Ether Injection Research Articles

In vitro Assessment of Paclitaxel-loaded Niosome Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxic Effects on the Ovarian Cancer Cell Line A2780CP

Background: One of the major concerns in contemporary medical science is the issue of cancer, with ovarian cancer being a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths. A key challenge in treating ovarian cancer is its initial responsiveness followed by resistance to paclitaxel therapy. However, recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly drug delivery systems like niosomes, offer promising solutions. Methods: Researchers fabricated nanoparticles via the ether injection approach and analyzed them for particle dimensions, surface charge, and medication release characteristics. Subsequently, they employed A2780CP ovarian cancer cell lines to evaluate the impact of nanodrug using an MTT assay. Results: The average particle size was reported at 190.3 ± 20.6 nm, with a zeta potential of -18.9 ± 2.7 mV. Notably, high encapsulation proficiency (87.6 ± 32%) verified the successfulness of the applied technique. Moreover, the cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated enhanced efficacy of nanodrug over free carboplatin when targeting A2780CP cell lines (P < 0.05). Conclusion: these findings suggest that pegylated liposomal nanocarriers could be effective carriers for delivering paclitaxel to A2780CP ovarian cancer cell lines.

Phytosomal Drug Delivery System: A Detailed Study

Abstract: Nature contains a diverse range of phytoconstituents that possess several pharmacological properties. However, the effectiveness of herbal formulations is limited due to the poor bioavailability of phytoconstituents, which makes it difficult for them to pass through the cell membrane. Phytosomes are a modern type of herbal formulation that comprises therapeutically active phytoconstituents extracted from medicinal plants and enclosed by phospholipids. By combining phytoconstituents with phospholipids, phytosomes are able to enhance bioavailability and reduce side effects. Various techniques such as solvent evaporation, rotatory evaporation, anti-solvent precipitation, freeze-drying, and solvent ether injection can be used to prepare phytosomes. Phytosomes can be evaluated using methods such as UV-Spectra, DSC, drug entrapment and loading capacity, surface tension activity measurement, and in-vitro/in-vivo studies. This review discusses different methods for preparing phytosomal formulations and their advantages, which have been found to significantly improve the bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Phytosomes have high entrapment efficiency and do not compromise the safety of nutrients. By utilizing phytosomal drug delivery, issues associated with conventional drug delivery may be overcome. Therefore, it is important to combine Indian Ayurvedic medicine with novel drug delivery systems to improve drug delivery technologies.

Clinical Observation on the Therapeutic Effect of Port-Wine Stains with Intravenous Injection of Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether (HMME).

Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and has found wide application in the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS). This study aims to observe and analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of HMME-PDT in the treatment of PWS patients. It also aims to evaluate the usefulness of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), an ultrasound technique for detecting blood flow in skin lesions, in assessing clinical efficacy. Thirty-three patients with PWS underwent HMME-PDT at our dermatology outpatient clinic between January 2019 and March 2020. Data on patient demographics, lesion location, lesion type (pink, purple, nodular thickening), treatment frequency, and pre- and post-treatment images were collected and retrospectively analyzed. CDFI was performed on three patients. All patients received intravenous HMME and underwent irradiation with 532 nm green LED light. Of these, 5 patients received 1 session of HMME-PDT, 14 received 2 sessions, 9 received 3 sessions and the remaining 5 patients received more than 3 sessions. Of the 33 patients, 9 were cured (27.27%), 10 showed improvement (30.30%), 11 experienced a reduction in symptoms (33.33%), and 3 showed no significant improvement (9.09%). Most patients reported local pain and oedema, and no systemic adverse effects were observed. Clinical efficacy correlated with lesion type and total number of treatment sessions. CDFI appears to be an excellent technique for assessing clinical efficacy. HMME-PDT is a safe and effective method for the treatment of PWS. CDFI examination appears to be a promising assessment tool. However, further validation with larger sample sizes is warranted.

