Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis Research Articles

GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of propolis from Jhajjar district in Haryana, India

Aim: To analyse the chemical composition of ethanolic extract of propolis, a glue like resinous natural material collected by worker honey bees from Jhajjar district of Haryana. Methodology: Chemical composition analysis of the ethanolic extract of propolis sample collected from Jhajjar district of Haryana, India was determined by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Propolis sample was crushed to powdered form and extracted using 70% ethanol and kept for around 20 days. The supernatant was then filtered and thereafter, the filtered extract was dried and collected in a clean vial. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hydrocarbons, sugars, fatty acids, carboxylic acid, alcohols, ethers, carbamate ester and other organic compounds. Interpretation: The results revealed the presence of diverse biochemical constituents which can be utilized in therapeutics of several ailments to enhance the quality of life by improving human health. Key words: Chemical profile, Fatty acids, Organic compounds, Propolis

Evaluation of propolis hepatotoxicity in male rats

Background: Propolis is a natural resinous combination that honeybees produce from the materials they gather from plant parts, buds, and exudates. Numerous favorable pharmacological qualities have been demonstrated for propolis. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of ethanolic propolis extract on the liver of male rats. Methods: In this research, 40 male rats were divided randomly into five groups: 1. Control 2. Sham (solvent), and 3. Three experimental groups (ethanolic propolis extract at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg). All materials were administered by oral gavage once daily for 13 consecutive days. On the 14th day, blood sampling was performed to measure serum levels of liver function enzymes and triglycerides. After deep induction of anesthesia, the liver of the rats was removed for histopathological studies. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p <0.05). Results: The data showed that the administration of propolis significantly increased the serum levels of aminotransferases in a dose-dependent manner and decreased triglycerides, accompanied by pathological changes. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the administration of propolis is associated with liver toxicity, and it seems that it should be consumed more carefully. Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Propolis, Hepatotoxicity Triglycerides

FORMULATION AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF ANTI-OBESITY NUTRACEUITCAL BLEND OF WHITE KIDNEY BEAN EXTRACT (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.), PROPOLIS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND CRPIC3

Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the stability profile of an anti-obesity nutraceutical combination in different dosage forms. Methods: Active and inactive ingredients were formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms. The quality parameters of the dosage forms were determined, followed by accelerated stability testing (40±2 °C and 75±5% Relative Humidity (RH)) for 180 d was completed to evaluate their physical, chemical and microbiological attributes throughout the storage period. Results: Pre-formulation parameters of the powder blend of active and inactive ingredients for each dosage form showed a satisfactory flowability with Hausner's ratio falling between 1.16 and 1.18, average angle of repose between 22.29° and 22.90° and acceptable compressibility with Carr’s index below 25%. Tablets assessments were acceptable with a mean friability value of 0.21±0.03%, hardness of 4.12±0.09 kg/cm2. The average disintegration time of 5 min 10 sec for tablets and 4 min and 30 sec for capsules. The accelerated stability study revealed that tablet dosage forms are stable for longer period that can reach up to 180 d (24 mo real-time), while sachets and capsules are stable for a period of 135 d (18 mo real-time). Conclusion: The anti-obesity blend of White Kidney Bean Extract (WKBE), Propolis Ethanolic Extract (PEE) and CrPic3 can be successfully formulated in acceptable and convenient dosage forms that can be stable for 18-24 mo.

Antibacterial Activity of Stingless Bee Propolis (Heterotrigona itama) Ethanol Extract on Dental Root Canal Bacteria Growth in Vitro

Introduction: Pulp and periapical tissue problems are 7th out of the top 10 diseases. Propolis from stingless bees is a natural substance that has been proven its efficacy in treating the diseases. Additionally, it is categorized safe for humans. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of stingless bee propolis (Heterotrigona itama) ethanol extract on dental root canal bacterial growth in vitro. Method: This study was an experimental study with a posttest-only control group design and consisting of six treatment groups with concentrations of 3,000; 6,000; 12,000; and 24,000 ppm of stingless bee propolis, as well as a positive and negative control. Each treatment was repeated four times. Result: The result showed that there were no clear zones at concentrations of 24,000 ppm, but a clear zones appeared at concentrations of 3,000; 6,000; and 12,000 ppm. Stingless bee propolis ethanol extract is efficient against bacteria. At a concentration of 3,000 ppm, the inhibition zone's maximum circumference was visible.

