectivity. Protection packet switching developed to anticipated network failure on ethernet based network technology. The failures in the network include the link fails to connect to each network element, the network element fails to transfer the data to the destination, or the quality drops below the standard. In this paper we used two ethernet based technique, namely Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP with ring protection to anticipated network failure on these techniques. Furthermore, we measured performance of network by measuring and comparing the throughput, latency and jitter between Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP. We used bandwidth capacity 240 Mbps as plant bandwidth link and worked in MIMO 2 2. The results of measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the performance of LTE network.

CBSBS: A classification-based size-based scheduling and its application in industrial network

Integration of industrial control network and normal office network makes Ethernet to be widely used in industrial control. The improvement of industrial Ethernet service quality has become a hot r...

Industry Commentary

The industry is in the midst of a multi-year paradigm shift to agile, assured, and orchestrated services that are optimized for the digital economy and the hyper-connected world. These new “Third Network” services are game-changing in their ability to provide an on-demand experience with user-directed control over service capabilities. They are made possible by the automation, virtualization, and interconnection of networks that build upon a CE 2.0 foundation and are powered by LSO (Lifecycle Service Orchestration), SDN and NFV. Dozens of service providers currently are offering on-demand connectivity services and NFV-based virtual services or are planning to do so in 2017-2019, according to joint MEF and Vertical Systems Group research. Ninety percent of respondents in our global survey indicated that they expect these new services will notably impact the $50+ billion Carrier Ethernet services market in the 2018+ time period. While much attention has been focused on individual innovative service providers, the most exciting development right now is the tremendous collaborative work taking place to build out a worldwide ecosystem of connected networks that will support orchestration of dynamic services across multiple provider networks.

Building Telecommunication Facilities for Railway

Train has become a favoritetransportation in Indonesia, especially, in the near end of Ramadan. Thousands of people leaving fortheir home villages to meet and see their families and relatives. Therefore, a good and reliable railway communication system has to be considered as one of vital facilities in transportation business. This paper discussed about building telecommunication facilities for rail way communication system using Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ring network. Some services with different platforms such as data communicationand voice communicationwere made for signaling train operation and train dispatching among drivers personals, way stations and train control center office.Forpassengers'comfort ability, Ethernet services such as Wi-Fi, passenger display information, public address were also madeeither in a railway station or train in motion. All those services mentioned were provided by SDH add-drop multiplexer equipment which support multi service provisioning platform and TETRA radio network. Conclusion could be drawn that the railway communication system was completely build and tested successfully in small scale test bed.

VoIP Codec Selection for Digital PLC Systems

IP-based networks developments highly integrate the communication systems and significantly reduce the installation cost. Digital PLC systems with the capability of Ethernet and VoIP services are designed because of the demand of new communication services in the electric power industry. Also due to the limited bandwidth in digital PLC systems, there are several techniques for optimal use of transmission capacity. In this paper, the possibility of using VoIP services in digital PLC systems has been investigated. Many conventional standards are studied for several parameters such as total algorithm delay, voice payload size/duration, packets per second, and bandwidth to select the best codec. Finally, a proper codec is recommended to employ in the digital PLC's VoIP service according to the two important factors in quality of voice services, i.e. available bandwidth and latency.

Full Featured and Lightweight Control for Optical Packet Metro Networks [Invited

Metro networks support increasing traffic volumes and evolving traffic profiles. Revisiting metro network architecture, optical packet rings with packet optical add and drop multiplexing (POADM) features are proposed in order to support both optical transparency and subwavelength granularity. A medium access control (MAC) structure for multiring POADM networks is proposed, which can support multiprotocol encapsulation and provides the support of differentiated quality of service (QoS) and differentiated protection on a per-flow basis. Unicast and multicast flows are efficiently transported between stations, with a lightweight control within each station. An opportunistic insertion process associated with an appropriate scheduling process is shown to ensure transport network QoS levels. Simple models are provided to assess the transfer performance on the POADM ring. Per-flow protection mechanisms are proposed, and their efficiency is assessed. Dimensioning costs are derived, which take into account the number of used wavelengths and the number of fixed receivers required to support a given traffic matrix. Finally, it is shown that POADM rings can be used to directly support metro Ethernet services and thus allow collapsing the stack of transport network layers.