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal gel using Tretinoin and Clindamycin combination

The objective of the present study was to formulate topical Niosomal gel loaded with combination of Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and Clindamycin for the beneficial of acne patients, to provide sustained release effects, to prevent their side effects. Purpose of this study was to develop a stable formulation that allows progressive follicle penetration and increased efficacy. Niosomes was prepared by ether injection method. Preformulation studies such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, solubility, partition coefficient (log P) were performed for both drugs. In preformulation study, FTIR spectrum reveals that drugs were in pure state. Combination of Tretinoin and clindamycin reveal better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance as compared to individual agent. From the research findings, it can be concluded that Tretinoin as well as Clindamycin hydrochloride was successfully integrated into niosomal gel by ether injection method for topical application in the treatment of acne.
 Keywords: Niosomes; Tretinoin (ALL TRANS RETINOIC ACID); Clindamycin; Carbopol gel; Acne; Ether injection method.

Bilosomes: An Overview of Advancements in Preparation, Characterization, and Applications

Bilosomes, also known as bile vesicles, are bilayer vesicles that are formed by the hydration of bile salts. They have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential use in various applications, including drug delivery and nutraceuticals. In this review, we discuss the various techniques used for the preparation of Bilosomes, including the film hydration, reverse phase evaporation, and ether injection methods. We also discuss the characterization techniques used to study the properties of Bilosomes, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of Bilosomes, including their use as drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs, as well as their use in the food and nutraceutical industries. Finally, we discuss the current state of the Bilosomes market, including the currently available commercial products. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in Bilosomes research and highlights the potential of Bilosomes in various fields.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Niosomal Gel for The Topical Administration of Losartan Potassium

This study aims to develop and test a topical drug delivery system for antihypertensive activity using Losartan potassium-loaded niosomes. The niosomes were created using the traditional ether injection approach, with four formulations made using cholesterol as the lipid and varying quantities of surfactants such as span 80 and span 60. The different formulations underwent testing for FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release. FTIR analysis revealed that the medication was incompatible with excipients. The study concludes by highlighting current obstacles and future possibilities for the development of niosomes as effective vehicles. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the potential of niosomes in medication delivery and encourages further research in this field.
 Keywords: Losartan potassium, Antihypertensive, Niosomes, Tween 80 and Span 20

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer.

Nanoniosome-based drug codelivery systems have become popular therapeutic instruments, demonstrating tremendous promise in cancer therapy, infection treatment, and other therapeutic domains. An emerging form of vesicular nanocarriers, niosomes are self-assembling vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants, along with cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. This comprehensive review focuses on how nanosystems may aid in making anticancer and antibacterial pharmaceuticals more stable and soluble. As malleable nanodelivery instruments, the composition, types, preparation procedures, and variables affecting the structure and stability of niosomes are extensively investigated. In addition, the advantages of dual niosomes for combination therapy and the administration of multiple medications simultaneously are highlighted. Along with categorizing niosomal drug delivery systems, a comprehensive analysis of various preparation techniques, including thin-layer injection, ether injection, and microfluidization, is provided. Dual niosomes for cancer treatment are discussed in detail regarding the codelivery of two medications and the codelivery of a drug with organic, plant-based bioactive compounds or gene agents. In addition, niogelosomes and metallic niosomal carriers for targeted distribution are discussed. The review also investigates the simultaneous delivery of bioactive substances and gene agents, including siRNA, microRNA, shRNA, lncRNA, and DNA. Additional sections discuss the use of dual niosomes for cutaneous drug delivery and treating leishmanial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study concludes by delineating the challenges and potential routes for nanoniosome-based pharmaceutical codelivery systems, which will be useful for nanomedicine practitioners and researchers.

Correction: Numerical assessment of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME3) injection timing in compression ignition engine

Correction: Numerical assessment of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME3) injection timing in compression ignition engine

Niosomal formulation of mefenamic acid for enhanced cancer targeting; preparation, characterization and biodistribution study using radiolabeling technique

BackgroundThis work aimed to prepare niosomal formulations of an anticancer agent [mefenamic acid (MEF)] to enhance its cancer targeting. 131I was utilized as a radiolabeling isotope to study the radio-kinetics of MEF niosomes.Methodsniosomal formulations were prepared by the ether injection method and assessed for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI) and particle size (PS). MEF was labeled with 131I by direct electrophilic substitution reaction through optimization of radiolabeling-related parameters. In the radio-kinetic study, the optimal 131I-MEF niosomal formula was administered intravenously (I.V.) to solid tumor-bearing mice and compared to I.V. 131I-MEF solution as a control.Resultsthe average PS and ZP values of the optimal formulation were 247.23 ± 2.32 nm and − 28.3 ± 1.21, respectively. The highest 131I-MEF labeling yield was 98.7 ± 0.8%. The biodistribution study revealed that the highest tumor uptake of 131I-MEF niosomal formula and 131I-MEF solution at 60 min post-injection were 2.73 and 1.94% ID/g, respectively.ConclusionMEF-loaded niosomes could be a hopeful candidate in cancer treatment due to their potent tumor uptake. Such high targeting was attributed to passive targeting of the nanosized niosomes and confirmed by radiokinetic evaluation.