Evaluation of the anticoccidial effect of jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula) propolis extract against Eimeria spp. oocysts in broiler

The use of anticoccidial compounds is the primary strategy for controlling avian coccidiosis. The emergence of drug resistance, regulatory restrictions, and societal demands for meat production without the use of antimicrobials have increased the need for natural alternatives to control this disease. Propolis is known for its antimicrobial effects and may be an alternative. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula) propolis against the sporulation of Eimeria spp. oocysts in broiler chicken feces. Propolis ethanolic extracts were tested at 10, 15, and 20% against Eimeria oocyst sporulation. Direct use of the extract on oocysts completely inhibited sporulation. When applied to feces, the extract significantly reduced the number of sporulated oocysts. Thus, the jatai bee propolis extract is a promising alternative to commercial anticoccidial agents.

Determination of phenolic content and bioactive characterization of Anatolian propolis

AbstractIn this study, propolis referred to as of Türkiye Anatolian propolis was utilized. This work was aim to prepare a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis and subsequently determine certain biochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic and flavonoid composition, inhibitory effects on certain enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), urease, and alpha-amylase], along with assessments of antiviral activity against Vero cells, lung cancer cells (A549), and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The richness of phenolic content in Anatolian propolis clearly indicates a high inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Additionally, it was observed to exert significant effects on cancer cells and demonstrated effective antiviral activity. It can be contemplated that the Anatolian propolis might serve as a potential source for novel drugs, and the isolation of its compounds could offer opportunities for utilization in traditional medicine.

Microencapsulated propolis powder: A promising ingredient of chewing gum

The incorporation of natural ingredients to food products as a source of bioactive compounds is currently an increasing trend for food companies. The purposes of this work were to study the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated propolis powder, and to research the potential beneficial effect of it on texture and sensory quality of sugar-free chewing gums. Propolis ethanolic extract was microencapsulated by spray-drying technology, using maltodextrin as carrier, protecting conceivable bioactivity. Morphology of propolis microparticles was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and showed homogeneous microparticles with different sizes and no cracks. Propolis powder showed low water activity, moisture and hygroscopicity, high amounts of Ca, P, and high values for antioxidant-related parameters. Propolis powder phenolics were analysed by HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI-MS. Apigenin, gallic acid, CAPE, and galangin demonstrated the highest degree of encapsulation, providing antiradical activities. Propolis powder was incorporated in chewing gums at 5%, improving their texture and sensory properties.

Insight into the influence of natural deep eutectic solvents on the extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis: Composition and in vitro biological activity

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been considered promising to replace traditional volatile and toxic organic solvents for the extraction of biologically active substances from natural sources. This work applied an efficient and ethanol-exclusion strategy for extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis using five known NADESs (lactic acid:1,2-propanediol 1:1, lactic acid:fructose 5:1, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol 1:3, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol:water 1:1:1 and betaine:malic acid:water 1:1:6). The selected NADESs' extractability was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of total phenolics and total flavones and flavonols in the propolis extracts obtained, which qualitative chemical composition was further determined in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It demonstrated that the chemical profiles of NADES and 70% ethanolic propolis extracts are similar. To expand the knowledge about the role of the applied solvents in the poplar propolis extraction process, the in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of both NADESs and liquid NADES extracts were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of the selected NADESs as an extraction media for phenolic compounds from poplar propolis not only delivered a good extraction yield in some cases, but generally led to the preservation of propolis extracts' biological activity and even to the enhancement of their antimicrobial effect in comparison with the hydroethanolic one. Besides, the tested NADESs except for lactic acid:fructose and betaine:malic acid:water exerted low to negligible toxicity against normal cells treated and apart from lactic acid:fructose the remaining solvents demonstrated concentration-dependent moderate to subtle genotoxicity. There is a probability that not the supramolecular structure of the NADESs, but their components, played a key role for the observed biological effects. The present study has demonstrated an alternative approach for extracting the biologically active complex from poplar type propolis using NADESs, which could be useful for further pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

In vitro and in vivo study of antibacterial and anti-encrustation coating on ureteric stents.