Optimal traffic Re-Grooming model for heterogeneous carrier ethernet services over WDM Optical Network

This paper proposes three novel integer linear programming (ILP) formulations, where the first model deals with the Grooming, Routing, Wavelength Assignment, and Carrier Ethernet Interface Allocation Problem (GRWA-I); the second to Traffic Re-Grooming Problem (TRGP) to accommodate demand changes in a GRWA-I network scenarios; and the third to Traffic Re-Grooming demands in case of failures. The traffic re-grooming problem consists basically in assigning demands change in a working network, without affect others requests. In addition, in this work, it problem is formulated for the first time using ILP model. As TRGP needs a configured network scenario as input parameter, the first model proposed accomplish this task for the first network scenario. In numerical results, it was used a 14-node network (NSFnet) and 6 traffic matrix. Moreover, the models proposed were compared with a shortest path (SP) routing method. Results show the difference for network cost between an optimal method and a heuristic design over time, as well as the importance of an initial optimal configuration for future network growth.

Optimized Parallel Transmission in Elastic Optical Networks to Support High-Speed Ethernet

The need for optical parallelization is driven by the imminent optical capacity crunch, where the spectral efficiency required in the coming decades will be beyond the Shannon limit. To this end, the emerging high-speed Ethernet services at 100 Gbps, have already standardized options to utilize parallel optics to parallelize interfaces referred to as Multi-lane Distribution (MLD). OFDM-based optical network is a promising transmission option towards the goal of Ethernet parallelization. It can allocate optical resource tailored for a variety of bandwidth requirements and that in a fundamentally parallel fashion with each sub-carrier utilizing a frequency slot at a lower rate than if serial transmission was used. In this paper, we propose a novel parallel transmission framework designed for elastic (OFDM-based) optical networks to support high-speed Ethernet services, in-line with IEEE and ITU-T standards. We formulate an ILP optimization model based on integer linear programming, with consideration of various constraints, including spectrum fragmentation, differential delay and guard-band constraints. We also propose a heuristic algorithm which can be applied when the optimization model becomes intractable. The numerical results show the effectiveness and high suitability of elastic optical networks to support parallel transmission in high-speed Ethernet. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate the parallel transmission in elastic optical networks to support standardized high-speed Ethernet.

Passive-Optical-Network- (PON-) Based Converged Access Network [Invited

This paper describes an evolution of passive optical network (PON) technology deployment, which has primarily focused on residential markets, with triple play services consisting of voice, data and video, towards the support of a high value Ethernet and optical business services, with a vision of having a converged PON-based access network for all residential and business services. Business services, including wireless backhaul, are key components of a service provider portfolio, and use of the PON centric access network allows for more optimized deployment of these services. The paper also presents architectural approaches for supporting various types of business services over a PON-based fiber-to-the-premises network.

An efficient mechanism for service OAM performance monitoring metric collection for MEF carrier ethernet

The Metro Ethernet Forum, which is setting global carrier Ethernet standards, has recently announced a Carrier Ethernet Generations Framework. The Framework defines three carrier Ethernet generations: carrier Ethernet 1.0, carrier Ethernet 2.0, and Future. The Future generation focuses on achieving the goals of simplified management and automation of carrier Ethernet services (e.g., service configuration, activation, and monitoring). In addition to making the service operational, this includes on-demand and proactive performance monitoring for assessing the quality of the service; traffic management; and compliance with the service level agreement. This article proposes a more efficient and scalable performance measurement metrics collection architecture, using Internet Protocol Detail Record Streaming Protocol for the new generation back office. The goal is to move multiple service operators away from SNMP, with its known limitations, to a more compact and powerful standards-based streaming protocol and XML-based data modeling language. The intended audience for this article includes MSOs deploying a DPoE Network with devices, including DPoE Systems, converged cable access platforms, and DPoE optical network units, that implement service OAM PM and traffic management functionality based on MEF specifications. The audience also includes application and equipment suppliers who are developing back office metrics collection systems and DPoE/MEF equipment.