Numerical assessment of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME3) injection timing in compression ignition engine

Numerical assessment of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME3) injection timing in compression ignition engine

Research on smart contract vulnerability detection method based on domain features of solidity contracts and attention mechanism

The smart contract, a self-executing program on the blockchain, is key to programmable finance. However, the rise of smart contract use has also led to an increase in vulnerabilities that attract illegal activity from hackers. Traditional manual approaches for vulnerability detection, relying on domain experts, have limitations such as low automation and weak generalization. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach that leverages domain-specific features and an attention mechanism to accurately detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts. Our approach reduces the reliance on manual input and enhances generalization by continuously learning code patterns of vulnerabilities, specifically detecting various types of vulnerabilities such as reentrancy, integer overflow, forced Ether injection, unchecked return value, denial of service, access control, short address attack, tx.origin, call stack overflow, timestamp dependency, random number dependency, and transaction order dependency vulnerabilities. In order to extract semantic information, we present a semantic distillation approach for detecting smart contract vulnerabilities. This approach involves using a syntax parser, Slither, to segment the code into smaller slices and word embedding to create a matrix for model training and prediction. Our experiments indicate that the BILSTM model is the best deep learning model for smart contract vulnerability detection task. We looked at how domain features and self-attentiveness mechanisms affected the ability to identify 12 different kinds of smart contract vulnerabilities. Our results show that by including domain features, we significantly increased the F1 values for 8 different types of vulnerabilities, with improvements ranging from 7.35% to 48.58%. The methods suggested in this study demonstrate a significant improvement in F1 scores ranging from 4.18% to 38.70% when compared to conventional detection tools like Oyente, Mythril, Osiris, Slither, Smartcheck, and Securify. This study provides developers with a more effective method of detecting smart contract vulnerabilities, assisting in the prevention of potential financial losses. This research provides developers with a more effective means of detecting smart contract vulnerabilities, thereby helping to prevent potential financial losses.

In vitro and Ex vivo Analysis of Pitavastatin-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia

Pitavastatin is a BCS class II drug with low solubility and high permeability. So, the purpose of the study was to develop and characterize pitavastatin-loaded liposomes to achieve sustained release of the drug by increasing the solubility as well as bioavailability in treating hyperlipidemia. All formulations were prepared using the ether injection method (EIM) to determine the effect of three independent factors lecithin, cholesterol, and chitosan/PEG-6000 on two dependent variables of percent drug entrapment efficiency (% DEE) and percent cumulative drug release (% CDR) at low (-1) and high (+1) levels, respectively. The prepared liposomes were analyzed using various techniques, including percent DEE, percent CDR, FTIR, S0EM, and zeta potential. After 8 hours of dissolution, the lowest and highest drug releases were 78.01 and 88.70 percent, 68.12 and 80.19 percent, and 66.22 and 78.91 percent, for FCH-4 and FCH-2, FLE-1 and FLE-3, and FPEG-4 and FPEG-3, respectively. Additionally, permeability experiments were conducted by in vitro and ex vivo methods. The particle size of liposomes was between 3.51 μm to 4.19 μm that gave evidence of the formation of uni-lamellar vesicles. The release kinetics were investigated using a variety of mathematical models. SEM and FTIR analyses indicated that liposomes have a spherical and smooth surface with no interaction between medications and excipients. Comparative in vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrated that pitavastatin calcium-loaded liposomes may be viable for patients with hyperlipidemia due to their enhanced solubility and bioavailability. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 43-54, 2023 (June)

Preparation and Evaluation of Repaglinide Loaded Liposomes by Ether Injection Method