To investigate the ability of propolis-coated ureteric stents to solve complications, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs) and crusting, in patients with long-term indwelling ureteric stents through antimicrobial and anti-calculus activities. Polyurethane (PU) ureteric stents were immersed in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), a well-known antimicrobial honeybee product, and subjected to chemical, hydrophilic, and seismic tests. The antimicrobial activity of the EEP coating was then examined by in vitro investigation. Proteus mirabilis infection was induced in rats within uncoated and EEP-coated groups, and the infection, stone formation, and inflammation were monitored at various time points. The characterisation results showed that the hydrophilicity and stability of the EEP surface improved. In vitro tests revealed that the EEP coating was biocompatible, could eliminate >90% of bacteria biofilms attached to the stent and could maintain bacteriostatic properties for up to 3 months. The in vivo experiment revealed that the EEP-coating significantly reduced the amount of bacteria, stones, and salt deposits on the surface of the ureteric stents and decreased inflammation in the host tissue. Compared with clinically used PU stents, EEP-coated ureteric stents could better mitigate infections and prevent encrustation. Thus, this study demonstrated that propolis is a promising natural dressing material for ureteric stents.

Propolis of Tubuna bee (Scaptotrigona bipunctata) from the Meliponini tribe alleviates glycaemic, oxidative, and inflammatory conditions during STZ induced diabetes in Wistar rats also aiding in injury recovery

This study was designed to characterize and describe the in vivo effects of an ethanolic propolis extract (EHAP) from the native Brazilian bee Tubuna (Scaptotrigona bipunctata). Propolis has been recently proposed as an adjuvant during diabetes, mainly because propolis possesses various natural compounds without the elevated sugar quantities found in pure honey. Compounds with biological activity and in vitro antioxidant potential have been detected in propolis from Tubuna. Streptozotocin (STZ) is a well-documented model to induce experimental diabetes in rodents. We have detected potential compounds in Tubuna propolis and observed the effects of daily oral treatment with EHAP in Wistar rats during experimental diabetes. EHAP improved glucose tolerance in STZ animals without significantly changing net and organ weight. STZ increases levels of TBARS and Carbonyl, and reduces levels of -SH, effects partially controlled by EHAP, particularly in serum. EHAP decreases inflammatory mediators TnF-ɑ and IL-1β in diabetic animals and decreases paw swelling during carrageenan induced edema. In conclusion, Tubuna propolis constituents possess interesting biological activities to aid in several diseases, but this still needs further studies in these particular pathologies. This is the first work to characterize Tubuna propolis from Rio Grande do Sul and the first work to describe its effects in an animal model of experimental diabetes or any animal model of disease. Treatment with EHAP shows potential to regulate conditions during STZ induced diabetes, aiding in injury recovery paw edema. Mechanistic studies, other models of long-term diabetes or metabolic syndrome, and a complete characterization of propolis from Tubuna are potential targets for future studies.

Rapid analysis and authentication of Chinese propolis using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with machine learning

In this study, we established a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for the analysis and classification of propolis samples. We utilized nanoESI-MS to analyze 37 samples of propolis from China for the first time, obtaining characteristic fingerprint spectra in negative ion mode, which were then integrated with multivariate analysis to explore variations between water extract of propolis (WEP) and ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Furthermore, we categorized propolis samples based on different climate zones and colors, screening 10 differential metabolites among propolis from various climate zones, and 11 differential metabolites among propolis samples of different color. By employing machine learning models, we achieved high-precision discrimination and prediction between samples from different climate zones and colors, achieving predictive accuracies of 95.6% and 85.6%, respectively. These results highlight the significant potential of the nanoESI-MS coupled with machine learning methodology for precise classification within the realm of food products.