GMPLS-enabled MPLS-TP/PWE3 node with integrated 10 Gbps tunable DWDM transponders: design and experimental evaluation

In this paper we propose a more cost-efficient alternative to current transport network technologies (SONET/SDH) based on the high-bandwidth transport and deterministic performance of the optical circuit technologies (i.e., WSON) along with the efficient aggregation and statistical multiplexing of a packet transport technology (i.e., MPLS-TP) to support IP and Ethernet services. The purpose is to achieve cost reductions, simplified operations and flexible scalability in transport networks. We present the architectural design, implementation and the performance evaluation of the forwarding capabilities of a MPLS-TP/PWE3 node with integrated 10Gbps tunable DWDM transponders, extending the GMPLS-enabled WSON transport network of the ADRENALINE Testbed. The node has been implemented using commercial off-the-shelf hardware and the forwarding engine has been implemented using open source software. An evaluation of the node is provided by means of analyzing the obtained throughput and CPU usage in different evaluation scenarios with different traffic grooming and traffic aggregation strategies.

On providing metro ethernet services over transparent WDM optical rings

The long list of benefits (especially cost and capacity) of Ethernet LANs has made the IEEE, the ITU-T, and the Metro Ethernet Forum define the requirements for taking Ethernet beyond the local area, toward the metropolitan region. In addition, the ever-increasing traffic demands of new applications and users can only be met by the huge bandwidth capacity provided by optical fibers. This work studies how to provide metro Ethernet services over transparent tunable-transmitter fixed-receiver WDM optical ring networks. A new adaptation layer of ME to WDM is proposed, and its benefits and drawbacks are studied. It is shown that such a transparent WDM ring network can be seen as a logical full-mesh topology by the upper ME layer, thus reducing to one the number of optical-electronic-optical conversions per unicast frame. Additionally, two different approaches are proposed in the case of broadcast/multicast traffic, since this may bring scalability difficulties in ring topologies.

Reliable Multi-Bit-Rate VPN Provisioning for Multipoint Carrier-Grade Ethernet Services Over Mixed-Line-Rate WDM Optical Networks

Ethernet's success in local-area networks (LANs) is fueling the efforts to extend its reach to cover metro and long-haul networks. A key enabler for using Ethernet in the carrier's network is its ability to efficiently sup port multipoint-to-multipoint (MP2MP) services. MP2MP service is the core underlying structure to enable standard Ethernet services such as Ethernet virtual private networks (E-VPNs). Since most of the research, standardization, and development have focused on designing protection architectures for point-to-point (P2P) Ethernet connections, protecting E-VPN services is an important research problem. Among the various transport methods for realizing carrier Ethernet, the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical network is a strong candidate. Wavelength channel rates are increasing from 10 to 40 Gbits/s and even 100 Gbits/s, and they can also coexist in the same fiber. We study the problem of cost-efficient provisioning of multi-bit-rate (1/10/40/100 Gbits/s) self-protected E-VPN demands over a carrier-grade Ethernet network employing WDM optical network (Ethernet over WDM) with mixed line rates (MLRs). We study two algorithms for self-protected E-VPN provisioning. The first algorithm reforms the original E-VPN topology and increases the provisioning rates (10/40/100 Gbits/s) of the E-VPN edge demands to create excess capacity that can be used for protection (E-VPN reformation). The second algorithm routes the E-VPN edge demands using the lowest available rate (10/40/100 Gbits/s) and establishes backup capacity for protecting the E-VPN (no E-VPN reformation). Our algorithms are tested on a 17-node German national network topology. The results show that using E-VPN reformation achieves significant cost reduction and significant improvement in the network's performance by reducing the traffic-blocking ratio.

The Influence of Transport Layer to Ethernet Services Quality

Questions were analysed regarding the influence of SDH network nodes configuration specifics and TCP and UDP transport protocols on to Ethernet data transferring quality. The influence of virtual container (VC) size on ADM performance was revealed by means of mathematical model created, and it was determined, that the better choice was choosing the larger size VC, because of the smaller packets loss values obtained. The real experiments in STM-1 network helped in solving which transport protocol would be more suitable for data transferring. In case of TCP investigation, TCP windows or VC group formed in ADM size have showed the high and direct influence on to network throughput obtained, because the larger TCP windows applied assured the bigger amount of data transmitted at once. This would be meeting the requirements of Ethernet technology very effectively in high rates. The analysis of UDP showed that the most optimal UDP datagram size for Ethernet packets transferring would be of 800 – 1000 Bytes order. Investigation of UDP suitability for voice packets transferring showed that even if the smaller packet loss will have an insignificant influence on to final quality of real time services, the larger voice packets (800 – 1000 Bytes order) will assure better network throughput, smaller packets loss and Jitter values.