Repaglinide is a commonly used antidiabetic drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it does not always support a suitable dose regimen due to its low bioavailability and half-life. The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze repaglinide loaded control release liposomes to provide suitable dosage form to treat diabetes. Repaglinide loaded liposomes were prepared by modified ether injection method. According to the USP-II paddle method, in vitro dissolution studies of liposomes were performed for 8 hours in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The stability study was executed according to ICH guidelines under three different environmental conditions for 14 days. Additionally, the presence and size of liposomal vesicles was confirmed by microscopic observation. The formulations containing phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol at a molar ratio of 1:0.4 revealed the highest drug entrapment efficiency of 73.1% with an optimum stirring rate of 300 RPM. The pegylated liposomes (PEG400/1500) prolonged the drug loading capacity for the formulations compared to non-pegylated liposomes. On the contrary, the addition of nigella oil caused a decrease in entrapment efficiencies of the liposomes. Most of the formulations followed zero order kinetic model and supper class II release mechanism. In vitro dissolution showed controlled release pattern of the liposomes and maximum drug release after 8 hours was 92.64%. Additionally, all the liposomal formulations were found to be more stable at refrigeration temperature (5 ± 2ºC) where pegylated liposomes were most stable over 14 days at three different environmental conditions. Visual observation under an optical microscope, the vesicular structure of liposomes was confirmed. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 89-96, 2023 (June)

A curcumin loaded niosomes as novel drug delivery system by ether injection method

A curcumin loaded niosomes as novel drug delivery system by ether injection method

Fabrication and Evaluation of Rimantadine Loaded Niosomes

Influenza virus is a highly contagious zoonotic respiratory disease that causes seasonal outbreaks each year and unpredictable pandemics occasionally with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Besides the limited effect of vaccines, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against all flu strains. Rimantadine is one of the effective anti-viral drugs that is used in treating influenza virus. In present study niosomes of Rimantadine were developed by ether injection method. Total 6 formulations were prepared by altering ratios of span 60 and cholesterol. The prepared formulations were evaluated for different parameters. In vitro drug release studies were carried out for all the formulations and among five formulations F5 was found to have highest drug release. Prepared niosomes were incorporated in gel and evaluation studies like pH, homogenicity, viscosity and spreadability were carried out. All the parameters were found satisfactory. It was compared with marketed gel. The former has shown drug release till 12 h whereas the latter has shown only till 6 h. Thus, sustained release of drug loaded niosomes was proved.

Activation of CB1R alleviates central sensitization by regulating HCN2-pNR2B signaling in a chronic migraine rat model

BackgroundCentral sensitization has been widely accepted as an underlying pathophysiological mechanism of chronic migraine (CM), activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) exerts antinociceptive effects by relieving central sensitization in many pain models. However, the role of CB1R in the central sensitization of CM is still unclear.MethodsA CM model was established by infusing inflammatory soup (IS) into the dura of male Wistar rats for 7 days, and hyperalgesia was assessed by the mechanical and thermal thresholds. In the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the mRNA and protein levels of CB1R and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 2 (HCN2) were measured by qRT–PCR and western blotting. After intraventricular injection of Noladin ether (NE) (a CB1R agonist), ZD 7288 (an HCN2 blocker), and AM 251 (a CB1R antagonist), the expression of tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (pNR2B), calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) was detected, and central sensitization was evaluated by the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), c-Fos, and substance P (SP). Synaptic-associated protein (postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (Syp)) and synaptic ultrastructure were detected to explore synaptic plasticity in central sensitization.ResultsWe observed that the mRNA and protein levels of CB1R and HCN2 were both significantly increased in the PAG of CM rats. The application of NE or ZD 7288 ameliorated IS-induced hyperalgesia; repressed the pNR2B/CaMKII/pCREB pathway; reduced CGRP, c-Fos, SP, PSD95, and Syp expression; and inhibited synaptic transmission. Strikingly, the application of ZD 7288 relieved AM 251-evoked elevation of pNR2B, CGRP, and c-Fos expression.ConclusionsThese data reveal that activation of CB1R alleviates central sensitization by regulating HCN2-pNR2B signaling in CM rats. The activation of CB1R might have a positive influence on the prevention of CM by mitigating central sensitization.