Stability, Content of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Emulsions with Propolis Extracts during Simulated In Vitro Digestion.

The objective in this work was the evaluation of the stability and content of bioactive compounds (total phenols and total flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of emulsions of ethanolic extracts of propolis obtained by ultrasound, during simulated in vitro digestion. The emulsions prepared with propolis extracts were evaluated on certain properties: their emulsion efficiency, stability (zeta potential, particle size, electrical conductivity), content of bioactive compound (total phenolics and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity and their behavior during simulated in vitro digestion. Based on the total phenol content, an emulsification efficiency of 87.8 ± 1.9% to 97.8 ± 3.8% was obtained. The particle size of the emulsions was 322.5 ± 15.33 nm to 463.9 ± 33.65 nm, with a zeta potential of -31.5 ± 0.66 mV to -28.2 ± 1.0 mV and electrical conductivity of 22.7 ± 1.96 µS/cm to 30.6 ± 0.91 µS/cm. These results indicate good emulsion stability. During simulated in vitro digestion, the content of bioactive compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids) and antioxidant activity were affected during 77 days of storage at 4 °C. It was concluded that the emulsion process fulfills the function of protecting the bioactive compounds and therefore their biological activity.

In Vitro Antimycotic Activity and Structural Damage against Canine Malassezia pachydermatis Strains Caused by Mexican Stingless Bee Propolis.

This work describes the antimycotic activity of propolis from the stingless bees Scaptotrigona mexicana and Tetragonisca angustula, collected from two Mexican regions (Veracruz and Chiapas, respectively), against three clinical isolates and the reference strain ATCC 14522 of Malassezia pachydermatis, the causative agent of canine otitis. The chemical components of the ethanolic extracts of propolis were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and sesquiterpenes were the predominant compounds. The antimycotic activity was evaluated by plate microdilution. The induced changes in the yeasts were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and staining with calcofluor white and propidium iodide. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 7.11 mg/mL, and the minimum fungicidal concentration was 21.33 mg/mL for both extracts. The EPPs of Scaptotrigona mexicana and Tetragonisca angustula caused substantial damage to yeast morphology, where the propidium iodide staining of the yeasts treated with both EEPs revealed the penetration of this marker, which indicates the destruction of the cell wall and plasma membrane of the fungi. This result suggests that these types of propolis could be used as alternative treatments for canine external otitis. To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first scientific report that has demonstrated structural damage in Malassezia pachydermatis by Mexican stingless bee propolis.

Polifenóis e minerais na própolis de diferentes regiões agrícolas do Uruguai

El amplio espectro de origen vegetal de los propóleos los hace muy heterogéneos en cuanto a su composición química; esto condiciona su potencial uso en medicina. Dentro de los principales componentes bioactivos encontramos los polifenoles y los minerales, que se relacionan con diferentes propiedades medicinales que se les atribuyen a los propóleos. Este trabajo pretende identificar y cuantificar la presencia de 15 polifenoles y 8 minerales en una colección de propóleos georreferenciados de 14 localidades de Uruguay. Por HPLC se identificaron y cuantificaron los polifenoles en extractos etanólicos de los propóleos, mientras que los minerales fueron estudiados por espectroscopía de absorción atómica en los propóleos crudos. El ambiente vegetal se caracterizó utilizando información sobre el uso productivo del suelo. Los 3 principales polifenoles encontrados en todas las localidades fueron crisina, galangina y pinocembrina. Todos los polifenoles analizados fueron encontrados, excepto rutina, que no se detectó en ninguna muestra. En cuanto a la concentración de polifenoles, podemos dividir a Uruguay en dos regiones: suroeste con concentraciones altas de 125 g/kg, y noreste con concentraciones de 16 g/kg. Todos los minerales fueron identificados. Las variaciones entre localidades y estaciones descartan el uso de minerales para una determinación de origen geográfico. La descripción de ambiente vegetal se ajustó parcialmente con los tipos de propóleos. Las concentraciones halladas tanto de polifenoles como de minerales están dentro de los valores reportados en el mundo. Los propóleos de la región suroeste, por su alto contenido polifenólico, se deberían seguir estudiando por su potencial uso medicinal.

Ethanolic Extract of Propolis and CAPE as Cardioprotective Agents against LPS and IFN-α Stressed Cardiovascular Injury.

The inflammatory process is triggered by several factors such as toxins, pathogens, and damaged cells, promoting inflammation in various systems, including the cardiovascular system, leading to heart failure. The link between periodontitis as a chronic inflammatory disease and cardiovascular disease is confirmed. Propolis and its major component, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), exhibit protective mechanisms and anti-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system. The objective of the conducted study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the Polish ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and its major component-CAPE-in interferon-alpha (IFN-α), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + IFN-α-induced human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). EEP and CAPE were used at 10-100 µg/mL. A multiplex assay was used for interleukin and adhesive molecule detection. Our results demonstrate that EEP, at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in LPS-induced HGF-1. At the same concentration, EEP increases the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS + IFN-α-induced HGF-1. In the case of CAPE, IL-6 in LPS and LPS + IFN-α induced HGF-1 was decreased in all concentrations. However, in the case of IL-10, CAPE causes the highest increase at 50 µg/mL in IFN-α induced HGF-1. Regarding the impact of EEP on adhesion molecules, there was a noticeable reduction of E-selectin by EEP at 25, 50, and100 µg/mL in IFN-α -induced HGF-1. In a range of 10-100 µg/mL, EEP decreased endothelin-1 (ET-1) during all stimulations. CAPE statistically significantly decreases the level of ET-1 at 25-100 µg/mL in IFN-α and LPS + IFN-α. In the case of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), EEP and CAPE downregulated its expression in a non-statistically significant manner. Based on the obtained results, EEP and CAPE may generate beneficial cardiovascular effects by influencing selected factors. EEP and CAPE exert an impact on cytokines in a dose-dependent manner.

Biological Properties of Propolis from Tetragonula sp. Against Subgingival Bacteria Proteolytic Activity in Periodontitis

Periodontitis refers to the damaged periodontal tissues as a manifest of mixed bacterial infection and pathogenic activities. This bacterial complex produces critical virulence factors which are responsible for disease development. Some commercially available antimicrobial agents have been reported in generating cytotoxicity effects towards the oral tissues. Propolis has alternatively been reported to also have an inhibitory effect on the oral pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) properties through quercetin levels and antioxidant capacity analysis, while the functional effectiveness was observed by its anti-proteolytic activity. The quercetin level and antioxidant capacity in EEP were found to increase gradually as the increased extract concentration. Furthermore, bacteria proteolytic activity was also correspondingly inhibited. Keywords: Phenolic compound, Antioxidant activity, Antibacterial, Quercetin

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis from Meiganga (Cameroon) on Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. In Cameroon, the traditional treatment of this pathology is based on the use of Propolis. The present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the ethanoic extract of Meiganga propolis (Adamawa Region, Cameroon). To confirm the different properties of this extract, the glycaemia, lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters of different groups of animals were assessed in a type 2 diabetes model induced by the Hypercaloric Sucrose Diet combined with dexamethasone. Simultaneous administration of the ethanolic extract of Meiganga propolis (EEMP 300 mg/kg) and the hypercaloric sucrose diet to rats for 30 days prevented a significant increase in fasting blood glucose levels compared with animals in the diabetic control group, whose fasting blood glucose levels were 78.25 ± 2.29 and 156.5 ± 2.75 mg/dL respectively on day 30. In terms of lipid profile, the administration of propolis extract (300 mg/kg) prevented a significant increase in LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with animals in the diabetic control groups. The values were 27±2.71 mg/dL and 97.8±2.92 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol. In terms of oxidative stress, simultaneous administration of propolis extract (300 mg/kg) and a high calorie diet to rats for 30 days prevented a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels compared with animals in the diabetic control group. Values for this superoxide dismutase in the liver were 81.72 U/g of organ for EEMP 300 mg/kg and 58.6 U/g of organ in the liver of diabetic rats. These results justify the use of ethanoic extract of Meiganga propolis in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in Cameroon.