Engineering of Lurasidone Hydrochloride Loaded Niosomes for Enhancing the Antipsychotic Potential for Nasal Administration

Background: Drugs having high first-pass metabolism or that are susceptible to enzymatic degradation can be administered through the nasal route to avoid their degradation. Lurasidone exhibits less toxicity and side effects as compared to its sister drugs like risperidone, ziprasidone, clozapine, etc. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop Lurasidone loaded niosomes for nasal delivery. Methods: Lurasidone niosomes were developed by adapting the ether injection method and optimized using a central composite design. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted using optimized formulation. Results: The findings showed that the optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 159.02 ± 0.58 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 91.6 ± 1.6%. The findings from the nasal histopathological analysis revealed that the optimized formulation was non-irritant and non-toxic for nasal mucosa. The findings from in vitro studies revealed 94.61 ± 0.27% of drug release from optimized formulation F7 throughout 24 hrs. The findings of in vivo (Albino Wistar rats) studies demonstrated that various pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC(0-24), T1/2, Vd and Cl) and pharmcodynamic parameters (conditioned avoidance response, biochemical estimation using oxidative markers such as superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and glutathione) were significantly improved compared to marketed tablets (Lurasid® 40 mg) and pure drug suspension. Optimized formulation F-7 exhibited 4.9 times more bioavailability than that of pure drug suspension following intranasal administration. Conclusion: These findings indicate that nasal niosomal formulation of Lurasidone HCl is a promising nanoplatform for enhancing the overall performance of Lurasidone. These results could open new avenues into the future of nanomedicine.

Formulation and characterization of niosomal suspension of Valsartan for the treatment of hypertension

Niosomes are vesicular, novel drug delivery system that helps to release the drugs in a sustained, regulated and targeted manner and also helps to enhance the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drug. Valsartan is selective angiotensin (II) type-1 receptor (AT1) antagonist and employed in the treatment of hypertension. Due to poor aqueous solubility and poor absorption from oral route, it is failed to provide effective plasma drug profile on conventional oral delivery. This investigation is focused on a niosomal formulation to enhance its bioavailability. Valsartan niosomal suspension was made using two methods: thin film hydration and ether injection, using non-ionic surfactants span 60 and tween 20. Compatibility, solubility, entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, surface shape, and stability tests were performed on the niosomal formulations. The results of the FT-IR investigation revealed that drug and other excipients had no interaction. Valsartan has been found to be more soluble in methanol. The formulated niosomes were spherical in shape. The entrapment effectiveness was determined to be somewhere between 72 and 82 percent. In comparison to other formulations, the formulation produced using the thin film hydration technique (F1B) had the highest % of Valsartan. F1B formulation was selected for further studies. Particle size of FIB formulation was founded 200 nm. Formulation appeared stable under refrigerated condition and showed greater stability, whereas storage at room temperature showed less stability.

Preparation, Characterization and Application of Niosomes for the Delivery of Herbal Bioactive Agents: A Mini Review

The demands of herbal products including Nutraceuticals, cosmetics and drugs increased tremendously globally in recent times. Herbal compounds offer limited toxicity, high biocompatibility with numerous health benefits. The herbal drugs show many health benefits due to their presence of bioactive compounds in it. However, bioactive compounds suffer due to their poor solubility, poor bioavailability and stability. Niosomes, a non-ionic surfactant vesicle, can be a promising aspect to deliver the bioactive compound to enhance the bioavailability and stability. Niosomes have many advantages as it enables encapsulation of either hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Preparation methods of niosomes are also simple and inexpensive. Moreover, encapsulating bioactive compounds in niosome not only improve the bioavailability but also enable it for sustained release or controlled release drug delivery. The review highlights various methods for niosome preparation, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, ether injection, microfluidization and bubble methods along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the characterization techniques, such as size determination, zeta potential measurement, and morphological evaluation, are also discussed.

Aspirin Loaded Niosomes A Novel Drug Delivery System by Ether Injection Method

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), generally known as aspirin, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) used to treat inflammation, fever, and pain. It also has an anti-platelet action, which lowers blood clotting by reducing platelet levels and preventing heart attacks. Aspirin's common gastrointestinal side effects are stomach ulcers and bleeding. Niosomes are vesicular drug delivery system that can enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimise side effects by encapsulating aspirin into vesicles. In this study, niosomes were prepared by the ether injection method, and a total of six formulations were prepared and evaluated, of which N2 showed 98.9% drug content and 80.8% entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release was performed, and N4 showed 45.5% drug release at 3rd hour.