The antiviral activities of Egyptian ethanolic propolis extract and honey bee venom against honey bees infected with multiple viruses in vitro

The demand for using natural compounds as control methods for honey bee viruses have increased in recent decades. In this study, a chemical profile of honey bee venom (HBV) has been determined by FTIR spectroscopy and Egyptian ethanolic propolis (EP) extract by GC-MS and HPLC. Also, the enzymatic activities of HBV were determined. HBV and EP were tested for antiviral activity. The cytotoxicity and cell viability were evaluated using the MTT assay. The results revealed the first identification of methyl gallate and phthalic acid using GC-MS and HPLC. HBV and EP showed antiviral activity against honey bee cell lines infected with deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus, Varroa destructor virus-1 and Kakugo virus. Also, cell proliferation was determined after incubating with HBV and EP, cells were produced with no evidence of cell death up to 1 g/L for HBV and 5 g/L for EP, despite cytotoxicity that was determined at higher doses of both treatments. The data demonstrated that EP and HBV exhibited a significant reduction of all identified viruses in the cultured cell. These findings suggest that HBV and EP in low concentrations could be used as potential supplements and antiviral drugs in honey bee apiaries.

Effect of Mexican Propolis on Wound Healing in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the wound healing process, resulting in impaired healing or aberrant scarring. DM increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, fibroblast senescence and angiogenesis abnormalities, causing exacerbated inflammation accompanied by low levels of TGF-β and an increase in Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Propolis has been proposed as a healing alternative for diabetic patients because it has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and proliferative effects and important properties in the healing process. An ethanolic extract of Chihuahua propolis (ChEEP) was obtained and fractionated, and the fractions were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode-array (HPLC-DAD), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and 46 compounds were detected. Deep wounds were made in a murine DM model induced by streptozotocin, and the speed of closure and the wound tensile strength were evaluated by the tensiometric method, which showed that ChEEP had similar activity to Recoveron, improving the speed of healing and increasing the wound tensile strength needed to open the wound again. A histological analysis of the wounds was performed using H&E staining, and when Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and α-actin were quantified by immunohistochemistry, ChEEP was shown to be associated with improved histological healing, as indicated by the reduced MMP9 and α-actin expression. In conclusion, topical ChEEP application enhances wound healing in diabetic mice.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. from different vegetation in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Tirtasari K, Suwanti LT, Mufasirin, Hastutiek P, Indasari EN, Kurnijasanti R, Plumeriastuti H, Safitri E, Hestianah EP. 2024. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. from different vegetation in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 404-411. Propolis is a natural substance containing a resin that is collected by honey bees from various plants and has a significant effect on human health such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anesthetic, antioxidant, antitumoural, antiprotozoal, anticancer, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, antihepatotoxic and has cytotoxic activity. Cultivation of Trigona spp. in Lombok is growing rapidly. Trigona spp. produces more propolis than honey bees of Apis spp., but bee products that are maximally utilized are only honey, and propolis has not been utilized optimally. Currently, there is no scientific validation of the phytochemical content, bioactive compounds, and biological activities of ethanol extract propolis Trigona spp. from Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. So, this study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of propolis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to determine the bioactive compounds of ethanol extract propolis. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The composition of propolis compounds is different for each propolis depending on the bee species and the vegetation source from which the resin was collected. In this research, propolis was collected from different vegetation sources (cashews, moringa, coffee, and lote trees). This study used qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and the antioxidant DPPH test. Different components and percentages cause significant variations in the results obtained from phytochemical tests. The content is different in various propolis, there are saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The highest antioxidant activity was found in propolis with moringa resin 38.4150 (very strong), followed by lote tree resin -66.0420 (strong), cashew resin 81.8140 (strong), and coffee resin 100.7465 (moderate).